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liow
$h.Ould b.e act in acl-defencc ? .Have you a preceden't (or
it?" l Teplied, a question i.s unneCC!SSary. "rhe
STUDIES IN IND:IAN f.US'fOll.Y
behaviour of your to bU fatber is mflicient
precedent ; and sovereigns are forced to e.xpcdienLS whkh
are not justifiable 'in. other men." Conversation ot this
sort often passed between us ; and one evening he asked
mo how he might gain an opportunity oE seiling hls
father. I replied, "An opportunity will offer thus. When
he has the victory .over Shah 'Aiarn, you will be
tbe to congratulate him. The trOOps will then be
separated here and there in search of p!undcr, or looking
1!-ftcr the dead and wounded ; and as the tenu will not 'be
ready, your father will only be under a slamiyan'a
(canopy), surrounded by a few kanats (screens). You will
be :tdmittcd to audience, attended by 4Uch of your
foUowcts n.; may have deserved notice for their gallant
cootduct in action ; a11d at such a time they will be
allowed U>cir axms. Il is probable t.bat .your filtber will
not ttavc many persons with him between the kanats.
Then i5 your time .. " The Prince el!gcrly " You
have spoken well I Dare you at such a time strike the
blow ?" I replied that though the act was easy, yet a
.1>1cred oath rested On our family never to shed the blood
of a prince unless. by chance in battle, if in the
cause of u rival, when it would be excusable. 1 then
:;aid, "Your other opportunity will be thw, Should the
enemy Oy, an anny will be $Cnl in pursuit, and probably
uotdcr your while your father, setting :his mind
at case. wiU be employed, without swpicion, in pleasure
and l'Cjoicing. You may return 6uddeoly up011 him, and
g-.Un your Should this opportunity not occur, a.s
you are his eldest son and have seen much service, he
will certainly appoint you to t.he government of the
Dakhin. You will then have a powerful army your
duposal. A1s your father's behaviour is offell8ive to the
people, and many o the courtiers d4Jlke hint. they wlll
aid your pretensions. Use open force and try for wboin
Cod will
llednr llakht, having crossed the Cttambal at an
unobserved lord, the troops of 'Azimusb Shan, who.'werc
STUDIES lN INDIAN HTSTORV
stationed on the banks of ~ e river in another quarter,
left their arr.illery at the various poots and ./led tQ Agra,
happy to save 1.1\eir lives. Zu-1 !ikar, who had advised the
Prince to remain on the other side, seeing be had crossed,
now came up reluctantly, and congratulated him on the
success of his march .
Some days a!ter this, A'zam Shah approaching near,
ncda'r Bakht ntoved a kos in front, the spot he was Up<lll
being chosen tor his f.'tthcr's tents, ~ n d on the morning
of his arrival lte wcnJ forth two ltos from tire <-amp to
meet h.im. A'z."n Shah loved him as n son, though from
tltc attention shown b.im by Auraog-LCb he hnd regarded
.!tim as a dval. . When h.e now beheld him. after a long
absence, paternal fondness for the instant ovorcaroe his
jealousy, and he received him with strong marks of affec-
tion, conferring upon ltim a princely lthil'al, etc.
Empire hnv.ing been decreed to Shah. 'Alam. from
the agency of destiny, such vanity took possession of the
mind of A'1A1JU SlL1h, that he was convinced his brother,
though supported by the tnyriuds of Tur and Sallam,
dunt not meet him io the field. Hence those who
brought intelligence of b.is approach he would abuse as
fools nnd cowards, so that 110 one cared to speak the truth ;
as was formerly the c:uc with the Emperor. Humayun
during the rebellion of tlte Afgh:lll Sher Slutb. Even hi!
ch,ief officers feared to <lliclosc intelligence ; so that be
w ~ s ignorant oJ the successful progress o !tis rival.
J\t leogtb Shah 'Alan:t; having reached Matera, scm.
by a celebrated danvtsil the 'ollow.ing message to A'>.am
Shah : ''By the djvinc auspices, we inherit from our
ancestors an extensive empire; comprehending many
kingdoms. It will be just and glorious not to draw the
s'word against each other, nor consent to shed the blood
of the faithlul. Let us equally divide the empire
between us. Though ! am the elder son, I will leave the
choice iu .your power." .A'zam Shah, vain-glorious :md
haughty, replied that h:e would answer his lirotber on'the
STUDIES IN INDIAN HISTOR:Y
morrow in the field, and upon this the m.easenger
d.eparted. A'zam Shah marched the .ncxL morning, and
encamped between Jaju and Agta, o.n a barren plain,
void of water, so that the army was mu& 'd:Utressed.
lntelli.gence auived during this day, thaL Shah 'Alam
was. encamped seven kos distant, and uuended moving on
tho. morrow, but to what quarter was not known.
I have already mentioned that my design .is not to
write the history of kings, but of my.self and what 1 have
Accordingly, of the bnllle between Lb.e two
brotliers, I shall. only relate sucll circumstancca as I wa.
an eye-witness of.
l'rince :Ued.ar Bakht, wb.o commanded the advance-d
corps of the army, having the necessary orders,
began hi., march. The main body marched nex.t, in
the centre of which rode A'zam Shah. We had not
yet lcanlcd the position of the enemy, or what was Lb.e
design of Shah 'Aiam. Bedar Baltht reached a
near wb.kb. was .a stream of clear water, and there was
some wells also around it. The troops at this time were
much scpurated, und evexy chief, inattentive to order,
moved as h.e ch<Me. Seeing which, I represented to the
Prince, thaL Lb. e main body waf far behind, that the
country .in .front was destitute of water tor some miles,
and t)le day promi.sed to 'be distressingly bot. WithOut
order, without inlclligence of the enemy'& motion&, where
\vould he hasten ? I rClllarked the scattered march of bls
Zu-1 fikar l<.han obliqued so far to the left as
scarcely to be visible, n.nd other chiefs' were equally dis
Lant in evety I observed that if he halted
till some news arrived of the enemy, Lb.ere was sufficient
water to refresh the troops; the artillery would come
up; the . Emperor would have time 1:o' join, and order
would 'be restored in Lb.e l.ine ; also, that should the
enemy advance upon hlril, be have the adVantage
of good ground and plenty of water. Ee replied, "Your
advice is just. Go and' infol'm my father 1 shall '
it."
STUDII!S IN INDIAN HISTORY
It happened ;Us() that Shah. 'Alam had no advice
the route of our army, and as there was but little water
where he was encamped, he had this morning despatched
his main booy under Mun'im Khan, while be, with. his
sons and personal attendants, hlloted along the bank of
t,q.e river Jumna. His peshkhana, with the wual escort,
'u11der Rustamdil Khan, was coming on in front .of our
army, in the same route 3$ ()ur line.
Opon delivery of my message to A'zam Shah, lte
replied, "Very well. GQ and inform my son I am coming
up." 1 returned to the promised place of halt, but what
did I behold ? TJte l'rince had on, and left the
village unguarded. J speeded after him, and upon gain
ing tbe line; ;t joyful scene Qf congratulation on
victbry. W!ien the Prince saw me, b.e eagerly exclaimed,
"l cougrnt.ulate you on victory." I replied, "How cumes
victory without a battle ?" Up,on which His Highness,
ltrrning to a courier, said, "Tell Iradat Khan what you
have seen." The foolish wretch then aflinned that
had seen the elephant of Shah 'Alam without n rider,
o.nd with but few attendan.ts, running off to Agra. The
ll.ri ncc then said our left wing had defeated enemy,
and taken all their baggage. The cause of this
vict<>ry was this. The adv3oced baggage of Shah 'Ahm,
falling in with. om: left wing, wa& attacled, and, the escort
being small, was soon taken. The clephant running
away belonged to Rustnm.diJ Kh:w, who commanded the
escoro.
T.he ,Prince, . however,- now ordered me to go and
inform his father o! the '>ictory. I decUned
and bbserved I would not car.ry intellig'Cl}Cc so very ridi
culous and groundleSs. Upon which the Prince was
angry, :md exclaimed, "What do you mean ?" I replied,
('Accidents will happen to the baggage of armies; artd
this .victOry is no more. Your troops have
plundered his advanced tents, bm woe to those who have
been thus employed t If important work should now
offer, they wiU be usele.ss, confused as they are and en-
L
STUDIF..S IN INDIAN HISTORY
Clunbered with spoil/' To these r.marks the Prince
angrily exclaimed, "You are always apprehensive and
ill." He thcn ordered Kasi.m, the da.-ogha o
hi3 .diwan, to carry the intelligence of victory to A'um
Shah.
Scarce hill 1t11 hour :Uter l.hls had efapsed, when a
dust nrose upon our right, Upon beholding this,
l .said to the .Prince, "Jleltold the consequence o our
vj'ctory, and the lliglu oi Shah 'Alamt Yon cloud pre-
cedes at least 50,000 horse." Just as 1 concluded, another
du&e arose, which certified a, second body of l:rOOp8
approaching. I desired His Higb.ncss to prepare fol'
action, while yet the enemy wM ar $orne distii1J.ce. He
then said, "W.ill you now go and inform my father of the
enemy's approach ?" To this I replied, "Though l wish
not to quit Your fliglrness's person, yet as I Rm ordered
I rnust obey," and having said this, I rode of{ with speed
to A'zun Shah. On my way r beheld st:r:mge disorder.
Amanu-llalt Khan, a reputed good officer, who acted as
ailvanccd guard to Princ;j! Walajah, I mel with only two
or three 'hundred straggling l.tor.sc. A:'zam Shah' Wll.! a
ho! and a. half farther in the ru.r, and hi& troops were
separated into tltrec divisions, so that I could not eailly
dlstingu.iSh the royal post, for the train of artilkry had
been left in the DakshJn. For when the commarulel'
applied for orders respecting it to A'zam Shah, he wa$
much enraged, and passiouatelr exclaimed, "Oo men
think that I will use cannon agamst a breeder of cattle ?
J will not even draw the swotd, but will bruise his head
with a .staff."
When A'zam Shah saw me, he a. signal for me
tO advance ; but sum was the crowd [ could scarce push
through it. At length, having come to hit Utter, I
alightc:d from my horse, and said, "The Pililce'
Your h-fajesty of the enemy's near approach. What shall
I say ?" N-za.m Shah, staning as if stung by a
with furious looks, eyes rolling, and, a.o was his custom
when angry, pulling t1p bis sleeve, exclaimed, "Coule; an
STUDIES IN INDlA.N ffiSTOR:Y
enemy to me I " Being ve.xed at his manner, I replied,
"So it appears." He then called aloud for b.is war
elepltant, and, in a frantic manner, whlrling a crooked
sralf, stood upright on b.is f.brone. and tauntingly said,
"lle not l am coming to my son." Hurt at tb.is
insult to the spirit of my prince, I said, "His Highness is
son to yourself, Asylum of the Wocld, and lmowcr.R not
fear. He only represents the enemy's approach, that
Your Majesty may advance with the troops, t.1kc the
post usnal fo.r the Emperor in tlte day of battk" Having
said r.hu, I rode off to rejoin Bedar .Bal:ht. Just ail
I reached b.im, n ball struck the breast of an attanc1.1nt
close to his pctsoa
The two bodies of the enemy bad now approached,
and halted within a rocket!s flight of our line. One of
these 1vas headed by the Prince 'Azimush Shan ; the
other by Mnn'im Kh!lll, with whom also were the Princes
Mu'izzu-d din Jabandar Shah and Jabo.n Shah. Om
1
line
was so pressed upon each fla.nk and in Ute rear by bag
gage elephants, Cltttle, and fullowas, as greatly to iru;om-
modc the trOOJ>s and render them useless. Shah 'Alam's
:u:tjllery played upon us incessant.l.y, and did great
execution, and . his sons advandng, fired showers of
mW!ketry, whiCh cll like hail. At length our troops,
grown impatient from tl)e g:>lling of Lhe enemy's cannon.
prepared to charge. * I saw Kban 'Alam move towards
Lhc enemy with great rapidity. As b.e advanced nearer
the enemy, his followers diminished, gradually lagging
behihd, and above SOO stuck by b.itn to the , charge.
Wb.en I saw this, I well lmew tbat all was loot. The
brave cliief, . however, penetrated to Lhe elephant of
'Azimu$h Shan, and burled his at the Prince; but
it missed him, and struclt the thigh o (fn attendant, when
Prince drew a.n arrow, wb.ich pierced Lhe he;trt of
.K:b.a,n 'Alam, and he died on the instant. A body of
the ' under Baz Khan now attacke(! Zul
fikar Khan, but was repnhcil with great loss, and thcr
chief badly wounded ; bnt by the decrees of
STUDll!S IN INDIAN IDSTORY
Ram Singh Jinda nnd Dalpat Rao Bundcla, on whose
valour and conduct most depended, were killed at the
same ilutant by a cannon-shot, upon 'vhich their l!aipUls
lost all .:onfidence, and fled with the dead bodies of their
chiefs. Zul fur Khan, however, )'Ct remained finn, with
his own followers : but on being charged by the whole of
'Azimu-Ah Shan's division, he left the conduct of the
battle to Saiyid. Muzafl'nr, and retired to the rear of A'zam
Shnh's post, with H:unidu-d din l<hiln, and Jtnving dis-
mounted fwm. his elephant, fled on horseback to Gwl\lior,
where he was by his father, Asnd Khan. !tis
flight determil\ed the rouL our nrmy.
The principal followl!rs nnd personal atrendariu of
A:am Shah now dismounted, and laying their quivers on
the ground, aat down to await .Lhc charge of the enemy,
and !ell l'bcir lives in de['ence of their patron. Salyid
and hi! brother, Husain 'Ali Khan, of the
illustrious house of .Badta, ever celebr3ted for valour,
ancestors had in every reign performed the most
gallant actions, if possible superior to their sires. des
cended from their elephants, and prepared to engage on
foot. The battle now raged hand to hand witb snbres,
and there was great slaughter on both sides. 'Ali
Khan received several wounds. and f,ell clown faint wjth
the loss of blood. At last a mus)(et-ball and several
arrows struck the Prince Beilar :Sa)<ht, and he sank down
dead on his elephant.
A'xam Shah., though much wotmded, was still alive,
when a whirl o du.sL winded towards him from the army
of Shah 'Alam. l!rom this now issued with a select b and
the Princes 'Azimu-sh Shan, Mu'izzu-d din Jahat\dat
Shall; and Jaban Shah. A'zam Shah soon received. a
wound from a musket-ball, and resigned bis soul
to Gteatot of Hfe. The Prince Walajah also sank
down in the sleep of death. l .n
0
w made my escape , to
Agra, not to go to the enemy's camp, where I
had many Eritnds who would have givau me protection.
Ru.uamodil Kl:ian, who commanded the escort of
STUDIES lN .lllSTOli.Y
Shah 'A lam' advunced tents, -when attacked in the
m\:i'rning by our troops, finding his escape cut olfr paid
his respt.'<:ts co A'zam Sllah, and had. continued uea; J his
clephant duri.ng lhe battle till his wjth. gren<
ness. Seeing him dead, he ascended the clephanr, and
cutting off the heatl of the corpse, remounted his horse
and hastened to the .camp Shah With e:wlting
llope of gtcat reward, h.e laid his prize at the Prince's
feet ; but the Shah 'Ahun, seeing the head
of his slaughtered brother in sllch disgrace, shc<.t tears of
affec:tion. and gave 'Rtllltnmdil nothing but {epronches.
He odcred the )lead to be bul'icd with propc1 respect,
and forbad the march of victory LO be beaten. Mun'lm
Khan rook charge of t lte bodies of the unfortu
nate Princes, and treated the latlies of their harems wiU1
the ulOJO$t resp<!ct and tenderness. Though lte had
received n dangerous wound, and sulfered extreme pain,
he concealed his situation, and continued on the fi.cld rill
late. at n.ight, to restore order and prevent plunder.
Shah ' Alam BahadtJ.r Shah
1 shall now relate some particulars necessary to be known
concerning Shah ';Uatn, his mJUch from Kabul, and other
proceedings to lhe day of witll .his un(ortu
nate brother A 'zam Shah,
Some time. before his death, Aurang-u:b had
appointed Mun'irn Kb.an to be diw.a11 to Shah 'Aiam,
who wu.i governor of Kabul. This nobleman was oi. great
abilities; act\ve in the capjoct, resolute .iJi execution, aid
Of uobeniling il1tegt!tyof mind. He11ooo ilie
all':rits, which, his coming into offici:, were
in confusion, o1qing to the ascendency of unworthy
favourites. A superfluo11S army was kcpr up, exceed-
ing dl.e abHity of Ute revenue, and. being con.sequcudy ill
paid, wus ever mutinous and discomcnrcd. * .Re
diminishe<:\ the Prince's at:llly, but took care to pay t.hat
on root regularly, so a.s to Ieiwe no room for
or excuse fdr licentiousness. When be hear4 of
S'TUDIES IN INDli\N HISTOl!.Y
Aurangztb's illum, ln order 1.0 prevent cabau in favour
of A'1.am Shah, he circulated. a. report that Shah 'Alatn
would not contend for empire, but seek protection from
his brother by Jlight to Persia. Shah 'Alam had himself
indeed made thu declarat ion. long before, and with such
appa.rtnt resolution that it was b.elitved and dreaded
even by his sons who resided with him. Mun'im Khan
tO me afterwards the following anecdote in these
words ; "Whc::n 1 perceived that my attachment, sincerity,
and abilities ,had properly impre!;.led Shah mind,
and that he was convinced I was a prudent, Eailllful, and
secret servant, being alone o.ne day with him corwersing
on the affairs of the empire, T tool:. the Uberty of thus
addressing hin1 : rt i reported ihat Your Highneu
inrcnds Ryiug to 'Persia, wilh so much confidence, that
even the Princes, your sons, assure me by Jacred oaths of
its truth.' He replied, 'In this rumour there lies con-
cealed a great design, to forward which I have spread it
abroad and taken pains to ma)<e it believed. First, be-
cause my father, on a suspicion of disloyalty, kept
me n.ine years in close confinement; and should he even
now mink that 1 cherished the smallest ambition, he
would immediately sttive to accomplish my nlin. Secondly.
my brot11er Muhammad A'zam Shah, who is my powerful
enemy, and valiant even to the extreme of rashness, would.
exert all his force against me. From Ibis report my
father is easy, and my broilier lulled into Self-security ;
but, by the Alm:igb.ty God who gave me life' (laying his
hand on tlte K uran by him), 'and on this holy book; I
swear, though not one friend should join me, 1 will meet
A{zarn Shah in single combat, wherever he may be. This
wbich I have so long and even .kept
from my own i$ c_nl(usted to your care .
.Be cautions. ti\ar rio instance Of' your conduct may
betray it I,.,.
When news - of Aurangteb'$ death reached Mun'im
'Khan at Lahore, 1\e wrote immediately by cxprells to Shah
conjuring him tomar& with the utmost e)(pedi
STUDIES rN INDtw HISTORY
tio."" towards r.he capital, without ot: preparation,
and he should find artillery and nil supplies ready at
Lahore. wise minister then prepared bridges over
the various rivers, so tbat not a day's delay wns occasioned
in crossing to the Prince's army, which at .Lahore was
joined by a powerful train of artillery with sufficient
dra:It. He also paid up all the troops, and advanced
wge sums to new levies. Shah 'Al.am soon arrived in
the ncighbouxhoocl of Dehli, and Mun'im Khan entered
the city with a select party. Muhammad Yar Khan,
the comnJmder of the palace, w;u; so awed with the
vunil's gallantry, and the nrrival ot Shah 'Alam, that he
saw no security for himself but in. resigning his charge.
He accordingly gave up the 'Pabce, in which were the
treasures of Hindustan cqllected. .Erom Lite da')'S of Akbar,
1\fun'im Khan then advanced wiLh some chosen
troops bclore the Prince of Agra. Baki l<.han, an old
Imperial tervanc, and governor of !he fortress wb.ich he
had refused to resign to Azimusb Sllan, being cetti.fied
that Shah 'Alam was approaching, did not choose to
resillt longer, but sent offers, that if Mw1'im Khan would
come 6rst into the ciLadel, he would tesign the
command. Mun'im Khan accordingly, without the lenst
dishust, entered over a narrow plank, only passable for
a single person, which was placed over a deep ditch from
a smaU wicket to admit him. After he
sealed up Lhe treasury, posted his people at the different
and about midnight went to visit 'A:timusb Shan,
who was encamped at the distance of six kos. Witlt-
out doubt Shah 'Alam's successes, and his attainment of
the empire, were owing ro eon.duct and valour of
this great minister.
Tha sons of Bahadur Shah
IT is now neces.laf'J' to say something of Lhe .four SOU$ of
Shah 'Ala,m, their dispositions and behaviour; boLh in
public and private. Mu'iz.zu-d din Jahandar Shah, Lhe
clde5t, was a weak man, devoted to pleasure, who gave
STUD.IES lN INDIAN Hl!i'I"ORY
himself no trouble about Stqtt: all"ilin, ot to gain the
attachment of any the nobility, as will. be seen 1\then
L come to _narr:ite his reign. 'A2imush Shan, the second
son, wa. a statC$1Illln of winning mannexs. Aurng7.cb had
alway$ pursued the policy of encouraging his granchons
a.nd employing them in public affairs ; tor as his soru
were ambitious of great JlOWCr, and at the head of armies,
h'c! thus prudently controlled them by opposingo to them
enemies in their own families, as Bedar Baklit to A'nm
Shah, and 'Azimush Shan to Shah 'Alam. To the latter
he had given the advantageous government ot the three
provinces of Bengal, Bihar, :tnd Orissa, from whence he
had now come with a rich tteasure and
anny; nll(L r.hough in the late battle he had
gteM service. yet be wa. by his ntlter and
dreaded a.s a rival ; but to relate the causes would be
useless prolixity. Rafi'u-sh Shan, the private companion
and o:vourlte of his father, was a prince of quick parts,
a goreat proficient in religious learning. a fme Wfiter, and
of much knowledge in the lnw, but at the same time
addicted to pleasure, pnrtieularly food of music and the
pomp o courtly show. Re paid no attention \o p\lblic
affairs or even Utose ot his own household. Khuji.stl\
ak.htar Jaban Shah had the share of the
I'cinces in the management o( affuirs, before hi$ father's
accession to 'the throne, and afterwar& the whole admin.is
!:ration of empire was inAuenccd by hint. He had
the closest friendship and connex:ion with Mun'im JC.han,
who, by his interest, wM appointed wa,ir.
Character of Ba,lladur Shah ' His Court
Sl!AH 'AJ...W: was generous and merciful, o,f a g_reat soul
with alfabilicy. of mer1t. He had
seen tbe strict exercise of power during the reigns his
grandfather and father, and been used to authority him
self for the last Ji#y years. Time received a new lustre
from his accession, and all ranks of people obtailted
favours equal 16, ij not.above their merits; so. tbat tlie
17649
ST11Dll!S lN JNDlA'N fiiSTOln'
publlc lorg
0
t tl1e excellences and gre;1t qualities of
Auiangzeb, which became ahsorbe<l in the botu1ties
bis successor. Some narrow-hearted persons, however, out
o ingratitude and envy, attributed bia general liberality
ro ill-placed eJ<travagance and profus(on ; but il is a fact
that the deserving oJ every profei$ion, and tlte worthy of
all degrees, whether among the learned or the eloqueUl,
the noble or the ignoble, received an attention from the
th:rone, wh.ich prior to this the eye of time bad never
seen, nor bad such been heard of before by the ears of
fame, His personal qualities and perfections, speech is
unable to relate. His valour was such that he bad rc
solved on meeting A'zam Shah, whose bravery was celc
brated, in single combat. His Jour sons, possessed of
power and considerable force_ he suffe1ed to be
co'nst:intly near his penon, never giving himself a
moment's suspicion regarding them, nor l?rcventing thCln
forming connex_ioru with lhe prime nobility ; upon which
mbjcct I, the humblest o.f his slaves, once ventured 1<>
present h.im a petition of a cautionary nature, th.i.uking
it my duty; as Thad often done so LO Auragzeb. To what
1 represented .be wrote a wi'! and just reply. He permit
ted the sons of those princes who bad fallen in battle
against him co appear at all rimes CQ.mplerely armed in
his presence. The infant children he let remain un
molested with their mother.!, while those nrrived a't man
hood daily accompanied him to the chase unguarded, and
sluoi"ed iri all his diversions.
Hi.s court was to a degree beyond that of
Shah Jahan. .Princes, .his sons, grandsons and
nephews, sal generally round his throne, in the manner
following : On his right hand Jahandnr Shall, his eldest
son, with his 'three soru; his third son, Rafi' ush Shan,
.wil h his three sons. and Bcdardil, son to his nephew,
;Bellar llal.<bt. On his left Muhammad 'Azimnsh Shan,
with his- two and }allan Shah with his son. 'Ali
Talibl!l'
1
the only sl;lJViving son of A'tam Shah, sat on
Lh'e right . hand of J\ilihush Shan ; and a to tht:
STUDIES lN . [NDJ.AN HISTOR '11
right, 3omewhat advanced, !.he two o Muhammad
Kam Ba.khsh. Behind the roynl Princes, on the right,
stood the sons of conquered sovereigns, a$ of Slkandar
'Ali Shah of :Sijapur, and Kutb Shah., King of Golkonda;
also a vast crowd o( the nobility, from the rank. of seven
to three thousand, such as were allowed to be on the
platform bcrwccn the silver mils. How can l mention
every particular of the splendid scene ?
On the ' irl.s and other festivals, His Majesty; witn
his own band,, gave the betel and perfumes to all in his
presence, according to their ranks. His gifts o!C jcweh,
dresses, and other .favours were trulJy roynl. Whel) in
private he dressed plaitt and humbly, like a religious
devorce, and daily. without fail, _prayed with many ht.
compa.ny. Frequently on nnd Fridays, when
travelling, he would read the prayers himself in the great
tent of audience, and rcpe:tl portions of the Kw-an, with
a tone and sweetnc.u which caplivatcd the mc.st eloquent'
Arabians: Fle never missed the devotions of the lauer
part of the night, and lrequently employed the whole in
prayer. ln lb.e early- p:u:t of evening b.e had
assembly of the religious or learned men. He him
self related tmditjons (of the Prophet), in the number of
which he excelled, :u well as in n knowledge of the Holy
Law. He h:td the different opinions of all sorts,
read the works .of all free thinkers, aDd was well ac-
quainted with the hypotltcses of On this :tecount
some overstrict dcvot<!C3 accURcd him of heterodoxy in
his rcHgious opinious, through mere envy of his superior
abilities. 1 lteard most of his tenets, and lamented tlte
ignorance of his vain critics ; !or it was as clear as the
&lln how just aud orthodox he was in his opinions o.n
points. :Rut how e>Ul l en.umeratc all his per
fections. I It would 611 volumes to recite but a smal!
part, therefore 1 will desist.
Kam Bakhsh
KAM BAKKSII was n. prince of an exrellent . memory : was
STUDIES 1N INDIAN HISTORY
learned and a pleasing possc=d ot nll outward
accomplisllll\ents in a high degree l but there was in his
mind a fiightincss that approached near 10 insanity. He
seldom rem:Uned a month in his father's presence, but
for 60me misbehaviour he wao -reproved, degraded
eonJincd ; and some acts were dcmc bl him, 10 mention
which would be unworthy of me. What follies was
be not guilty of, from the madn= of his mind and the
confidence he put in lying visionaries l His Jlatterers
h.aving told him that his eldest son would also at some
time become Emperor, he became jealous of d1e innocent
child, and f:rcq uendy meditntcd putting hi.m to death,
but witlleld from thnt cdmc by the dread be ha.d of
A urnnsrr.cb. .Ho1vever, he kept b.im constantly in .confine
ment, miserably clothed, and worse fed llian llie son ot
a wretched beggar, which was worse than death. From
the same cause, on illplaced suspicions, be infiictcd tor-
tures and uncommon pu:qisbmcnts on dte ladies of his
harem, putting ronny of them privately 10 deadt. To
his r.eniaots, wmpanions, and confidants, he often behaved
with outrageous ctueity, doing such acts to them as
before eye .nevct saw nor ear heard.
Gluuiud din Khari Piroz
GHAZitH> din Khan Firoz Jang, who had acquired a most
powerful inOaence in the Dakhin, and was chief of the
Turani Mughals, kept on loot a grcac army. He. had
withdrawn himself J'rom Shah, aud he was al60
much in dread . of Shah 'Alrun's rcscntlll.ent, because he
luid -advised dtat Prince's being confined when Aurnng
1eb was before Golkonda. He was an able statesman of
long experience, who, though blind of sight, could
perceive the mind of man ; th.erefore, whatever wishes
lle .might have to enjoy the honour of making an Emperor,
yet he soon saw the follies oj Kam llakbsh, and declined
hls cause as ruinous and los!. Mun'im Khan Kh.an-
Jihanan opened a correspondence with Ghaziu,d din, tb
whom he gave m.uch . conso.lation, assurances of favour,
STUDIIIS IN !NDIAN
and friendly advice. That experienced staterman, open
ing hill eyes on the vicissitudes of life, saw it was his
interest, .i His Majesty would .fOI"gct the past attd not
molest. him. in .fort une, lo bend hU bead in submU-
sion and retire from businl!lls to a life of devotion. RiA
onl y son, Chin Katich l<.hnn; had long agreed with
hin1, and his brother, Hamid Khan, whom lte had
appointed J1h. deputy in comman<l of the troops, bad
ticpru:ated from him ancl gone over to the preseme. The
Turao chiefs of his household also, when they saw his
fortunes on the decline, bad left h.i& service. All these
events :m.dc him glad to embrace the prqmhes . of the
minister and thankfully the s11bnt!ari of Ah.mad11-bnd
in Gujarat.
lntrigtl/13 of the four Princes
Tm: four Princes were constantly intriguing ngainst each
other, to obtain 1o1luc.nce in the management ot public
affain, which occasioned rnuch delay and confmion in
business, so that the Khankhanan thought it hnl'PY tO
steer his safe through four such great seas, and
could not act so independently as he wished, being
obliged to attend tO the CUpriCiOIIS lnterelits of Others,
among which he found it to .his own.
Among th!' remakablc occurrences was the decllne
of Jahnn Shah's inlluence with his father, and the rise
of that of 'Alimush Shan, o.f wholll till now the Emperor
hnd even. been suspicious. The Prince Jaban Shah lvaJ
of haugh.ty and .independent spirit, ready to take 6.re on
the smallest This, with the behaviour oJ bis
senrants, alarmed and dhpl.eased the Khankhanan, who
for his own safety watched an opporwnity tO destroy the
Prince's inD.ucnce in public n1Iai.rs : a task of no great
difficulty to .one well acquainted with the disposition of
Shah 'Alam, almost equally warm with his son, who l\act
more than once displeased him by h:l$ behaviour. The
Prince npon this to prove his disinterestedness
and independence by neglecting to frequent Ute dar/Jar,
STUOIES IN INDIAN HISTORY
-.md engage in business as usual. 'Azimusb. Shan, who
'had reaped experience in office, ;md was well versed in
.the intrigues of. a coun, perceiving coolness taking place
-between Jahan Shah "nd i!tc Khan-kllanan, paid so
.flat tering attention to tlte latter, that by degrees he gatned
his confidence. Tltis gave still more offence to Jahan
Shah, who had too much pride to expostulate, bnt
neglected the minl.ster i n return. He soon after !eU sick.
'l!nl:t ltis indisposition contiuuing a long time, gave
: Azimosb Sllan umple opportunities of acquiring influence
over Shall 'Ala]n. 'Arirnush Shan, having UlUs
gal11ed the credit he aimed at with. )tis father and the
.minisccx, employed it in softening the rigour o( goverJ\
ut<!llt ngainst ll!OSC wb.o Jabourcd under its d(spleasurc ;
thinking that, thus obliged t>y his .mediation, they would
readily return his fnvoul's, by embracing his . C'\\ISe, when
ever the denth of his father should give hiln a chtim to
Ue empire.
Deat h and Characlu of Khanl<handatl
TH1! Kban-kbaMn [lwuitlg invesld the fort to which /he
Sikhs luul cheaLod], sure of lla ving the Guru in his f.?Wcr,
gave order$ for his troops to cease r.heir alt:tek till r.hc
morning should enable him to finiall it with He
bad, however, uoluck.ily neglected to block up n' narrow
path leading from the fort to r.he hills, either because
he bad not perceived lr, or was satisllcd that it could
not lead bot to where tbe Imperial r.roops were posted.
" Dl"'intr the ..night f,be Guru changed his dress, nnd
Je.Et the fort .undiscovered. The l(han-khanan about
p!IWI\ renewed th.e attack, and gained the place a[ter a
short struggle. sword jn hand, exulting. in the certainty
of carrying lhc Gunl dcnd or alive to tll<: Emperor, whose
qisli'leasure at his disobedienro o orders would by this
be changed to approbation ; but who can relate
his wdght of grief and disappointment on finding
his promised prize had escilped, witllout leaving a .
, Ffe bad dl.rtet(:d nOL to nssault withoul
YTUDIES lN INDIAN KfYTORY
51
behind hirn ? He for an instant Jo,sc almost the U$e
nf faculties, which were absorbed in dread of lhc
J!.mperor's anger, not witllour As he was,
agreeably to custom aft<::r an important victOry, beating
the march of triumph Ot\ h.is way tO the royal tents, orders
arrived commanding !lim lO stop the drums, and not
dare to enter lhe He retired, drowned in des-
pair, to his own cenu. Shah 'A lam, reg-arding hiJ
form<::r 6el'Vices, received him again into ,favour after a
days; but this noble and faithful ntinistcr never
recovered from cJ1c effects of Lhe royal ingratitude. Tb.is
grief, ndded to the pain of seeing duee of the Princes
and the A miru-l llmwa using aU their nrts- to complete
his ruin, stuck like a poisoned arrow in his breast. :He
lost all atisfaction in worldly enjoyments, the emptiness
of which he 11ow so fully experienced, and rom the day
of his dhgraee declined in he.1lth, so thut not lmg
he re<1nccd to keep his bed, where he lingered a few
days, and tben resigned his soul to tbc angcl of death
(ll24 A.H., 1712 A.D.), who never in lbe uncounted ages
oF hill office seized on a soul more pure and less defiled
with the frailties of hmnan nature.
Dtntll of Shah
SHAll 'Alam Bahadur Shah died on the 21st Muharram,
1124 (18th February, 1712 A.n.). lt llappcned that
one day asJahandar Shah and 'Azimush Shan were sitting
ncar his bed, the latter perceiving under a corner of his
pillow a dagger of very exquisite workmanship, took it
up to admire tbc jewels with wh.ich it was adorned nod
llie water of the blade. Upon his drawing it from the
smbbard, J ahiuldar Shnh, jealous of his brother, wns
seized with a pllnic. He started up, and retired witll such
precipi.tation, that be struck the turban from his head
agrurut t.he door of Ute tent, forgot Ws sUppers at the
cntrnucc. and fell down over t:he ropes. Being assisted to
riS<:: and adjust h.is dress . 'by lii.s be rode oll
to his tems with all tbe speed and hurry possible. This
STUDit!S IN INDIAN HISTORY
occasioned much alann in the camp. I met the Prince
with liis a ttendanu, pushing on his elephant with frantic
ha3te, upon seeing Which 1 endeavoured to pass un-
o)>serYcd; but he knew me and sent a messenger to call
me. As 1 had previously attached myself to 'Atiluu.sh
Shan, I did not obey rhe mandate, but passed on to Lhe
Emperor's rents. Tbe Amint-1 wnara called for me,
and d<:Jired me to send my grandson 'lnayatullau to
'Atimu-sb Sl\an, to ask bin\ how l\e could serve hin\ on the
present occasion. 1 sent him, bUJ. he returned with a reply
laconic ancl slight M if from a nobleman of higb r;mk to
the commnndcr of hundred, written in the hnnd of. his
confidant as follows : "As tile Imperial servanu can know
no place of support but this Court, and most .huvc already
repaired to it, the .d-mi,!l um11ra mnsL abo pay !tis duty,
with assurance of a graciom reception in the presence."
When the Ll.miru-1 umara read this, he -shed tears, and
said to me, -with much emotion, ''You sec Lite mann,.,-s
of the Prince and l1is advisers. Alas I the cOTors of a
unacquainted with government often endanger
the very existence of tl1e mnster." After saying this,
h.e collected his followers, and moved his tents and effectS
to the quarter of :Prince Jahandar, whew he thought his
services most llkely to answer his own inte.rcst. He
had formerly been disgusted with 'Azimush. Shan, for
preferring to himself the Khan-khanan and MahabnL
Khan, and he now swore to assist the three brothel'S in
effecting his desnuction, and ln. making an equal divisjon
of the empire and treasures among them,
Shah
WHEN 1handar Shah, by the intrigues and support of
Ammtl umara Zul likar Khan, ltnd triumphed over
!u.s three broth.ers, ancl ascended the throne of empire,
Without the fear or dread. of a competitor, all Lhe customs
of time were changed. He was himself a weall man
clfeminately careful of his person, rond of case, indolent;
and totally ignorant of tlte arts of government. He had
STUDDlS 1lf INDIAN R.ISTORY
&9
also blemishes and vices unworthy of (oy:ilty, and
unknown among hi.l illustriout ancestors. He the
vast empire of Hindustnn an offering to the fooll$h
whims of a courtezan. The dclations, friends and minions
of the mistress usurped alolme authority in the State ;
and h'igh offices, great titles and unreasonable grantS from
the Imperial domains were showered profusely on beggar
ly musicians, Two krors of rupees atmually were settled
lor only Lb.e household expenses of the m.isu:css, exdutire
of her clothes ;md jewels.
Tb.e 4miro-! umara Zul li.kar Khan, seater, nay even
crenLor of ernpet"on, with .such a puppet of buma11ity in
!lis hands, became absolute and 6lld with pride. He
studied to ruin the most ancient CamUies, i.nvcming
pretences to put gl'cat men to d.eatb, or disgra.ce 'them
that he might plunder their possessions. Unhappy was
the person he sutpected to be rich, as wen) \;b and vexatious
accusatioris always accompanied each other. He es-
tablished such exactions and abuses as no prior age had
beheld, aod by which 11ow he is alooe remembered. He
took enot:mous. emoluments and revenue.! for himself,
while be disposed of money to others with a band so
. sparing 'that even his own creatures felt severe poverty
with empty titles, he never nllowed to any. 'fhe
min.ds of high and low, rich and poor, near and distant,
friends and strangers, were turned against him and
wished his destruction. Hindus and Mmulmllru agreed
in praying 'to Heaven the fall of his power; night and
day. Often does tho midn.ighl sigh of the widow ruin the
riches of a hundred years.
Kokaltash Khan, fostet'-brolher of Jnhandar Shah,
and brought up wlr:h him from his cb.ildbOO<l, was
honoured with the title of Khan-Jahnn. Ris wie,
daughter, and whole family also possessed great influence
with JahandnT, and claimed from him tbe pet"formnnce
of a promise be had oi tb.e office of wa::ir At Lb.e same
l:ime they and their adheront.s combined to work the
o_vcrtlu-ow of Zul nkar Khan A mirul umMil. With tbia
STUDIES JN liiSTOll.Y
vic'" all their relations and dependents were raised to a
high rank, and a great number of the nobility, distressed
by the pride and rapacity of Zu-1 fi.kar !Ulan, joined their
party. They iruinuated to the Emperar that the Jlm.intt
umara. entertained desigm too ambitious fot: a subject,
to attain which he would dare to shed the blood of princes;
that he bad .already detcnnlncd on a revolution, and
either to seize the throne for himself, or if he found that
too dangerous, to bestow it on one of the coo.fincd princes
more favourable to his will than His Majesty.
The weak Jahandar, uncndowcd wiclr the least judg-
ment or couroge, was o.larmed almost to madness with the
.frightful picture of Iris own situation ; but he had not
firmness to oppose the dreaded e.vils, nor $!!n&e to keep
his fears secret. The intrigues of Kokoltash Khan soon
becamo evident to tbe wl1ole Cotttt, and only served to
stimulate the \-i.gllance oE Zul fikar Khan, who took
meMures !or his owu sa!ety by removing his
Rusrnm-d.il Khan, Mukblis Klurn, and some others were
to death, and a great numbef of the n.obiliry cast
into confmemcnt on various prctettces. Tho family of
the late Kh.an-khanatt (Mun'lm Khan) was reduced so
low as .to want tbe common of life. In sb.ort,
the disposition o( the Amintl umma changed altogether
from gentleness to the higncst pitch of tyranny, so that he
now punished with CTilClty tb.c persons who had years
b.:ore
1
knowingly or otherwise, given him the slightest
causes of offence. L who bad di.llirred with him in opinions
during tbe. life of tl1e late Bedar Bakbt, .and frequently
warnccl the late Emperor against his aspiring views, had
also been the friend and confidant of his late mortal
enemy, the Rban-khanan, and of a different pany in the
late struggle, had not a hope escaping .from hi.\ bands,
or those of. Jahandar Shah. who bad commanded me 'to
be sca.rcbecl. and put to death.
Thinking it vain to attempt conce.1l.metlt i.u Lahore,
I wrote the fol lowing verses : "I am of th.e famil Y of
'Ali, of the famUy of which .thou art. b.ead: look
STUDil?.S IN INDIAN HISTORY
6
not on me, but upon our mutual auce1tors," and sene
!hem to him by my grandson, wbo was much in his
favour. He invited me to see him, . and upon his
solemn oath that he meam no injUI!y to me, 1 went
without dread. He received me in his private apartment,
ro which I was admitted armed as usual, and created tne
in avcxy wny with much l<indness, more than r had ex-
pected ; after which. he dismissed me wit.h 3S$ltrnnces of
protection. He the same day asked the Emperor's pardou {or
me, which was in1mediatcly passed; .but His Majesty obser
ved, that though .he !orgavc, he would nor on nny account
employ me in his service. The 4rn1rul um4ro, too, made
me promise that I would non accept any office in the State
othcr\vise than lhrough his patrOt'lllgc. I complied with
this desire without regret, as, independent of the obliga-
tions 1 owed to b.im., thete was n() Lemptatlon left t()
court employment in a state which. had in fact no head ;
for the ministry was a collection of petty tyrants and
of power.
In the height of his power and authority, all at once
a report was heard that the Prince Farrukb Siy'dr, roo
t() the martyred Azimu.,sh Shan, had marched b:oro
.Bengat towards .Bihar. intending to. revenge his (ather's
death and seitc the throne. Great numbers of the
Imperial Servants wished . secrelly for the lllcccss of tbi
tebclllon. Zu-1 fikar Khan advised jal>andar not tO
remain more than a week in Dehli. but. ro proceed to
Agr<l, and if n=sary to rhe eastern provinceS, as the
drea of his power would not be impressed .fully- in the
breasts of hi. mbjccts while Farrukh Siyar re{used to
pay allegiance. Jabandar Shall, on his arrival at Dehli,
fascinated by rhe various luxuries it afforded, forgot the
advice of his .minister, and chose to remain,. indulgin-g
himael .in low pleasnres, moving only !rom place to
palace, and gai'den to gard.en. Kolqtltasb Khan and hi$
party persuaded M:m. that IJ.miru-1 mnara .bad excited
this l'ebellioo, and !tad engaged with Earrul:.h
Siyar, to whom he would. deli.vcr Hi> 1\!ajesty a prisoner,
6
shoul.d he prevail upon rum to march from the capital.
'These idc:as served 1.0 increase (-ears of the weall
Jahaodar Shah. He would often exclaim, "1 did not kill
Azimu-sh Sll:m ; it was the A mind umara, who must
now go and answer the claims ot his son for satisfaction."
The other plans of an Emperor who was thus overcome
by (ear may easily be guessed, ancl need on explanation.
The Arniru-1 unan, offended at the .dist:tmt of his master,
did not attend as lto ought to business, but employed his
time also in pleasure, and forwarding his own immediate
ituerest.
Saiyid 'Abclu-llah Khan Barhn and his brother Husain
'Ali Kb.ao bad gained great honour by Uteir behaviour in
Ute service of A'zam Shah, after whose (Ieath they attached
thenuclves to Azimu-sh Shau; by whom they were
honoured, the former with the government of Allahabad,
and the latter with tb:Lt of the proviee of Bihar. 'Abdu-
llah. Khan pretendecl gratitude and obedience f,ot the
royal flLvours in order to avoid furth.cr trouble from the
Conrt, but which he b.acl resolved to serve no longer than
he formd necessary. When Farru\:h Siyar arrived in Bihar,
he was immediately joined by Saiyid Husain 'All Khan,
who was ,faithfully attached to him as the son o his
patron, 'Atlmu-sh Shan.
On the night of the 13th Zi-1 ka'da, intelligence was
received that tho Saiyids had by a countermarch of twenty
miles, gained the foro of Gao-gltlll, and crossed rhc river
wil.h. their advanced cotps and all their artillery; also
tliat Fanukh Siyar wll.h. his anny i)llended to follow
next day. A little after midday llie battle
Our troops leU back upon the camp, and great
confusion took place. Numbers fled, but the
Amiru-1 umara stood . fmn, and the enemy was
kept long at a stand by his gallantry and steadiness ;
llut he was ill $upported, though Saiyid Husain
'Ali Khan fell wounded in the field, and Chhablia
Ram was not more successful in his charge on Koklllta:sh
){han. It was now about five o'clock, when were
l
STUI))I!S IN lNDIAN HISTORY
thus doubtful ; but just thtm Saiyid 'Abdn-lla,h Khan
charged Jnhandm: Sbnh, who stood with his troops already
alarmed, some distance in the rea,r of the A miro-1 umara.
They scarce waited to be attacked, but broke their line,
and Aed in confusion on all side5. Thus, in lite
space of a..few llours, one government was des'r.royed and
artother became posscd of absolute authority. The robe
of empire gt:aced the august person of Furukh Siyar, who
sourided the joyful march of triumph_
Though. I was not in the service of any one, l
remained in tb:e field till the d.miru-/ m114m had reLired,
when, thinking it best to provide for my own safety, l
entered the city about a hmtdred persons who sought
my protection. In the morning I 'Ql'Ote to Saiyid
'Abdnllllh Khan.. with hom I was formerly on terms
of friendship, expressing my desire of leave to visit him,
and to be introduced to the new .Emperor. He replied
to my letter 'with kindness; and next =orning, when
Farrulth. Siyar entered the city, l was allowed to pay him
1ny
LETTERS OF
To Shah A.'zam. Sht1h
Hut.'rll to thee I My heart is near thee. Old age is
arrived : weakness subdues me, and strength bas forsaken
aU my Jnctnbcrs. I cam.e a stranger into this world, nnd
a stranger 1 depart, I know noU1ing of myself, wb.at I
am. or for what I am. The imtant which. ha,s
pused in power haU1 left only sorrow behind it. 1 have
not been the guardian and protector of the empire. My
.valuable time b.s been passed vainly. a patton in
my own. dwelling (conscience), 'but his glorioua light was
umden by rny dim siglit. Life is not lasting; there is
no vestige Of departed breath, :md all hopes &om futuritl'
are lost.' ' The fevtr has left me ; but nothing remains of
me but skin and bone. My son (Kam llal<hsh), though
.gone towards llijapur, is sLill .near ; and thou my son are
sTuDI ES IN IWV.N RIST<lRY
yet nearer. The worthy of esteem, 'Aiam, is far
distant ; and my grandson (' Azimull Shan), by tht
of C<>d. is arrived near HinduStlln. Tile camp and
followers, bel pless and alarmed, are like: my&elf, fuU of
alarms, restless u quicksilver. from their lord,
they 'know not iJ they have a master or not.
I brought nothing into this world, and.- C.l<ccpt the
infirmities of trutn, carry nothing out. 1 have a dread for
my Jalvatlon, uud with what tormenls 1 may be punished.
Though I have strong tclinncc. on the mercies and bounties
of Cod, yet regarding my actions. fear will not quit me;
buc when r am gone rellcction will not rcmtdu. Come
lllen what may, 1 have launched my vessel in the waves.
Though Pr()vidcnce will protect 1.he camp, yet,
appeat ances, the endeavours of my sons are indispensably
incumbent Cive my last prayers to my grant4on (Dcdar
Bakht), whom I cannot see, but the desire affects me.
The :Begant daughter) appears affiicted ; but GOd is
tlte only judge of heat'tS. The foolish tl\oughtS of womeu
produce not!ling btu disappi:ntmcnt, FarewelL Farewell.
Farewell.
T o t he Pri11cc Kam Bakhsh
My son. nearest to my hearc I Though io the height of
rny power, a.nd by God's permission, l gave you advice,
and tool:. with you the greatest pain.s, yet, as it '1\'a& not
the Divine will, you did not attend wltn tile car of
complia\tce. Now 1 depart a Btranger, and lament my
own insignific:mce, what does it profit me ? I carry w\th,
me the fruits of my sins- and imperefections. Surprisi.ng
Ptovidence I 1 came here a.lone, am!, alone I deparr.
The leadCJ of this caravan l:iath dcserced me. Tlte l-ever,
whlch troubled me for twelve days, has left me. Wherever
J loolt I .see nothing bot the Diviully. My fears for the
.-camp and foUowers arc great; but, alas I I !mow not I
myself, My back is bent with weakness, and my feet
have lost tht! powet of motion. The breath which rose
is gone, and ltas left not even ltope behlnd: ic. I have I
I
STUDIES IN I.NDIAN HJSTORY 6r,
c<Jmrniued numerous crimes, and know no\ with . 11ihat
punishments l may be seized. Though the Protector of
mnnkind w.ill guard the camp, yet care is incumbent also
on the faithful and my sons. Wheu J was alive, no ctre
was taken ; :l.lld now I am gone, rlte may be
guessed. The guardianship of a people is r.he trust by
God committed ro my sons. A'nun Shah is near. Be
cautious that none of U1e faithful are slain, or that their
miseries fall u po.n my head. I you, your mother
sou to God, n.s r 111ysclf am going. The ago1J.ies of
dcarh come upon me fast. Bahadw Shah is till where
he was, nnd his . son is arrived near Hindustan. Bednr
:nakbt is in Guj;,rat. Rayatu-n Nissa, who bas beMld
no affiictiom of time. till -now, is ftlll of sorrows.
the Beg'llm as without concern. Udipttr, your mor.her,
WIIS a partqer in my illness, nnd wishes to aetompany
me in death. ; but every thing l1us ill appointed time.
The domestices and court1crs, !:.aver deceitful,
Y!!l must not ,be ill-treated. It is necessary to .gain your
views by gentleness and .art. Extend your feet no lower
than yow skirt. Tlte of the unpaid
nrc liS before. Dara Shukoh, though of much judgement
and good understanding, settled large pensions on his
people, but paid them ill, and they wue ever discontented.
I am going. Whatever good or cv.il I have done, it w:u
for you. Take it not a.m.iss, nor remember what .eR'ences
1 have done unto yourself, that account may not be
demanded of me l1ereafter. No one ltas seen tlte depar-
ture of his own soul, but r see that mine is. departing.
TARIK.H-1 BAHADUR SHAHI
' .
i,s a small anonymous work extending from the
death. of Aurangzcb to the accession of Muhammad Shah,
written, tbe au_tbor states, forty_ years. after the death
of Amangzeb, .'!Ild in 1747 A.l). As its title
indicates, Bahadur is its leading subject, and the
the reign qf mo!Ufcb takes up abou.t ,half
5
STUDIES IN INDIAN .HISTORY
the volume. It is wrilterL in a prolix tedious style. The
reign of Bnhadur Shah was translated tor Sir B. M.
Jlliiot by "Lt. Anderson, 25th Native Infan(1'y," but there
is very lltlle in it which has not been told far better else-
where. A few shorL Extracts follow. 'l'herc arc tW(J
copies of tire work among the MSS. One a small Svo.
C)( lSS pages of nine lines each.)
F."'."rnAC'I'S
When the news of that "uumroidable event." the death
of the Emperor Aurangzeb, reacned Dcllli, extra
ordinnry commotion spccnd through Hindustan, nnd
wonderful even.ts followed. On U1c third day after it
bcaimc known in Debli, on the 21st Zil ka'da, 1 1.).8 of
the hcily Hijrn. (18th february, 1707), .after sunset and
before the cry to e1'oning prayCl', .such a noise arose on the
"est as migllt be taken as a siunplc of the noise thCl'e will
be at the day of judgmenL If hundreds of thousands of
men were co collect rogecher and simulmneou&ly raise
the mos dreadful there would be no resemblance
co that noise. It exceeds all my powers co describe it.
Ji'qrty years have passed up to this time, but that strange
noise is still in my cars, and whoever heard it must cer-
tainly remember it. The noi.sc lasted for allottt half RO
hour, and then subsiding. nothing was heard of it after
the lapse of two hours,
On acx:ount of the death .of Aut'a.ngzeb, and in con-
scqueuce of t11e confusion in Hindust:m, the price of
gra.in in aU provinces rColained unsettled. In some
places it was more, in others less. Thus in the first year
after tlto death of His Majesty, in 1119 of the Hijra; the
price of grain in Dehli became known to Asafu-d daula,
viz. the rate at whicl1 it was sold for ready money. Wheat
was twenty sirs per rupee; barley r.wcntyseven sirs; gram
twentyfive sirs: s11hkdas rice teu sirs; dal m11ng (a ldnd
of 'vetch) ftfteen sirs: masli (ptllse) eighteen sirs; motll
STUI)IES l.N INDIAN l'USTORV
lwenty si-s; '11das eighteen sir.r; ghi two si1.r; pUl)gent oil
(mughan-i tnllth) seven sirs; red sugar twlilve sirs.
When Bahadtu Shah aTrived at Burhanpur ,(on his
march against Ram Bakhsh), a. severe pestilence (ruaba)
brqke out amongst the royal troops. Those attaclted
suffered from .suc.h unnatural heat tbal they generally
died in the course of a week, and thO!e who lived longer
wan a weel:, undergoing great pain and tormeilt,
recovered. The army continued ita march towards
HaiW!rabacl Twenty rupee! WM the hire paid to lhe
porters for carrying a sick .inan for :1. march of tbree kos .
.Pioneers were sent on ahead of lhc camp to. dig
and when the army reached its oew camping ground,
the tents were filled on one side, and graves upon the
ower.
At the time t.he army was .mnrcbing southwards
towards :Burhanpur, Guru Cobiod,, one of the grandSQm
o Nanak, had con1e into these districts to travel, and
accompanied . the royal camp. He was in d:te habit of
cc;>nstanLly addressing assemblies. of worldly perSO!lli,
religious funatia, and aU 19rts of people. One day an
AfghM, who Ercquc.qtly auunded 'these meetingl, was
sitting li.uening to him, when certain expressions, unfit
for the ears of Lhe laithful, fell (rom the tongue of th.e
Guru. The Afghan w .. enraged, and regardless of the
Guu's dignity and importance, he gave him tWo or three
stabs wiw a knife and killed him.
The son . of Jahandar Shah was Sultan 'Azizu-d din.
The sons of 'Azimush Shan were Sultan Farrukh slyar,
Sultan Karirn.u-d dio, aod Sultan Humayun' Bakht. 'The.
sons of Khuji.sta Akhtar Jahan shah were Sultan Far-
.kh.anda Akhtar the eldest; the second Roiliaq Akhtar,
afterwards d:tc .Emperpr Mul)..1mmad Shah.; the third son
was Sultan Mubarak Akhtar, also called Achhi Miyan.
STUDlES 1N INDIAN RlSTORY
The son of Prince Rafi'u-sh Shan IVM Rafi'd Oaraja.
The son oE 'Ali Jab was 'AU Tabl\1'. The sons of BedaJ'
llllkht were .Bedar Dil, Sa'id Bal:bt, and a.,yatu-llah.
The of Prince Kam Bakbsh were Sultan Muhiu-s
Sunnat, and Y:1hyau-s Sunuat. Of th.e of Shah
Jahan and ron3 Dam Shukob were Dara Bakhsb.
YIUd;ln .Bakhsh, aod Sultan Sipihr Sbukoh.
TARIKRl SHAH 'ALAM BAHADUR SHAH.
OP
DANlSHMAND KHAN
(THts is another history of Shah, but it reaches
olly to tltc month of Rajab, ln th.e second ye:1r of his
reign. It is the work of Daillihmand Khan, already
In (Wakai', of Ni'a:mat Khan). The author is
besL known by his title Ni' amat Khatl, btlt in the present
volume he calls himself Danishmand Khan. and tells Its
that he had received the title of Mukarrab Klum in the
reign of Aurangzeb. lt appears also from this work,, that
he wrote a book called Badshah-nama; which was pre-
to the Emperor, .and fm: which be nn
augmemation of _his mansab. The work is divided into
months ; and .the two yean and few months fill 262 leaves
of fourt;,m lines Lo the page. It is written i1,1 an
tlous style, and with from the Arabic
and of Persia.n verse.]
'IBRAT- NAMA
Ol'
MUHAMMAD KASIM
T,ars work is sometimes called Tnri!t/1-i Baluuiur-Sholli.
1
It is a well-written history, composed by Muhammad
Kasim, who describes himself as a dependent of Amint-1
u,mara Saiyid Husain 'Ali Khan. It COJIJ,mences with the I
death o( Aurnngzeb, and terminates with the death of
t .PorbabJr . s:ame IU the rdt:rred t() 1rl Waltai '
o( Ni'lm.iu Khan. '
STUDIES IN !NDJAN lliSTOR.Y
Kutblll M11lk Saiyid 'Abdullah, the author having
nccomplh;hed lili pw:posc of writing a history of the times
of the two great Saiyids of Barba. One copy I have in
small octavo contairu 224 pages of clghteen lines to
page. Another imperfect copy of a work of the same
name, and by the same author, carries the history dowrt
to A.D 1786. The language al.lo occasionally varies, !0
that it is probable the latter may be a aecond edition of
the fru:mer, especially as it seems to be more elaborately
got up, and ta be written in a more polished style. There
are, however, several works known by this name, and
there is " later history bearing this title.
The following is a list of the contents, with the
number of occupied by each chapter :
R.easous of writing the 'lbratnama, 2 pp.-Cause of
the :onthor's becoming an atter.tdant in the Court of
l!miml U!Mt'a Saiyid. Husain 'Ali Khan the M'll'tyr, 9 pp.
-Acco1mt of 'the Death of Aurangzeb 'Alamgir. U pp.-
Happy Acccsllion of Bahadur Shah to the Imperial
Throne, II pp.-March of Muhammad A':zam Shah. with
the object of making war again!L Muhammad. Mu'azzam
'Bahadur Slial>. The aronies meet in tbe field of Haju in
the vicinity of Agra, 5 pp.-Battle between Muhammad
A'zam Shnh nnd Mub.11mmad Mu'azz:un Bahadur Shah
;md his sons. Victory gained by Ute latter, 4 pp.-
R.ejoicings at the victory of Muhammad Mu'azzam
Bahadur Shah. Rew!U'ds and gifts granted by him to hi'
old and new servants, attendants and relations, 18 pp.-
Oeparture of Bahadur Sha'h towards the Dakllin against
Muhammad Kam Dakhsh, 2 pp.-His return into
fUudust:in after gaining the victory over Kam Bakhsb,
bis younger brother, JS pp.-Disturbances caused by the
Sikhs io the Panjab. Ruin of Sirhind. Eulogy of Naoak.
Shah Fakir, .2 pp.-War of the four close to the
garden of Shalimar in Lahore, 42 tWo Princes
Jahan Shah and R.afi'uShan. W<U' with Muhammad
Mu'ir.zud din Jaltandar Shah, 12 pp.-Happy accession
of l\:l.uhn.tnmad Mu'i=-<1 din Jahandar Shah to tli.e
STUDIJ!S IN INDIAN a:ISTOR\'
lmperial Throne of 11 pp.- Muhammad Farrukh
Siyar, hearing the news of the battles of me four Princes
at Lahore, prepares to revenge for his and
brother, 7 troops of Sultan 'Aztu-d dll\, son of
fahandar Shah, defeated lry the two Saiyids. His Right,
10 pp,-Muhammad Ji'arruk.b Siyar's Accession to the
l'brone at Agra, 12 pp.-lsn Khan, Zamindar of the.Doab,
his fumlly and relations, all killed by Shahdad Khan, an
Afghan of Rasor, 19 pp.-C1use of disturbance in the
Govetunient of Farrukh Siyar, 8 pp.-Nnwab Salyid.
Husain 'All Khan appointed to the affair,\ of
the Rajput.< of Ajntir and of the great amirs, and to briog
Raja Ajit Singb'.s daughter to Farruk.b. Siynr, 6
Farrukb Siyar marries the daughter of Raja Ajit Singl1
Rathor on the banks of the Ravi, 7 pp.-The S11badari
of the Dalr.hin committed lO the charge of Husain 'Ali
Khan,. and that of the Eastern Division to Hamln 1laba
dur, 6 pp.-Muhrunmad Rali' u-d Darnjat raised to the
thron.e ; death of Muhammad Farrukh Siyar, 1 pp.-
Tumults and seditions al Agra. l'rlnce Neku Siyar rnl<od
to the throne; Saiyid Hwaio 'Ali Khan'a march to Agra
with Rafto-d Datila Shall Jahan the Second. Reduction
of the fort of Agra, 14 pp.-Accession of Muhammad
Ghnzi to me throne, by the- aid of the Saiyids, at Fath-
purJ 19 pp.-Oistmbanccs at Allahabad by Giridhar
:Sahadur, brother of Raja Chhabila ; Haidar Kuli Khan.
against him; departure of Raja Ratao Bahadnr,
pp.-Muhammad Shah's departure townrds the Dakl1in :
Sniyid Husain 'Ali Khan killed by the treachery of a
Mughal. 36 pp.- News of SaJyid Husain Kfuu.l being
killed received by SaJyid Abdullah Khan, liis elder
brother ; and his af!liction, 28 pp.-War between Mubnm-
m:td Arriin Khan and Saiyid 'Abdu.IJalt Khan Kutbul
Mufk ; capture of the aforesa1d Saiyid, IS pp.
Sire of one copy 9! inches by 7-108 pages of l2 lines
each.
. [There are four copies of this work nmong Sir }{. h.i.
Elliot's MSS.J
'
STUDTES IN INDIAN HISTORY
71
EXTRACTS
(Tbe ex:iltadoh o.f Saiyid$ ('Abdllllah and Husain
'Ali Kh;tn) exceeded all conception, nn'd ' passed the
bounds ot description. They became envied by many of
ibe nobles; aud their names were upon every tongue. Mir
.JumJa on his parr never los1 an opportunity of maldng
l:l:ilillCi'ons insinuations aud charges against Striyicl 'Abdu-
Jlab, ; and he especially complained that the Saiyid, in
pursuit of his own p leasure, had left all che controL of
business in the bands of Ramn Chand, who bad a maw
as insatiable as the nethermost nell for !!Wallowing gqld
nnd silver. Against tlte younger brother Amirul umam
Saiyid 'Ali Khan, it was that his bearing wa.'
proud and haughty, unbecoming in a subject. ny such
insinuations lhe mind of the Empet'Ol' was p<>i$oned.
Khan-dltut'rut wns ostensibly intimate and friendly with
lhe tWo brothers, but be cons.idered himself one of the
most IJ'USted connscllol'$ of !.he :Emperor. He was never
absent .from Court night or day, and whatever entered
liis mind, exalted or low, pleasant or unpleasant,
he imparted to tlte Emperor. It was ofr.en proposed
that the two brothers should be seized in the
private council chamber, and committed to
confinement.]
Murder of Husain '/Lli Khan
[The chie nobles having, according to practice, attended
the Emperor to hu whet:e retuming to their o'm
quarten. tlmiru-1 umnta )'fusain 'Ali, unmindful of the
desigm of Jili enemies, proceeded lus tents in a pa/J1i,
escorted by seven or eight of his attendants. Muhammad
AmiD Khan, Sa'adnt Khan, nnd some or:her of tltc con
spirators, were with him. Muhammad Amin resorted to
artifice, and pretending to be faint, he to lie down
on !.he ground. He wns brought round by means o rose
water and musk. Thereupon he directed that they should
bring to him Haidar Kuli Khan, the commander of the
artillery. They ran to fetch that caaEty partne.r in tbe
7
STUDIES IN INDlAN H!STOR\'
conspiracy. At this time there were only two or three of
tb.e attendants nnd valiant brothers of i:he Saiyid near
his palki. A mnn named Haidar Beg, from the $tation of
Muhammad Amin, accompanied by sever!LI Mugh;tls,
came forward complaining ot Muhammad Amin, and
desiring to present a petition. The attendanu wanted
to take the petition from his hands, but b.c would not
allow them. The Amiru-1 tfmara kindly told them to let
the man approaCh. Hnidnr Beg advanced to present \he
petition, and 11$ the tlmir took' it, the as!assin drew a
dagger from !.tis waist, ancl stuck the in the side, so
that he rolled out of the pallti, and . bis bloocl spurted
over the by-standers. Re called out, "WiU no one come
to my aid?" aocl as he lny with )lis bowels protruding,
he cried, "Bring me n horse, 1 will tide." A youth of
fourteen years of age, named Saiyid Mir Khan. liOn of the
dmir's elder ln-otb.cr Asildu-llah Khan Bahadm, was
wa!Jdng near the nnd as .1oon as he saw what was
pa.<sing. he cried out.. "Some rasca.lx nrc killing the
Nnwnb I" Th<ln he attacked Haidar Beg lierccly with
h is s!Lorl sword, and wounded him in two or thtec places.
strctclilillf lliru dead upon the gtound beside victim.
The otlter Mughals attacked the youtl, and slew hlm
'vith many wounds. The murdered Nnwab's head 'Vas
then cut off, and carried 10 Muhammad Amfo Khun. and
dwso wbo bore i L expected grcal rewards in fulfilment of
the promi6e$ made 10 them.]
Death nf Kutbttl 'Mttlft s'aiyid 'tlb<iullah.
[Tbe MugltaJs at length so worked upon the
emperor br their importunities and nrtilicc.l. thnt he
consented 10 the poisoning of tbe Saiyid.J
TARIKIH HAFIZ. ABRU
Nuru-d din bin Lutfu,.llah, known as Abru,
iVl!S born in the city of Himt, buJ. passed his infancy and.
')'OUth in ffamadan, where he received his education. He
artaioed by !tis writings a distinguished rnnli among ton-
STUDIES' IN INJ)lAN IU&TOR Y
7!
temporary authors, and was fortunate enough to secure
the esteem of Tlmur, who gave him numerous proofs of
hls consideration, admitted hjm to his intimacy, and
sought every occasion of doing him service. After the
death oi that tyrant, he attended the c;ourt of Shah Ru.lob,
and J'eceived from the young prince Mirza Bauanghar
every demonstration of k_iJldness and regatd. To him be
dedicated b.is great work, 'Under the name of Zubdahd
Tn1uarikh which contains a complete bu-
tOry of the wodd, and an account of the instilutions and
Tcligions of dilferent people down to A.H. 829' (A.n. 1425).
The author. died live )'Cats aftarwartls in the dey 'of
Zanjan.' A short noti.cc is given <f .him io the Tarikhi
ChaghMai.
The work is more knoWJl ns Tnrikh-i Ha[11.
Aim, llOtl under that name it is quutc<l by Haidnr R:u:i,
Mirkhond, Kbondnmir, and the 'rurilth-i A!fi, and by
Alm-J 'Fnd in the tlyil'l-i tl/tbai a.< n fabulist. D'Hetbelot
to it, Md Sir W. Ouselcy Tcqucrul)' quotes it in his
Travds a ;abounding in geographical details.
I hiwc ncvCT ocen the 'work, nor am I aware that a
copy c.ltists in India, i1 i.s fl'equcntly quored as an
authotity ou subjccLS connected with Indian .Hi!tory.
Tbc only in Europe wbicb arc spoken of arc those
in the Imperial Library of. St. Pctersburgh. and. in Sir
Gol'c Ousclcy's Collection.
[Sir H. Elliot sub!<lqucntly l)ad to a copy of
.tJli$ work uclongiug to .John Barcloc . Elliot; and
among his MSS, tl>crc is a volume containing extracts
'Sir \V. a,; editor of th<: .. Crillcal :J"!s$:ay on variou
MtnuscriJlt Worl:," . .says tJtal he hat examined n oopy t1f this
dated !\.H. 87 Fie alm llUtl 1\.!J R:tth Abn1 hnd &n\vellcd
in many 'J)3.tU ne AJCi,_ , hb "t:ttcmcnu... w'hic.b
numerouJ art wcll \\'()flb)' ur 1ltc ViennA. Jzahrbucher
lhc history i.!O c::mit:d down 10 A.JI. 8.!tr, . See S:ulik
Chrnn. Tflh. n . . 8!!). [IL c:ould noL Juavc been wrtucm drHC!r-.
for- lhc of 8how ab:u '' c:Xtcn<led bC!)'Qrld 8.rQ n,, ,.11d
it tptotes the Znfn,...namtJ, which 'wa.s Wl'ittcn ill 82'1 u.]
us pn!ild6n $Ct rn,lt.."X to 'VJH:.en8 JiiJloritt smuaJtdiarum,
p. u!!. ,.. 1Andsclum.
?1
STUDffiS IN lNDIAN Eli>'TOR Y
copied from it by a mu11s/&i al Patna.. These exU'l\ctS
comprise the jntroduc:tOry pan of the work and the por-
tio.u relating to the history of Kirman. F1om. this
volume the following synopsis o the Content!! and rbc
Extracts have b"en t-ranslattd. A large portion of the
work is coo1esscdly borrowed without alteration or ad<li-
r.lon fron1 historians, from Tabari, Rashidud din.
the Zafart.ama. The table of Contents give.l no clue
as to the extent and value of tbc purt devoted to India,
but the work is so frequently quoted by later writers that
the would secnt to l>c original and of
some lcngtl>. The Extract a spt-cimcn of l.hc alllhor's
method, and will all:ord tltc means of n juclg
mcnt ns to wortl1 ns a geographer.]'
CONTENTS OF TliE VOLU'MI!.
J'orm nf the cnrth.- T be Crcatlon.-Divisum into Climes.
-The
Couutrics of Ambln.-Countries of the West-Cities of
the in tbe Countries of tile West.-
Andalmin.- bL,nds of Rum and the Occan.-Counlrics
of Egyj>t.-Holy Templt'S.-i\rmeoja and Syria.-Ftrrn
gistan.-Mesopotamiu.-'Irak.-Kbuwtao.- Fars nnd its
provinces : Persepoli.,; Territories of Dnrnbjard, Arda
sltir, Shnbpur, !Uld Kubad.-Lslancls, Rivers. Seas, Valleys,
forts. :u1d of Fan;.--J<.ings :ll1d Rulers of )'ars,
Diluuites, Saljuks, J\tnhaks, Nobles of Cnangit Kl1au.
Rulers after AJ>u Sa'id.-Kll'tWiJl.-Rulers of Kinnnlt.-
Ahiwnrd...-.Countrics of Khtirosan..-Rulers of l(hurasan.
-Tlte Ummayicles. Preface, witlt a Map.
Volume for writing the his
tory ; Definition of b.i<tory ; Nature of the science, hene-
" Compare Ctll/, Or. rom r. P ciii .. JUHJ n. r. tv.
flislor. Cfut,t.nmti.tfnrmll,; pp. xiv. , 2J2, 227, Ccscll. t. Gofd Horde.
PI? XVI.. xxu. JV1tnJ }ohrb. N.o: pp. er,. I) A:ethc.lor,
Bbl .. Or. Tom. m. I' tis4ny, p. $4 Wl'khond,
$dfn, Vol. I /'' 8. F'rachn
1
TnrUcatlt.,u n,lltiogroJihiiJu.es,
No. t88. COl!Chc't ncr in ExLrnCIS fmm H'nidnr R:llJ. l)om'
Gr.ochidllc H:rji Klllllfa II "4 Itt 535 Jou'fl, des
.. ,T>J1, 8.17
IN lNI>IAN H!STO!t1/
76
fits of IW!tory.-List of the subjects treated of in the !69
secn.ions of this work form_dcd on the work of Muhamlllad
bin Tabar!, from the Creation down to the K.halifa
Mukta.6 billah.-:rhe remainder .of the
Kb.aUfas from the ]ami'1H To.warikll.
The hlnorics extracted . from tbe Jami'ttt Tawa>ikh
are comprised in t,vo volumes. 'l'he first containing the
Ta-ikhi Ghaum. is divided into two l3abs. The first aab
contains. four sections, and the second two sections, com-
pdsing the history of the various Turk and Mughal
princes, and of Khan and his clown to
Uljait-u Sultan Muhammad Khud.abauda. The second
13ab comprises the history of the Ghaznividcs, Dilam.iles,
lluwaihides .5aljuks, Khwarlzmsha.his, Sb.algbazis of Fars,
lsm'ailis in two chapters, Ughuz and the Turks. Khatai,
Children of [srael, Franks, lndiaus.
History of the kings who reigned in Tabriz, Baghdad,
those l'art.s from the year 705 A.H., wbieh closes tbe
hiatory of Rashidi. aa the events are related in the Zafnr
llama. and the Taril:li Hauat Saltanat Shi'ari.-IDjaitu
Sultan aud his successors.- Tile K:i.ugs who reigned in
Yazd, K.irmar1, Shirar., and Isfahan.-Prince!$ l>f Hirat and
parts of l<.bwasan.-l'riuces of M.azandaran, Sarbadaris
of Naishapur and Sabza.war.-Argbun Shall of Tus and
Mashbad.-'Usman, Murad; and .Bayn1jd of Rum.-K.ing_s
of Egypt.-Kings of tbe Fnmks.
History of Timur and his successors from the Zafar-
namo to tht of the year 820, 1o- be completed ftom
Qther source. to rbe end of the dynasty.]
EXTRACT
Rrvu Smo.- This rlver has its source in tbc skirts of the
mountains of Kashmir, and from 'the western side of
those mountains into the country of Mansura. It-s course
is from Jtortb 1:() south, the end tumitlg to UJ.e east. In.
the neighbourhood or MulLan, the river Jamd joins it,
and it flows into th.e Indian sea, wbich is called the
Babrul akbzar.
?0
STlllllS IN 11-JDI:AN J,llSTOIW
River Jamd.-The source of this river is also in Llle
uoul\tains of Kaslunir, on tl1e south side.-It runs from
north io south and passes into the land of Hind.-ltl
waten are usecl for agriculrure and gardeuing.-Agri-
culture in these is generally dependent on the rain.-
ln the ncigbbourhootl of Multlu> it joins the Sind.
falls into the "Bah:ru-1 akhzar.
Biyah.- This is n large river which risC$ to U>e
ea&t of the mounmins of KMiunir.-Ic runs into the
country of Lahawnr (Lahore), and to the ncighbourhood
of Uch.-lt r,.Jls into the sea in the CO<Uttry of Knmbaya.
Jamna.-This ls a large rh<cr which has its rise in
the Siwalik !\ills to the north of Dchli.-lL passes to th<
cast o that city and joins the Indian sea near Gujarnt.-
ln the reign of Suttan Feroz Shah, 760 the countries
(about this river) were very flourishing, for in tbe Doab,
which is the name given to the country the J unum
nnd the Ganges, there wc:re 80,000 enrolled a.1
pnying revenue to the exchcqucr.-Ic Juts been $:lid in
to this statement, that it with the author te>
prO\'C il.
Ganges.-This is n large river .in lndin to tbe east
of the the Hindi language it is called Gangu.
Its source is on 'the east of the couutty of Kanauj.-Thc
longitude qf J<anauj i$ 114 degraes 50 and tltc
latitude 2ti <k-grccs 35 minutes. Where the tiver passes
Kanauj, it is forty pa:rasangs from that city, this .adds
two more. When Sahib Kiran, the fire ot GOd
(Timur), formed the design of conqueriug Hindustan
in the yc:q- 801 Mr., after C'lpturing Dehli, he crossed
the Jumna, >tnd led his foTces through this country until
he l'c"chcd the Ganges. Crossing t11at river, he cume to
R cch:brate<l place of worship o{ the
(gabrnll) of Tntli.a, where he fought against tbc infidelll
n.nd slew mruy of them. Thc1c nrc other lnrge rivers to
the cnst of thi which are mem.iolted by men who have
trnvellecl in India ; but nam<!S, sources, and embouchures,
have not been accurately stated. So also there ace many
STUDIES IN INDIAN !IJS'fORV
71
large rivers in but li. It not known wlu:ther they
run to the ea.1L or t.o the we&t, nor where they rise, nor
whero they discharge. They are therefore (>assed over.)
Ti\.RDUH MUBA'RAK-SHAHl
OF
YAHYA BIN AHMAD
THE author ot this work, Ynbya bin Ahmad bin 'Abdu
llnb Sirhlndi,-or Sihrindi, the older from of tbe name
which he !AS<!$
1
- wrote thh work, as Firishta us,
with tho expreM object of recording 'the events of the
reign of MJJbnrak Sbab, whose nan1e be bas given to the
history. Tbe work with the tcign of Muham
mad Sam, the Ioutldcr of tbe Ghorl dyna.\ty, and the
only copy of MS. avallabk terminates abruptly in
the middle of i.be regin Sulta11 Saiyid MulWlllDad,
in 852 A.ll., (A.D. 1448); bow much, if any, later the
history extended. we have at pre&ent no means of deciding.
J n bis l'refacc the author infonns us tbnt he wrote this
work in the hope of pretenting an acceptable tribute to
his sovereign, for "no more worthy offering can be ma<!e
lo a king than a Tecord o the achievements of his
predcssors." Up to the time of the accession of Firo
Shah, he acknowledges his obligations to "various
hi1tories ;" fl'om and after that (>criod he wrote upon
''trustworthy information and personal observation." M
to his own poejtion aucl connex:ions be is quite silent.
Yahya bas no claims to be. ranked as a11 historian,
but he is a careful, and apparetttly atJ hon.est chronicler.
His work is lh.e source of nil .our knowledge of the Saiyid
dynascy. Nizamv-d din Ahmad refers to the Tarikh-i
as an authority in his Preface t<l the
TabaAM:/ .Akbari, a.nd his wb.ole accou.nt ot the Sa.iyid
pttiocl is a mere reproduction of the statements of that
work. very often copied verbatim. Badnuni ackno1vledges
his obligations to tbc work, and follows it very closely.
but .be uses language of his own, and rarely copies
S'rUDfi!S IN tNDlAt! ' HISTOILY
from his predecessor. Ji'irihta twice refet's to this bistQl')',
1U1d he often borrows its very words. So Yahya is not ot\ly
a w.ritcr; but the only original authority
available upon the times of the Saiyid5.
The MS. in Sir H. M. Elliot's library is a copy that
was made for him, a'nd bears no statement as to the
original from which it wa& rakCJ1. A note of Sir Henry's
in anol.bcr place seems to show that he received a copy
of the work from Madra.. Tl:>e MS. is in fair handwriting,
but it is fuJI of errors, the production or a mc.re scribe,
who brought no spccinl knowledge or intelligence to bear
upon his work. l t .is deficient in a few places, but this is
probn.bly O\ving to tlte original MS. having )lete and there
lost o leaf. A the work is thus defective a.nd ends '
abruptly a few before the extinction . of the Saiyid
dynasty, the Tabak.at-1 Ak..bari has been called p<>n to
repay a portion of its obligations. The missing pages
have bCM supplied from that work. and from it the
U11nslation b.'IS aLso been can:ied down to the close of
the Saiyid rule, completing al once this historical era.
T he ttanslation is the work of Lhe editox. The MS. is
a small octavo cons.lsting oE 26S pages o! thirteen lines in
a page.
l!.XTRACTS
Reign of Sultan Firoz Shah
IN the year 753 H. (1852 on. tbe 8rcl Jttmndal -awwal,
Prince Muhnmnmd Khan was bom in tlte capital (shdhr).
In this same year (the Sult:m) founded the masjidi
jami' near the palace, and the college at tbe top of the
luuizi lllmss; and Kiwamul Mulk Mnkbul, tlaib
tllllzir, bec:une wazir of the State, and ;received the title
of Khanl Jahan.
J:n the year 755 11. (1854 A.D.), the Sultan marched
with an arrny ngainsc La:khnami, leaving Khan:i Jahan
at the capital in charge of all. albirs of Stnte. When
he reached Xurakhur, A:di Singh waited upon him, and
ofl;er.ing a tribute of twenty lacs o tanltas in cash and two
STUDIF.S II'{ INDIAN H!STOR Y
79
.elephants, wasreceived into favour. On the 28th Rabi' u-
i awwal, be arrived at the fort of Ikdala, and some bard
figbtittg ensued. The Bengalis were defeated .. and many
were sl:un. Shah Dco, r.b.eir leader, with several others,
was J;illcd. On the 29til of the monr.b., the arnry march
ing rotn that place, encamped on l.b,e bnnk.& of the
Ganges. Dyas Haj i was sh.u.t up in the fort. and on the
5th nkhlr, he marched out 1vith hi.s countless
Bengali followers and forces. The SultaQ marst.1ed l.t:is
army, atld as soon as llyas Raji b<ihcld it, he was disn111yed
and Oed. Tho army (of the Sultan) made the attack ;
me canopy and. for.ty elephants were captured, and
.innumerable horsemen and .in.fantl'y became food for the
For two days after Ute Sultan remained en-
camped, and on the tb.ird he marched for Dehli. Some
months afterwards he founded the great city l'irozabad.
In the year 756 n. (1355 A.o.), the Sultan proceeded
to Dibalpur, .and conducted a stream Uui) from the river
(S!tl!lej), for :1 distance of forty kos as far as
j hajj:u:. In the following year he brought the stream
of Eirozabad from chc moun"tains of Mandati '($ic) and
Sirmor, and hnvi.ng thrown into it seven distinct streanu,
ltc cotu:luctcd it to Hansi. From Utence he lecl it tO
Ar:unan, and chcc he buUL a strong fort , which, l1e caOc<.l
Hi.sar Firozah. Delow the palace (lt.us/l/1.), he dug an
extensive ta.nk, and filled it wil.h tbe waters of that canal.
Re formed another canal from the "Kbakhar (Khagar),
to the fort oC Sarsuti, and from thence to Hatbikhir.
' Firishtn C:'Jc)SCiy follows our au,hor. Md helps us to under ..
Jtand him. There are &t:Ve.ral io:accuraclet ln the_ aJ given
tn U.riggs' uanalatloo, so jhe following 'Js of(erb.l as 11 rnorc oorrect
fl:ndcrfrig of the Utl-ogrnphed texl. .. lt\ the mouth Shn"bnn,
756 u. (the Sultnn) -wt:nc towa.rtls Dipalpur- hunting, 1111d hulng
dug a' large ea.nal (lw) fn)ln the rll'Cr Sutlej, he conducted It l.o
Jnnjhor, wrtyeight dhtaoL In 757 .ht cut a canol tmm the
river ;umns, In llllb of :snd Sirmor, ::md hiWing
Ulrue aoven other into it, he btoughi. It to Rant1, and from
then: to Aba$1n, where be built q, -&trong WTt which he
Ri$11t Firw.ttlJ. that f'orl and ncru" tf,1e pli.ce, ' Jaa
dug a tank. which be fUJed wilh the wtuen of th:tr.l canaL
Be formed a.nather canal from the ri.ver. Kh3g;tr, and condmting
STUDIJis IN HJSTOIW
Thue he built.a fortified place wllich he calledflro7.<tbad.
lie brought another canal from the Jmrma, and
threw it into the um]f. ol that city, from whence he
carried it ou farther.
(n the month of Zil h.ijja, on the day of the ' ldi
nzh(l, in the year \>efore 11amcd, a rohe of honour wd
a diplorM orrivcd fmru the Kruilifa :ol Hakim bi nmr-
illah. Abu :11 Abu Bakr Abu al Rabi' Sulaim1111, tbe
HindUJt:>.n .
Jn the year 759 .,, (1358A.o.) an nrmyofMugbals
c.amc ioio the negibbourhood of Oibalpur, ond Malik.
.Kabul, Lord o! the Bedchamber (sarbwiJnhtlnr), was
sent "gninst tbttn. Before bi$ forces tllc Mughals retreated
I<> their own cotmtry. At the end of this year, Tajud
din BeUtll, with stvet'lll other amirs, came from Lakbnauti
to Coun as envoys. bringitlg with them pcsents and
tribute, and lhey received a gracious reception.
In the year 760 a. (1359 A.D.), lhe Sultan marched
with a large a.rmy agninsr. Lakbnauti, leaving Khnnj
.Jahau in Dehli and Tatar Khan as Shilckdar at Mullan,
(to guard) the Ghazni frontier. When the Sulmn reached
Za!nra bod, r.he rains ca.me on, so he halted there. Hcrc
he was waited upon by Malik Shnikhzacla llwlami. who
had left ibe country by royal command. He brought a
robe of honour !rom the Kllalifa,' and the Sui1JU1 being
graciou$1y disposed towards b.im, granted him tltc title
of 'Azam Khan. Saiyid Rasuldar. who had come with th.10
envoys ftom Lak.hnaut1, \vas now sent back thilher, and
Sultan Sikandar llj;ain sent him co . Court with five
elepbant5 and rich ptc$tlltts. 1htt bciore he arrived,
'Alanr Khan came to Courl from l.ak.b.nauti, an.d he was
told (by the Sultan) rbat Sultan Sikandar was footish n.nd
J[ by the fort of SanlUJ, be brouglu lt tO the river Sar-kh:ttl h
(nalnY..I.&rKita!rttil) he rounded tbe city of Flr01abad. He
,aJso ... bro.ught a.norhc:r canal from Jnmna. and thre\of it imo the
Qf that city, " The word! ''river ol a're cleuJy
In lhe, lJ'tlnJiadon, whi.ch WOil matle &om MSS .. the name
is giVc;:n. li.S "Pert Kahn," wbic.h is more like thli' Harbikhir of
our text-.. Tb.t rd;l name it goumJy Hrui-khira.
' fjriJhat nya "Of .Egypt.
STUDlES tN WD!AN HIS't:ORY
in,cxperienced, and had strayed from the j>ath of rectitude.
The Sultan at lim had .no desire to draw the sword
against him i but as he !lad nat di.'!Charged the duties
o obedience, ne rmm now understand that the Sultan
was marching against him.
After the rainy seaso.n, the Sulta11 proceeded towards
Lak1mauti, and on the way PJ'incc },'ath Khan received
tbe of 1'0yalcy, such as elephants. A coin was
stiuck 'ln his nnmc, and tutorS were appointed for him.
When the Su.ltan reached Pandwah, Sultan SikancJar shut
himself up in 1kdala, wh.ere Sultan Sba.nuu-d din, hls
father, h.ad l,x:fote takc11 refuge. On the 16th Jumaclal.
awwal; 761 (5th. May, l860), the Sulra11 snt down against
lkdala. and passed some days in besieging it. T.he garrison
perceived that they could not withstand the assailants,
so they were compelled to captiulatc, and seck [or pence
by sending elephnnLS, treasure, and goods as tr.ibute. On
the 20Ut Jumadal awwal, the Sult au marched from Ikdala
on his return, and when he reached Pandwl\h, Sultan
Sikandar sent him thirtyscvan elcphailts and va!W>,hle
oiie.i nts tribute. By mai'che! he reached
Jaunpur, and the l11ins coming oo he rested there, After
Ute rains were over. in the monU1 Zi-1 liijja of the same
year, ht. marched with his victorious army by way of
Bihar to Jajnagar. Orders were issued that thi> baggage
animals (lashkar-sutm), women.. horses out of condition,
and weak men should not proceed.' Malik Kutbud din,
brother o Zafar Khan thE: wazir, was left behind with the
elephants and at Karra. The Sultan then
marched. When lte reached Sikra! he attacked it, and
the .Rai took to flight. There Shakr daughter
4-dayah,' w.u taken prisoner. The
' Siltkah ba-nam Dlilariland.
.. writes biayod bul it muu mean nlnynd .
no 1!p)Jnkpti.c-AAbati and FlciJbua "Sa.nkra, II Badarrui
has 1
11te Tob.aJc.at.J -4lttrnri giva .nDmc. oe tbe Ito/ llJ "Sant,,"
but l'iti5bta n>akO!I tit I Simi eoiiJ tile R:>.l ol'
Jjnagur. "Ada yah." See J'iro. S/1oh-l$tll M'ioknddm.
6
B
STUD:Il!S IN Th'DIAN HISTOR11 f.
Sultan placed her in the place of his daughters. When
he advanced farther, be left Malik 'Imadu-l Mulk one
&tage behind with the pri&oncrs and baggage. At this
place. Ahmad !{han, who had come up from LaUw.autl,
joined the Sultan in the hills of Ranthor,' and was
received with honour. 'l;'he Sultan then proceeded to lbe
city of :SanliTnsJ, which was the residence of the Rai.
Having left the MabJUutdi_ the ll.ai bad fled to Tilang:.
The Sultan pursued him for one day'a march, but whan
he found that the Rai was far in advance, he returned.
1n l.llli ncig:hhourhho<>d he hunted. Rni :Sir
sent some. persons to sue for peace, that his people migh1.
not be killed. The Sulta.n, according to his wont, cum.cd
aside, and (the Ral) sent in thirty-three elephants apd
rich ofrerings as tribute. From thence the Sultan feU
)>ack and bumed in l'adrnavati and the ckphant fields.
whae he killed two elep)lants. Afterwards be mD.rQhed
on to Kana, and from pro=ded to De\JU, which
be reached in Rajab, 762 fl. (1361 and entcreil ;t$
a conq ucror.
Some time afterwards he .heard there was in the
vicinity of llardar' a hill of earth, th.rougll the midst o
wbich a large river llowed and fell into th.e Sntladar
(Sutlej). This river was called Sarsuti. On the !tithe
side of the mo1mtain there was a stream called Salimah.
ll the mountain of ea.rth were cut through, the waters I
of the Sanuti would fall into lhar 1trearn ; which
flow through Sibrind" (Sir hind) and Mansurpur, and
from thenco to Sannam, keeping up a perpetual supply.
This reading of tl!e Ta/Jal'ciatl AAbari <eenu ID that
of MS., "Zln1hor.''
' Fizisht.a' writes the ruune in tbe mmt but the tnm.tatlc::m
baa "Ra.jab of Jkerbhoom,"
- hpa.rwar, . ]_ijJi.ahtrt.
111
"Sibrlnd" and "Ta.b:a,thindh .. are used inrlifferendy throughout
N tlLC nomes of tftc modern Sirhlnd. Th.e usc of r.hc lt:utec hu
o.lrendy been noted elsewhere, VCU'allA Mitra mcnti()tll Lhe
SaiL'iodhns, ar people of Sirindh3, a.s being fn this nejghborrthQOd.
See CUnniughah' Andtnl p. l fll. 5<:<: Ghilznivld4,
Cilor and Sfnw Dynestit,__>d, SraJ. p. 50.
STUDIES IN INDIAN EllSTOR.V
. '
The water was brought, but wme time was occupied in
cutting tb.rougn the hill. Sithind, tO 3$ far as within ten
l<os of Samana, was &eparatl!d from the shik/r. of Samiuu,
and'given intO tle charge of Malik Ziau-1 Mulk Shamsu-d
din Aburja, to bring iL into cultivation." A fortress was
built there, which received the name- of Flrozpur.
When. the Sultan saw that the excavation of the
mountaln was" p0$Sible, he le.ft the spot and went to
Nagarkot, and after conquering it, he proce<:ded .against
Thana. The Jam aod Babiniya were io ,P055eSSion o.F
Thatta. By dint of. grcnf exertion the plAce 'Yas invested,
and fighting went on for some time, but such a scarcity
of provender and grain arose in the Sultan's army, that
m.n.ny men died, so tliat of necessity, and nfter a great
struggle, he was obliged, to :retreat into Gujarnt.
After the (ainy season, b.e resolved aga.in to march
agalrut Thatta. The fief (ik.la') of Gujarat was placed
under Zafar l<han, instead of Niz.amu-1 Mulk, who was
dismissed and with b.is followers to the capital,
where he aftetwnrds became w!lZir of the State. on the
Sultan's reappeBJ;"ing before Tb.atta,- Jam and Babiniya
rnade their and waited upon him. They
were graciously received, but were carried off. with all
the chiefs of the coun.try to 0QhlL After l,l.aving l'
while shown obedience, r.he Sul.t.111 reinstated the Jam
i11 the lief (ik.to/) ot Thatta, and sent him there in &tare.
In the year 772 a. (1870.1 A.l>:), Khan-i Jal:>an died,
nnd his eldest son Jnunan Shah attained the dignit-y of
Khan-i Jahan. ln 775 Za!m- Khan died in Gujarat, and
hls; eldest SOil succeeded him in the fief. In 776, on the
12thJ of t.he month of Safar, Prince Fath Khan died at
K.anthur. The Sultlli> was great! y affected by his death,
and -constitution receive'd a mariifest lb.ock.
Tn 778 H. (1876-1 .(.1>.), Shams Damaghani offered
l l This pas:sage Ja Imperfect. in the MS. , and b.JJ been tno.sla.ted
wil.h the belp of l'lrWitJL
u Here the M.S. bas a neg:uhc, whld\ U ls necessary to .tuppress.
STUDIES IN lNDlAN "fi1SI'ORY
forly lacs of in excess. of the revenue paid lor
Gujar.r.t, l 00 two hundred Arab horses$ and
four hundred slaves, children oi Hindu chiefs (mukaddam
bachagau), and A:byssinians annually. Malik Ziaul
Mullt Malik Shamsud din Aburja '<as deputy (of the
governor) Gujarat. and an offer was ma,de to co11finu
it to him ,OP his
)ite.ratly bo.nd11me-n
or alave!. It makes Ita . appeu-:ance h'eq1.1enLly .h.1 tllese pages.. ,
STUDll!S lN INDIAN HISTOI\ 11
t.he palace. This happened on tho 2 Lst 791 w.
{19th February, 1889 A.n.)
After this they brough Abu lln kr .Shuh out rom
his dwelling, and seating him upon an clepbant, with a
canopy over his head, they proclaimed him under tj,e
tillc of Sultan Abu Bakr. ltukn Janda. was mnde waw.
AfteJ. a few days, Rukn Janda conspired with several slaves
of the late Sultan Firoz, with the intention of aluyiog Abu
Bakr, and of making bJmsclf king. J3uc certtLin others.
who we-re unfriendly to him, anticip:tting his action, killed
him, and puc his confederates to the sword. Abu nakr
wns in possession of DchH, the royal elephants and
treasure were in his hands, an.d his power was day by
increaaing. Jmt at this juncture the new ami;s or
$amana treacherously slew Malik Sult.lln Shah Khushdll,
with their swords and daggcr3, at the tank of Sanna:m,
on the 4th Sa:br. Then, taking possession <>f Samana,
tl\ty plundered the houses of Malik Sultan Shah and slew
all his depcndeuts. They cut off the head of Malik
Sultan. and sent i t to Nagarkol, to l'riucc Muhrunmad
Khan. with oiicn of assistance. The length of the xcign
of Sultnn Tughlik Shah was sill months and eighteen days.
S!tllall Muhammad Shalt, youuger .toll of lite late Sttltan
Fi>oz Shah
Wni!N the intcllingcnc:e of the death of Malik Sttltan Shah
reached Mt!hammad K11no at Nagarkot, he . marched
thence to town of Jalandhar, and so into the disuict
of Samana. There, on the 6th of the month of Rabi'ul
akbir, of the year ;tbovc named, be. for tllo serond time,
mounted the throne of the empire. The new amirs of
Samano, and the mulwddams. of that disttict and of tile
'hills, all joined hi.in, and renewed their vows oi allegiance.
Several amirs and mali/<S also of Dehli deserted. Abu Bakr
Shah, and came to join blm. So there assembled round
him , in Samana abo.ut tweoty tb.ousand horse, and an
.innumerable host of foot. From Sa.mnna he inarthed to
STUDIES !N INDlAN .HISTOP. Y
95
I)eb.li ; nnd by the time he reached its neighbow:ltood, lhe
bOJ;se had increased to nbollt fifty Lbousaud. Abu
Sh.ab was informed of his approach, and the slaves of
Sultlm E'irot, having before oppo.1ed the new Sul ta tl , now
a!Ucd lhem.'le!vc.l w-ith Ab-u Bakr. -
On the 25th R.abl'ul akhir, 791 (23rd Apcil. IS89).
Stf.tan Mahammad took up his position at the palace of
Jahan-numa, and Abu Uakr aloo, with bh adherents and
forces, was :tt Firozabad. On Llt.e 2nd Jumada-1 awwal,
the adherents of Abu .B:tlq, having taken the streets nnd
w;ills of Firotabad. gnve battle to the forces of U1e new
SUltan. On tltat very day Bah:idur Nahi:r" came IntO the
city with a pnrty of his' follower!; and Abu llab 5_!1.-dl,
being emboldened by hiJI ardval, marched on the follow,
ing <L1y into.. Firoznbad with bJs horse and foot, The
battle bcg-jn, :mel by the decree of God, Sultan Muham
mad was clefcntett :Re Bed towards his own ten:itories.
With " puny of about two r.housnucl horse, he crossed the
.JUllllla, and penetrated rnto the Daob: From thence he
sent II(& second" son, Prince Humayun Khan, to Satnana,
tO a5lonble bis forces; and be sent with bim Malik
Ziau-d din Aburja, Rai Kamalu-d din !Yfian," and Rai
Khtd Chain" Bhntti, whose ftcfl were in that quarter,
The Sult:m himself took up bis position at the village of
Jalesar.'' on Lbe banks of the Ganges. The ami\s of
Hindustan, sucb as Malik Sarwar, governor of (be city
(shalma-i shaM). Maliku-slt Shark Nasiru-1 Mulk th.e
holder of MultJIJl, Kbawassu-l Mulk be holder of Bihar
[and others] ; and Rai Snrvar" and other rais and ronas,
making in nll about fift y horse. with an in
'The Mewa.id"-T. Dadnuni .
.. Flrisht.1 $aye "Ou' of, .. ond the T. Badotmi says "Jnto the:
m4ltf4,n. o( El:ror.abad ...
Litei-anf, tmiddte son. .
" Minll? " Probably Kul Chanit
"Th . e Text has "l aser" nnd "Ja'ter;' Dndnuni makes i.t
"Chetnr," but tho TaoMtl Akl>ari and Flr!shtll ln reading
"Jolcsnr.' ' Sec post.
u LCXl has "Sabh:;'' but. Firi!h.ta Ja)l4 Sec: ftos-t.
STUDIES IN INDlAN HISTORY
nllnieruble force of foot, joined lhc Sulthn. Malik.
Sarwat received the title of Khwaja-i fa/tan, and was
made wn.:.N. Malik Nasiru-1 Mlllk became Khil:r Khan,"
Khawassu-1 Muik. was made Khawas.s Kban, and. Samtd
din became Saif Khan.
In Sha'ban of the same year Sultan Mahammad again
marched against Dehli. Abu Bakr Shab came forth to
meet him, and encountc.red him at the viUAge o Kundali.
Both sides their forces, and a battle ensued. By
the will of God, the anny of. Sultan Muhamtnad was
defeated, and Abu Bal-r was victorious. His camp
equipage and fell into the hands of the victon,
who kept up lhe pursuit for three kos. Sultan Mallam-
mnd then returned, and took his abode at Jaksar.
Abu Shalt went back 1.0 Dehli.
On the 19th Ramazan the slaves of lhe Sultan Firot
who were lil'iug in the variou! districts and cities, as at
Multn.n, Lallor," Samana, and Hisnr, and the fort of
Maruri, we.te unjustly put to death in one day by the
chiefs and people of the different places, under the orders
of Slllcan M:rl.bam.m:td. 1n consequence of tile contention
among the Musul.mans for the throne, the HlOdu
infidels gathered strength, and gave paying the poll
tnx and tribute. They moreover tl1rcntencd the Muham-
mad:m towns.
[n th.e month of Mahan:run, 792 H. Uanuary, 1390
A.!>.), Prince Humayun Kha,n, collected the various
and amirs who bad been :.ppointed to net uttder
him, iucb as Gbalib Khan, /l.mir of Samann [etc., etc.],
pitched h.is camp at Panipat, and the environs
of Dchli. Wilen Abu Dakr Shah was informed o this,
he sent Malik Shahin 'Im.adu'l Mulk, with four thousand
ho:rse and guards :rnd many foot soldiers; towards Pani
pat ; ancl tb,e forces drew up in battle array at the
village of Dasina. near Panipat. The Almighty gave the
" The I'..:WItion ol Flrl!hta ern i" mking till title "Kho. 1"--i
Khan.*'
"' Invariably caUCd "!))bot."
STUDIES IN !NOlAN IDSTORlC
victory 10 Abu Bakr Shah, and the army of the prince
bcillg" defeated ftcd back towards Samana. His camp and
baggage and equ.ipments, all became the spoil of the
victors. T.hc for.ces of Dehli. under the grace of God,
being thus everywhere victorious, Sultan Muhammad and.
his army could no longer the enl!llly, ;mel he became
very much. depressed. in spirit. Still the maliks and the
soldiers and the people o.f tb.e capital were entirely on the
side of the Sultan, and Abu Dakr dared not leave the city
to pursue his defeated enemr.
Jn the month Jumada-1 awwal of the same year Abu
Bakr Shah collected hiS army and marched towards Jalesar.
He encamped about twenty from Dehli, and Sultan
uh.ammad, being informed of this, left his army and
ba_ggab>"C at Jalesar, and. started of!' with four thousand
light horse for DchlL Some guards who had bceu left
ln charge o the city shut themselves up at the .Badaun
gate, and made some shoiV of resistance; but the assailants
5Ct ftre to the gate, and the defenders Sultan Mub.am
mad entered the city through tb.is gate, and took up his
quarter$. at the Humaynn palace. All the the
city; high and low, and the bazar people, jomed b.im.
When intelligence of tll.i, reached Abu Dakr, he acl olf
early on the same day with a party of his followe11, and
entered the city by the same gate, aocl Malik Bahau-d
din, who had been left in charge of the gate by Sultan
Muhammad, was killed on the spot. The Sultan was in
the palace, unaware of what had l but when
Abu Bakr drew near, and he wM apprised of the fact,
he escaped with a sm.U party of followers through n ba.d
do_!!r. 9f the palace, and making- his way out of the city
by \he gate o the Haud kltnss, he renu:ncd to Jalesar,
to hiS anny and baggage. The nmirs and maliks an<).
' .J .-
soldiers who. were tmable to escape out of the city with
the Sultan ;were, .some of them taken pr.i&oners, and some
killed; Khalil Khan nai/iburbal< and Malik l&nu.'U, son
of the daughter of Sultan Fi:roz. Shnh, wete taken alive,
and wece put to death.
ST'ODIES IN INDIAN HISTO]\.
1.n the month o .Ramazan ofllle same year MubasJ1ir
Hajib'J Sultani, who had tbe title Lslalll :K.han, 'Vith
several old dave$ (baudagMI) of Sulta.n Firoz, lvith any
reason, rurned against Abu llakr !ihllh, and opened
connnn.mcations with Sultan Muhruu.mad. When t}lis
fact became known, Abu Baklo Shah was unable to over
come !hem, so be Jefr Dehli, accompanied by some of hi$
most devoted followers, wch as ll-talik Shahin 'lmadul
Mulk, Mali!<. Dabri, and Safdar ]\han Snlumi, and
proceeded to t11e kutlla" o( Babndur Nabit. On the l7tb of
the mom:h Ramaz.an, Mubashic Hajib und the old
Shnhi men sent letters to Sultan Muhammad, .inforling
him of the facts, and of the !light of Abu Jlakr Shnh. Tbey
placed 1\hnni Khanan, tb.e youngest son of Ll\e S11hnn, on
an elepllant, and. raising a canopy OVB' his bead, tltcy
conducted .ltiro to Jalesar. On the l.h.iJ;d day, the 19th
Ramazan, the Sultan start.ed from Jalesar, :u)d !)ntering
tbe city .he took his seat on tbe Lhrone in the pa,lace, of
.Firoza.bad. Mubaihir Hajib received the office of wa:tir,
and llid title of Islam Khan wns coufirmed to ltiro. The
old gunrds of Firoz Shnh nnd the people of the capital
joined the Sultan. After a few days, he lc(t Fil'or.abad, I
and went into the (hisar) or Jahan-pannh to tbc
Hllt!Uiy<m palace. He took the fron1 the charge
of the Firoz Sbahi slaves. nod placed under the old
elephan! keepers. This excited great discontent among
them; but ns rbe Sultan was srrong, and tlle elephants
had all been taken into the charge of bis servants, theY.
c<inld not wiUutand b im ; so they ned in the night, with
-'' Thf& b ace:onfiqg to bm the. text has "Jab, che
Akl>arl "l:lnt, " i'nd .Ba(lAuni
10
Qliap.'
0
1
* The word seems to be used here o common noun, not a
p.roper name. n li Invariably /tutiJ'l, not huf!iln. See 1101e In
'duloblopph1 of TimtV', p. 75. '
u Pilbantlni ltadint. To.%cn literally thiJ is unimellllilbiC!', Cor
,offldJtls of otder srand.lng than we 1-e(gn ol Iii= must hove
\'try few m number. It mw:t rncau lht\t Suh'ID
rtlnuated lhoae Officcrt who hdd tharge when -he before on
the throne i'n his father.'s t;lays.. See -:Fhi.llbta,
Sl:UDll!S IN INDIAN HISTORY
tb.eit: and children, and Abu Bakr Shah at
the lwtila of .Bah.adW' Nahir. Such o-f thtse old slave&
as in the city next morning received notice that
they mwt quit it within chree days, so the city was cleared
of chcm. The amirs and maliks of the various parts ol
me kiugdom (baladi mamallk} now came to Court, and
Sulta11's power and dignity increased. Prince
Humayun Khan, wilb !slam. Khan [and others], was sent
witb a powerful army to suppress Abu Bakt Shah and the
old Firot Shahi slaves. They had reached the to.,n Qf
and ln the month of Muhanam, 7,93 (Dec.
I 390 A.D.), Abu Bakr Shah, :Sahadur Nabir, and the old
Firo1. Sbahl $hves, bnving assembled. made a sudden attack
upOI\ tb.e royal forces c:uly in the morning, and killed
several men. But lslmn Khan niade ready h.is division,
and fell upon the assailants; the prince also mounteq
his horse, with his followers, nnd. defeated the enemy at
the first The royal ;u:my pnrsoed, and the bulk
of the defeated forces took refuge in the fort of K.utila,
but SOme were .killed, and some were taken prisoners.
Wheri the news of the victory re'hed lhe Sultan, he
nartcd off !or the scene of the conR.ict : arul arriving at
l(utila. he cncampod on tl;l.e banks of the Dahanc;l Abu
.Bakr Shah and Bahadur Nahir begged tor .mercr, and
came to meet the Sultan. Baha_dur Nahir received a robe!
and l'ias sent back. !Abu Bakr was carried away by the
Sulta.11 as !ar as Kbandi, from whence lie l"M sent to be
kept a at Mirat, and there he died. The Sultan.
proceeded to Etawa, and there be was waited upon by
Nar Singh," who received a robe, and was .sent
ro.s:ee9.iqg along the bank of the J wnnn, the Su.lta'l
nhived at ;Dehli. '
ln. '/.9.!1 ll. {1392 A.o.), Nar Singh abo.ve .mentioned,
ail'q and Jl!r llahl n, broke' ?ut itt
i Tbei Ms. v.,nd Lbe . Tabak4l-i .4Jtb4ri qtee Jn a.Ulng' l\im
" fir Sing," which fs nn improb>ble nnme. fuiobt& .. lli him
Nar' Singh.' whiCh P.ihfi> .roght; ' thbugh R>r Singh is poi!Sible,
"Thil ;., the of tli T<WtJfat-i Altb4ri, and ,..,..,.
probable.. Our t.c:xl lw \WI Adharnn/' two
7
gg
STODJES IN iNDIAl'l BISTOil\'
'I'he Sultan $ettl Islam against Nar Singh, and he
liimself marched to .Etawa aguinst S:ll'Vadhnrnn :md the
otlter infidels. The acG\ttsed .Nar Singh encountered the
of' Islam Khan, and, by God's. grace, wns defeated
and pul to lliglu. The victou pursued, rencfu1g many
infidels to bell, and laying their cotllltry. Nar
Singh at leogt.h sued for mercy, and came to wait on
alam Khan, who carried Wm to Dchli. Sarvadharan
2ttacked the town of Balaram," but when tb.e Sul,lan
reached the banks of the .Biyah" (sic), the infidel$ fted
and shut themselves up in Etawa. The Sultan continued
his maTch thither, und on the first day of his arrival some
liuJe fighting took pl.ace. In the night the rebels aban:
doned the (ore of Etawa and lied, and nc>et dny the Sulum
destroyed it. From tltencc he marched cowards J<.anau j,
and crossing the Ganges, he punished the infidels Qf
Kanauj and Dalrunau, and returning wenk t() Jalesar,
where he built a fortress which he called Mubam
roada.bad.
In the month of Rajab, a letter arrived from K.hwaja-i
Jaban, who was the Sultan's locum tenens in DC"hli,
bringing the information that Islam Khan wa.s about
to depart for Mult:.1n and Labor, wilh the object of
stining up a rebellion. The Sultan immedi;ltcly lefr
Jalesar, and proceeded to where be held u Court,
a.nd questioned !.slam Khan abou.L the intentions imputed
to him. He denied them. But an infidel named Jaju,"
hi$ brother's sou, a blld who had a spite against
him, gave falae evidence, and Islam Khan was unju'sUy
.:ondemmed to <!Mth. Khwaja:-i Jaban wu ma'd.e wll!ir,
*'S:tbir lhe na:ut'Sl. Adbaran." 1Irishr.as text h.u "Sanrndban
:'' and the tranlladon ''Sinodhun..''
11
This ls the name ac rvc:o by ou.r- text, and bf BW.auni and
f!riJbCll : but tl\e Tbakt- .4hban and the tnlnlataon of F!rUiu.a
make U 8algt'Olll or "Bilginm." Set! Elliot' Gtosaary, U., 290,
' '
1
" f;or' "tho banb oJ tho BiyaJa" tht TbAat.l 4.kf1arl h>J
"The text ha! f'Jaja.n." but the Akb.:Jri ,
W.bidl r.; confinnod bt FiriJbta, who i1.41 Haju, lhe It of which b
dear tn.Uukc.
STOJ>Il!S IN 'INDIAN l:llSTOR.'II
and Malik Mu.karrabnl Mulk was sent. to Muhnmmada
bad ia Jalesar, with an army.
ln the year 795 e. (1395 A.n.), Sarvadhar;ju and Jit
Singh Rahtor, and Bir llaiuln muluulda.m, of .Jlhanu
ganw, and Abhai. Chand muktuld4m, of Ohandu, bro):e
out .in rebellion." "The Sultan sent Mukarrabul Mulk
to put down this outbreak. When the two partie$ came
in of each other, Mukarrabu-1 Mulk adopted a
conciliatory course, and by promises and engageme\ts;
induced tlie.rais to submir.. He carried them witn him
to Kanauj, and the.re treacherously bad them put to
death; but Rai Sar (vadbarauJ es<:aped, and entered Etawa.
Malik Mukal:ral> then r.eturned to Muhammadabad. In
rhe month of Shawwal, the Sultan and l"<waged
Mewat. Having gone from Mubammadabad to Jalesar,
be there fell sic;k, Just at that time intelligence tcached
him thaL J3abadm Nahir had attacked and phmdeted
several villages in the vicinity of Dch!L Notwithst:uld
iog 4U wealmess, the .Sultan proceeded to Mew at, and on
reaching Kutlla, llahadur Nabir c:une our to light ; but
he was defeated, and took refuge in Ku.tila, Unable to
remain there, he fled and hid in ]bar. After this, the
Sulto.n proceeded tO Muhammadabad, in order to inspect
the buildings which he had there begun. His sickness
grew worse. In the month Rabi:u-1 awwal, 796 tr., he
Prjnce Humayun to march against Sltaikha.
Khokar, who had rebelled, and had gOt possession of
Lahor. Just as the prince was about to march, he received
intelligence of the death of the Sultan on the 17th R.abi'ul
awwal (15th Jan. 1594 A.o.); so he remained :u the
Sl)ltan Muhammad Shah reigned six years and
months.
Stdlan 'Aiaud din Sikarrda.r Shall
''Tm late ;SUltan's second son, Humayun Khan, remained
for three days engage-(! in 'the duties of mourning"; but
" Here tbe t.IS. is faulty. Probably a lc3E luu been IMt Ot
passed over,. What follQ.'!! from the Tabakat-1 Altbori,
whloh b .generally ln dose .oc.ord With l:bJ$ wor.k.
STUDlES INDIAN Hl$TOR'I'
on the 19th R..'lbi'u-1 <awwal, be ascended the thrtmc,
with the approbation of the arnirs aml m.iJJiks, the sniyids
and kaz.is, and all the great men of J)ehJJ. Kh waja-i
Jahan made wazir, and the various other officers WCJ' C
conl\rmed in lheir appol.ntmets. On the 5th J umada-1
:rwwal, be fell sick and died, after a reign nf one monU1
ilnd slxtecn days,
Sul!{ltl Mafm111d Sltah, yow1ges1 .<oil of Muhammad Shalt
"On Uta dealli of Sultan 'Alau-d din, otherwise known
a& Humnyun 'Kb.an. several of the such as Ghalib
Khan o Sama:na, Rai Kamal Maio, Mnbatak. Khan,
Malajun (?) Khawass Khat\' governor of lndri and Karnal,
were about to leave the city and procee4 to theit respective
terrirodes, lYithout cf Mahmud Shah.
But Khan-i Jahan rca:Yd of-their inrention, and. cncourgcd
thent to rerum to the tily. on tlie 20tb Jumada' l :lwwal,
by the elforts oi the amirs and maliM. and great men,
'Prince Mahmud was placed upon th.e tlu'one in the
Humayun lalace," and the title Sultan Nasint-<l din
Malunud Shah was gfven to him. T he office of wazir
confmncd to .Khwajai Jah;ul, MukatTabul Mullc
became Mukarrab Klllln, and was named heir-appcrenr of
the Sultan." 'Abdu-t Rashid Sultanl \1':1$ e.ntitloo
Sa'dat Khan, and received the office of Bmbak. Malik
Snrang was created Sarang X ban, and rca:ivoo the fief of
Dibalpur. Matik Daulat Yar, the dabir (secretary), was
created 'Elaulac Khan, and r<l(;Cived the oOice of 'imadu-l
mulk and lcirizt of the State: Through the turbulence of
rhe base infidels, 'the' affaits of <the lifs of Hindusum had I
Into coofusion, so Jahan received the
title of Maliku-sh Shari:: (King of the East) ; and the
administration of ill from Kanauj to Bihar,
t.lle .eon
text a.e our MS. accordi. The w()rdlng of this pwage, haw
ever, makes X.hitr Khan 10 be the ;idopted ton of Mardun, an evident
whiCh one Utde word in tbc text wo1ld cctlfy, ond which
been admitted in the uansha.ttorr. '
STUDIES IN' lNDli\N BlSTORY
119
with its dependencies, from Sultan ' Firoz ShalL God
Almigltt')' had chosen him for great work and n h.igb
and bi.s dignity iucreased daily. The events
of his campaigm and vktories, before be accom
pUshed the conquest of Deltli, have already been related.
On dte 15th Rabi'ul aww:tl, 817 (80th May, 141-1- A.n.),
he entered the fort o.f Sid, and posted his arm')' in the
palace of Sultan Mahmud.. The people of the city, by
force ot late events, .bad become impoverished and needy,
so be setlled allowance.s and made provision for thctn.
By tbi$ kindness, dtey all made ensy and happy.
He gave to M:tlilmsh Sltark Malik Tuhfa the rltle of
'Tajul Mulk, and made .him wlllir. To Saiyiil Salim,
chict of the saiyitl.r, he gave the ikto: and shi!tk of
Saharanpur, and all a!fail:s were set in order. He gave
to Malik 'Abdur Rahim, adopted son Qf the late Malik
Sulaiman, the tide of 'Alau-1 Mulk, and he confided to
him the ikla! and sltikk of .Multan alld Fnthpttt.
He made Malik Sarwar govempr (shaht1o) o the capital,
:1,\ld llls. lenen.r . when was himself absent.
Malik Khairu-d din was made
1
ariz-i inamalik (mu.,ter
:master), Malik J'<.alu ot the clepbilnts, Mnlik Daud
became secretary (dabir). l khtiyar l<:hnn was appointcll
Lo ll1e shikl< of the Doab. The Stare officials were
in the pargaruu, villages, nnd ihlt<' s, whlcb they
ha(,! held in the reign of Sultan Maluitud, a11d were sent
to look after them. Thus tbc affairs of State were all
properly nrrnngcd.
In the year n. (IU4 A.J>.), MaHku:sli Shar.k Tajul
tylulk wns sent out with tl:tc nr.my of Hindustan, while
himself l'c<mained in tile capi'tal, 'I'aju:J
M:IJlK crossed rbe Jumna, and went to tile town of Ahar.
'r'hen he crossed the Ganges into tltc country of Katchr,
and chastised and plundered the ioftdels of that coumry.
Rai Har Singh fled into the' mountains of Anw:tla."
U)..fS. !mlnvaci Aw..uala: Tabolud i Akb6rl durrat tmwtt14:
DarJaunf fang(i.lnnW<tltr. 'Pirbhta &a)' timpty Lbe ' ' hQhi#ttfl " (mot,m ..
taln). Sco note infro, pp. 12122
t20
STUDIES IN INDIAN HISTORY
When the army of Islam closed in upon him, he was
helpless, and 'paid taxes, money, and cribuc.e (mahsul o
mal o kltidmat). Multabat Khan, amir of .Baclaun, came
to wait upon Tnjul Mulk. After thi\ interview, Taju-1
Mulk the col.!rSe of the Rnhab, he anived at the
ford of Sargdwnrl, and there crossed the Ganges. He
cbastlsed the .inlidcls of Khur" a:nd Kambil
and passing through th,c tciwn of Sak.ina, he proceeded to
Badl:t.-un. Hasan Khan, amir of Rapri, and Maljl{
Hamza h.is IJrothcr, ' cantc to walt upon hlm, The inlictols
of Gwalior, Seori, rutd Chandwat,' brought Utch money
'and taxes (mal o inahsul), :llld bowC(l their necks to the
yoke of obedience. He w[{!Jited Jalesar from the po$scssion
of the infidels ofCb:mdwar, and gave it to tl1c Musul
mans, who had fonnerly !told it. He left his own officers
there. Then passing aloQg the .Black river, he chasli$ed
the infidels of Etawa, nnd returned to the capital.
ln tlte year 818 R. (1415 A.t>.), .Khizr Klllln gave to
his son, the e.xalted prince. Malikush Shark Malik
Mubark, who was wotthy to be 11 kin.g, the khittas of
l'irozpur and Sirhind, and alt the of the late Bairam
Khan. a-e gave him command over all the west coun,try,
a.nd sent Malik Sadhu Nadira to act as hi\ deputy.
When all tl1e affaits of that country were satisfactorily
arranged, the prince returned with Malik Sadhu Nadlra,
Zir'.1k Khan, of Samana, and other amirs and maliks,
to t.fte capital.
In 819 H. '(1416 A .. n.), Khizr Khat\ sent Malik. Taju-1
with a great army to Bay1111a :md Gwalior. When ' the
Malik entered thC country of Bayana, Mnlik Karimu-1
Mulk, brother of Shams Khan, gave -him a grnnd rcccp
tioll; From thence ltc pr<>cccdod t.O Gwalior and plun
dcted the country, ru1d having seized the .money aod
" k1town 1J Shllnu:ilind. "-TclmfuU-i AkbMI.
" RAprl, or and. Cband"awar are on abc Jvmnn a few
ml.le:J. belOw Agra, In a oountry full of and well c:oPa.we of
bc1ng defended by B ftw 1nen ngains:t thoua.,nd.s.-J!Uiot, edllion -of
.
STUDIES IN INDIAN HISTORY 121
tribute of [the Rai o!J Gwaliox aud otb.er rais," he passe<l
the J umna oppos.ite Chanda war, and " 'cnt towards Karo
pila and l'attiall. Rai Har Singh, the occupier .of Katehr,
submiliSive, so llfter raking the revenue and tribute
from him, the Mnlik returned to the capital. Malik Sadhu
Nadira bad been sent to Sirhind as the representative of
Prince Mubatak. In th.e month of Ju.mndal awwal,
Turkbachns" of the family of Barinm Khan
treacherously soc Sadhu into their power an<l murderee!
him. They then. seized upon tltc fort of Sirhind. Khl.ZJ:
Khan sent Malik. .:Oaud, the dabit (s(;cretary), and Zirak
;Khat), to put cloWn these rebels. The Turkbachas Bed
across the Satladar (Sutlej}, and esctped ro the mountains.
Daud putsued then\ Lhithcr, and for two months carried
on operntions in the hills. But their mountninou.l
I'Circ:rts were strong, and he was unttblc to subdue Utcm,
so ltc returned. While tlus was pa,;.sing, intclligence
art'ived in the month of Rltjab thaL Sultan Ahmad of
Gujarat bad laid siege to tlte fo.rt ot Nagor. Khizr Khan
mnrchcd thither, passing between Tonak and Todah, and
when Sultttn Ahmad ltcard of his approacb, lie retreated
towards Dhar. l<.hitt Khan went to new city Jhain
(.rhari nan j/uun}." and llyas Khan, amir o( Jhaio, bad
the honour of an interview. RWinf> repressed the dis
turbances in. . that quarter, KILi1.r Khan Tfturne'd to
Gwallor, and besieged the mi in the f9rt. As the fort
was very strong, he could not take it, but be took money
nn(l Tcvcnuc on accoum of Cwalior, and lhen proceeded
to the kl1itta of :Sayana, wb.erc Shams Khan Auhadi
I n n rc Tnbakal-i Altbart says ... Jua.vlnK tal:.<:n lhc GJ'c:_ d tribute
from the Rai of CwaUor."
" See .rupr11, note S1, p. lJ2.
11
The Td5ak.f1ll Akbitrl h}'i, ''shtrh'f"rl tti'W'Afltl }hrrin. ''
St:tdauni luta sim!'ly "Jabl\ban,'' .FlriJhta Ja):"$, ".shahYi nafl
1
known
a.s anui jalutn. bddc of _ the WOrld)," and hi$ words 11tnw thnt he
meant jalum. an notJhriin, r.hough he may bnve misunderstood the
T411altfltl A_kbt.zri. The dtle of ' 'bride"' Was applied rn n virgin
(ort:re3,. See NOte to lhe Tran.ilation of lhe Tariltl1i Fir(n SlutM ol
d1n Bal-ni.
122
STU.OII!S IN INDIAN HISTORY
(amir of :Bayana) also- paid mone:y nnd tribute. After
th.ii he returned to Dchli.
In 820 II (141 7 A.o.), Tugban Rais and SWldry other
Tt4rl:-bac/UIS, who clain Malik Sadhu, hroke out in
rebellion, and Khin: Khan sent Zirak Klnu\, amir of
Samann, with strong fo"e, to put them down. Wlten
lte Samana; Tughnn, and the otlter Ttlrl:-bocluu,
who b.ad besieged Malik 'Kamal Bndhan, representative
o.( Kban7.:tda Mu'azzam, in the fort of Sirhlltd, wcm off
lo the mountains. Zirak Klan pursued t.hem to the town
of B:ul." Hl'l'e Tugltan Rrlis consented to tt fine. Be
rxpelled the Turk-bacilli omrdercrs of Malik Sndhu fr(lm
his IJu.od, and gave his sou as a hostage. Zirak Khan sent
the youth and the money to Debli, and himscJC returned
.to Samaoa..
ln.S21 11. (1418 t.:o:}. Kbizr Khan scm Malik Taju-1
Mulk _with a numerous army .to rc:press the rebellion of
Hnr Singh, of W.hcm this force crossed the
Ganges, Har Singh. laid waste lhe whole C()Ulltr)' of
Knlehr, and went iluo the juugk of Anwala, which
borders l11at country for n of kos.
The army ot blam encamped nc:1.r tlic jungle, Har
Singh being inclosed tlacrein, had to f)ght. The royal
forces Wl'l'C vi<:torious, and all the furniture and baggage
and arms and horses of the .infidcu fell into lhcir
Har Singh Red 1ownrds the auountalns of Kumayun. On
the following day abom twenty thousand horse 'wore scot
iu,_pursuit, whilst Taju-J Mulk remained stationary with
bis army and baggage. Ttae forces of Islam aossed-.lhe
Rnhab, nnd pursued r.he enemy into the mountains of.
Kumayw1. Har Singh pres5ed forward into the moun-
tains, nnd on the fifth day the royal foces retired, after
u name L1 given Boil and Afar'l ill the MS .. :md bf Lbc
Tolmkuli dA/Jdi. FlriJhrn snyt " Pail."
u 111e Hindu name ot. r.hc. pmsent pmrlr:u:c. of RnhiU:hand. At
ril"ll tho Muhnuunadan oonqne:TOn caltcxl All Lbe country to tbe eia:st
o( the 0.1ng .. Korchr. btu subsequontJr. when S.mhhol and ;Badaun
were t!'lada. $-Cp:trate go\emments Ute oountty beyond t11e RAmgnnga
noly w .. called by lliRI naonc.-EIIIot. edition of 1849. p. 1'92.
I
STUDIES IN INDIAN HJSTORY
123
having greot sp<iil. 'faju-l Mulk then fell
and passing near Badaun, he crossed. the Ganges at tl1e
ford of llajlana. l>f.uhabat Khan, amir of Bndaun, there
took leave of him, and h.e proceeded <O Etawa. He
ravaged that disttict, nnd besieged .Rai Sarwar," wbo held
ic ; b.ut the :Rai offered money and tribute, and so secured
peace. From <hence Taju-J Mulk returned iu the month
of :Rabi'u-1 akhir to Dchli. He there pre-
sented the tribute which he had brought to
Khan, and was most gracio'!sly received.
In 882 n. (IH9 A.o.), Klli2r Khan marcheil against
Katehr. FirsL be chastised the.- rebels in the country of
Kol, after that he scoured the of the Rahab and
of Sam.bhal, and overthrew Lhe rebels. From thence he
proccede<l, in the mo.n.Lh. of Zi-1 ka'da, towards Badaun,
and passed the Ganges ncar the town of Pattiali. When
Mubabat !Ulan heard of this, his heart wns struck witlt
dismay, and he. made preparations standing a siege.
In tile )ll'?;nth o Zi 1 hijja, Xhizr Khnn invested the fort,
an9- c;uried on the $iegc for six months, He wa.s just
uPPn !he point of capturing it, wl_>.en he received in-
that a conspiracy had been formed against him.
by some amirs and mtiWu of the late Mabmud Shah, wbo
had been overpowered by Daulat Khan. . Among Litem
were Kiwam Khan :u1d lkhtiyar Xban. As soon as thiS
qmc to liis knowlerlge, Kltizr Khan rni&cd the siege of
Dadaun, an'd marched townr& Dch.li. On hiJ march, by
the banks of the Ganges, on the 20th Jumada-l awwal,
H.
1
having Kiwam Khan, Ikhtiyar Khan, and
other officers of the laie Sultan Mahmucl, he put them to
in punishment oE their treason, and then repaired'
lriformation wn:s now given of an impostor who bad
name of Sarang Khan. It that a
mao QS$,Ummg the name of Sarang l(hnn" had appeared
''See Jupr4# Nor.c 28. Our MS. sUH calfs ltim .. Sa()ir. and
Firbhta here names him !Silmbir. "
., "W11o the dine of "Timur"1 lnvntion.'-P.iritllHn.
STUDtl!S I:N .INDIAN
io the mountain.s of Bajwnra," dependent on Jalandhar,
and had given himself O\lt to be Sarang Khan. Many
foolish ignorant people [believed him.. and he had
a.s.sembled a party around him. Khizr Khan]" gave the
ihta.' oJ Si.rhind to [Malik Sult:lll Slt:th] Lodi, and deputed
him to yepress the pretender. Malik Sultan Shah, in the
month Rajab, proceeded with his own forces to Sil'
hind. 'The pretender Sarang, with his rtJjtic adherents,
then sallied forth from Bajwara, and when l\e approach
ed the river Satladar (Sutlej), the people of Arubar
(Rupar) a4o joined him. I n the month of S,ba'ban, he
came near to Sirhind, and a battle was fought. Malik
Sultan Shah Lodi the victory, and the pretender
was put to Right. He lied to Lbe town of 'l'arsari," .one
of the dependencies of Sirhind. Khwaja 'All Indarabi,
ami> of the town of. ]bath, with bis dependents, joined
pretender. Zirak .Khan, amir of Snmnila; and 'l'ughim,
>"ais (cl\ief) o .th,e Tark,bachas of Ja.landhar, came for
ward to strengthen Sultnn Shah. Sultan Sbah entered
Sirhind, and U1c pretendt:r Sarang lhen fl.cd to Arubar
(Rupar). Khwaja 'Ali now deserted him, and joined
Ziral: Khan. Next day the 1:oya! army advanced to Aru-
bar (Rupar), and there halted, the pretender hav.ing ficd
to the m()untains. While this was passing Malik Khaku-d
din Khani was also sent with a stron&' force against the
pretender. In the montl of Ramazan, he arrived at
Arublll' (Rupar), and there the forces united, and march
Jnto the mountairu in pursuit of the imposter.
Satang Kb.an'& followers were vanquished ti.Ud helpless,
but the mountains were not 'easy of q>nquest, JSO the (royal)
forces retreated. . Malik Kh!Liruu dln proceeded to the
capital, and lilian went to Samana, leaving Sultan
u The Ta/)Qhall Akbtrri il.tld Dndauni read "DaJwarn," -but
.Eidmi makes it "Macbh oaJO,"
n There [S An crldertt break f_n our MS. here, about n line being
abs.enr. The fi nt tWO words are by the cpntCXJ. ; 1he ol.hct$
arc !liken fJ:om the 'l'abohatl Al<han.
"1'k<> T,lxlhati Ahbnri ho ':Lnhotl." Dadaunl and Firiahta
do nor give dte _J\a.ntt,
STUDIES IN INDIAN HlSTOl\Y
Shah Lodl with a force i.o. posseSJ<ion of Arubar. So the
"royal army was dispersed.
ln 823 tr. (1120 A..), the pretended Sarang Khan had
a meeting with Tughan, chief oi the Turkbaduos, when.
T ugban ttcaclterously got the impostor into Ws power,
and made him prison<lr. He afterwards killed hlm.
Khitt Khan .remained in the capital, but l>e sent Malik
Tajul 1\iu.lk with an. army ngainst Etnwn. Tlris army
marched through Lite town of llamn, and came: into Lhc
co1mtry of Kol. After .uppresslng the rebels in that
it advanced into Etawa, and there destroyeu the
vi.Uage of Dehli, the strongest place in the posscsslon of
Lhc infidels. From thenoo, lt .matc.b.ecl against Etawa, and
besieged Rai Sa.rwnr;" who at length made peace, and
paid his annual revenue and rribule. Titc urnty then
proceeded to the country of Chnndawnr, wbicb it phm
dercd, and laid wMte. [t tl1en marched imo Kntehr,
wltertt Singl), the possessor of that country, paid
furtltc:r revenue and ttibucc. A,ftcr char, Tnju-1 Mulk
returned to tbe capital. ln d1e .roontb 'of Rnjab, intdli
gc:nce. arrived tltat Tughan Rais had :1 5<:eond time
broken out imo rebellion, :u1d was besieging t he fort of
Sirhind, and Utat he had overnm the country lUI far as
Mansurpur and Ball" Khiu Khan again sent Malik
R.hairud din with an army to overpower him. He
marched to Samann, and there united his forcelt co thoso
of Majlis-i 'ali Zirnk Khan. then went in search of
the rebel, but he being informecl of their approach,
crossed tlte river Satladar (Sutlej), at the town of Ludhi
confronted the royal army !rom the other 5ide
of 1!he river. But the waters were low; 01nd the royal
forces Tughan then fled into tbe counay of
.Jasrill.b Khokhar. His fief (iilla') was given to Zirak
!Qla'\, 'and Malik Khairu-d din returned io Dehli.
rn 824 a. (1421 A-n.). K.lili1' &:nan ml\l'ched to Mewat.
Some of the Mewattii joined bim, and the others were
1
-, Stin "Sabif" in t,he MS., anrl "Suu'' In tho TnbaiUitl A.Jttutri.
See note 7.f, suprtl.
126
STUDll!S lN.INDlAN HJSTOIW
besieged in the fortress of Kotila [belouging to] Bab.adur
Notbir. Khizr Kh.an sat down against the fort, and the
Mcwattis sall ied forth to fight; but they were quickly
-defeated, the fort was taken, and they Oed to .the IIIOUn
tains. After destroying the fort. of Kmila, Khiu Khan
marched towards Gwalior. On the 7th Muharrnm,
824 a. (18th Janu:u-y, J421 A.D.), Malik Tajul Mulk died,
and the offlee of ruazir w.u given to his eldest son,
Maliku;sh Slln.rk Malik. Sibndar. When Khi7.r Khan
arriled in Gwalior, !lis forces invested the fort, and over
r3n the country, After realizing money nod tribute, he
proceeded to Etawa. Rai Sarwar of Etawa was dead, and
'his sor1 being unable to make resistance, paid his revenue
,and tribute money. Khizr Khan. was now takCI) ill, and
returned to Dehli. on the 17th Jamada-1 aWWlJI, 824 if.
(15th May. ) 421 A.D.), after reaching the city, he died, and
.Cod in his m:ercy took him.
Stdl1111-i 'CWlm tua Khudaigtirti mu'auam Mu'am-d dunya
waud ditl .M11barak Slinh."
Khizr Khan, three days before hls death, neminated his
excellent nnd worl.hr. son IU his bcir-app.arent. On the
19th Jumadal awwa, SH, with the approval of the amir.t
and maliks," Mubarak Sllah took his seat upon the
throne. Khan bciug dcud, the people in gcnernl
renewed their vows of allegiance to his throne. The
ami?;r and mali!IJ, the imam.J, saiyids, and /tam, and every
one else who held appointment$ and emoluments in the
lllte reign, were ronfirmed in their ikltJ's, pargantU, vii
. bgcs (dih), parcels of ground (kali1 and allotments
(maltdud), by the new sovereign. He even incre;ued them
of his own accord. The fiefs of the shikk of llisar Firouh.
"Mub;mk ShAh, lih .b!s tAUter, b l:n thio work nucly tAUed
Sult:Ln. He is commonly .spoken of Klludawand Jalum-pt:mall; "the
lmd. t.lle ylum of tho WOTld... -
" D.r:ia:RJ {firisJua,. i.; seea irt this a prOof- of the .inctCits&
of -Lht'! ariatocr.acr. : but lhc: :came 1mru fiave been i9 des_ ...
cribiog: the of mony of ttfubarnk Shah's ptede.ce&sors
1
\ (iel '
so no 1nference a.n be drawn from rhem.
1
STUDJS IN INDIAN ' HISTORY
127
and of Hansi were taken .from Malik Rajah Nadir
t,<iveu to Mal.iiu-sh Sllnrk Malik: 8ndith, tllc Sultan's
nephmv. Malil:. Rajah reccived the :fiefs of the .1hikk of
News OQW arrived of the rebellion of Jauath
Shail(tia Kb.okhar and Tughan Rais.
The cause of Lhis outbreak was, that in 823 H; (1420
A:n.), Sl.lltan 'Ali, King of led his army into the
count.ry of Thalta, but as J1e returned,, l'lc was encounter-
ed hy Jasrath Khokhar. The Shah's army was scattered,
part being srill in Thatta, and part having come out.
Incapable of the attack; it broke and fled.
Shali 'Ali himseU' fell a prisoner into the hands' of Jnsnth,
and all h4 bugg11ge nod stores were plundered . . Jasratb,
Khokhar was ;m imprudent rustic. Intol<;icated with
vicuwy, and elated with the so:ength of his forces, he
beg:m to hllvc visions about Dthli.. Wb.en llC heard of
the dt.>ath of Khizr !titan, h.e passed l.h.e rivers .Biyah and
Satladar (Sutlej), witll a body o horse and foot. and
attacked Rai Ka:ma.lud dJn Malo, nt Talwaudi. Rai
F'irox Jled before him towards Lhc desert. Jasra:th ncx.t
plundered the country, front the town of LudJ1iyana to
the neighbourhood of Arubar (R.upar), on the Sutlcj.
Some days after, h.c re-crossed the river, and proceeded
Lo Jalandhnr. Zirak Khan withdrew into the fort, and
Jnsrath Khokhnr pitched his cnmp three hos from the
town, on tllC ban.k of the Beni Negotintions wcnL on
between them, and tcnns of capitul:ulon Were agreed
upon by both pucies, Th.e fort was to be evncttated and
given into the charge of Tughan. M:ljlisi 'ali Khan
w:u to take a son of Tughan ro wait upon the Sultan, and
Jasrath wu to send tribute, and return home. On Ute
2nd Jumadal akhir, Zirak Khan carne out of the fort of.
Jalattdhar, and was conducted to J asrath Khokhar, wbo
was drawn up ready to receive him wi_th h.i& whole (ora:.
When Jasrnth saw Zirak Khan in his po;cr, he forgot
his promise, and cardully guarding him, carded him oft'
pxisoner over lh.e Sut.lej, to the town of Ludhiyana.
From thence he marched on the 20th Jumadal akh.irJ tc>
STUDI&S lN INDIAN HISTORY
SU:hind, where he arrived in the middle of the rainy
season. Malik Sultan Shah Loru cook refuge in the fort,
and although Jasratb made great exertions, God guarded
the fortress, and Jasratb failed to take it. When Malik
Sultan. Shah's appeals for a,ssistance reached the ea.rs o
the Sultan. he, notwithstanding the raim, marched om of
the city iu the. month of Rajah, and procee.ded. towards
SirhiJ;ld. :He reached the town of Kohda, m the
I)Cighbourhood of Samaun, anti Jasrntll. hearing of his
approach, ra4ed the siege of Sh:lund, on 1he 2'7th 'Rajah,
and retrellted to Lndhiyana. He l'elcascd Majlisi 'ali
Zirak Khan," who then returned to Samana, nnd jolnetl
hi.s sovereign. The roy-.1 army then ad vanccd to
Ludhi yallll. and Jasratb Kltokhllr crossed to the other
of the river, 1IJet'C he encamped in full view of
Sultan's for<!es. He bad got possession of all the boats,
so the royal army was unable to pass. For nearly forty
clays they thus remained posted UJ sight oE each ocl\er,
until Canopus rose and the waters felL Tbe Sultan then
:retired co Kabulpur, Jasr4th Khokhur, keeping to
the bank of the made n simil:tr movement. On the
lltb Shawwnl, the sent Sikahdar T uhfa, Majlis-J 'ali
Zira)o( lChnn, Malll<.u-ili Shark Malunud Hasan, Malik
Kalu, and several other amirs, witli a strong force and sl.x
clep1L1uts, to cross the river biglter up at Rupar. Early
in the m.omlng they crossed the river by a ford. On t.he
same day, the himself matchcd to the plaC<! wltere
they had crossed. Jasratb Khokbar also, still, holding t.o
the bank of tbc advanced by a parallel march ; but
when Jle that some forces had crossed the river, be
was alanned, and cook up a position four hos distant
from the ford. The Sultan then passed with his whole
army, and hastened co meet him. As soon as the royal
(orcel cam.e in sight, the rebels !led fighting,
leaving all tbcir baggage behind. The royal foxces put>
sttcd, and many horse :utd foot men were killed.
Dad3.uh.i agrees tb"t he ' \WI relt.ued, but Firbht:a !lay; he
eK11pe\l! Ttic 'Tabdotl ,tf<bari >imply "Y' he tlio
STUI)IES, lN lNDU.N ffiSTORY
129
fled. hastily with some l.ighthorse, to the town ot Jalan
dhar, and on the ae<.'Ond day he crossed the When
the royal army reached the :Siyah, he made oil' tO the
RavL The Sultan crossed the Biyah 3t the foot of the-
reached the Ravi, near the town of Jlhowa. He
continued his pursuit across the river, and Jasrath then
went over the Janbava," 11nd to in
lhe hills. Rai llhim, the chief of J ammu, was honoured
in an interview with the Sultan, and he then tmdertook
to. act .ns guide. He crossJ:d tile Janha.vn, nnd. conducted
the Toya.l army to Tclchw, whith was his tJastatll Kho-
khar's]" strongest place. 'Dey destroyed the placr:r, and
made many of thooe who bad there sougl>t refuge pri
SOI\CJ'S. The royal army then xcrired vic.torious towards
In Muttarram, 825 H. (December, 1421}, the Sultan
entered tbe ruined city of Lahor," in which no living
thing except the owl of ill omen bad its abode. After a
whil,e ltle S.ultan turne<lnis attention to the restoration
of the city, nnd under his royal favour 'building was
recommenced. He stayed there encamped by the side of
the Ravi fOr nearlya month, engaged in repairing the fon
and the gates. When this wol'k was completed, he g11VC
the ficl of Lahor to Malikush Shark Malik Mahmud
Hasan. He gave him also two thousand horse, and
luviog made preparation for the maimeoanee of this
force and of tbe fort, he lefc them in hls chnrge, and then
returned to Dchli. ln Jumadal akhir of this same year,
Jasratb Shaikha crossed the rlvers Janbava and Ravi wilh
a large force of horse and foot, and proceeded to Labo.r."
" So )n ihe tcl<l : Dnd>unl hu "Cl1blnao." The Chlnob IJ
-me2fll. SeC 'TtJrlfth .. i Firoz Shahi.
11
So In t11c text : The TabaAat i AkbtJri nJnnkar/' a.ncl
-Fir:istua says, "'BeecuV' but .nwuu is on the
'R..tvi.
n Tt.Lbahati 'Akbtffl.
n He cilh it Jh4hr!i mafm1m, ''Lhc; ba.ppy cl.ty"-:rathe.r :u
with his .(lCJcriptio.n of: it.
"''ShiJhr-i maimun Afpbaralt..abad." The oa.m.c of lts rettorer
.hlttf thus been given to tbc: ''happy city,."
9
uo
ST UDlES' 11'1 TNDI'AN ImTORY
.He pitched hi& camp near the place (tomb) of the Shailtbul
Mashaikh Shail<h Hasan Zanjani, On the Uth Jumada.l
akllir, an engagement was fbuglu in the mud fort (llisari
'kilarn), and l>y Cod's grace Jasrath was repulsed. The
royal forcef came out of the fort in pursuit, but did not
far,, so that tho opposing forcea maintained
tl:lcit-:respective pmitiohl. On the next day j uratb held
his ' giound, buQ on the oltowing W.y he wei:lt down the
Ravv. 'Vhere llaving .assembled the men (''Uiaill11),
hef on the 117th of the month, ell back one ltos from
llahor. Cl>n the 21st he returned' and again attacked the
lm;t, but the arms of Islam were once mdre: vktorloua.
The assailant& '14'ere driven back and pursued, and Jasratb
Tcuumed to. his armf' In this way for a month and
five days fighting went on outSide the fort, but at length
Jasrath [()<retroat towards Ka.tanor. Rai
Blii.m bad como into tb.o fort of K:lla:n:or, 'With' tb.e
of rendering assinance to he royal forOOI. He tiad
(already) excited the enmity of Jasratb; and when
latter approach.ed, constant figltting went oo, but neither
party could prevail. So tile strife. continlJed ; but
ubsequently, in the 100ntb of Ramuan, they made peace.
:Jasrath then went towards tne Ravi, and there he gathered
together all the people of the territory o the Kholtbats-
who were in alliance with him. Silcandar Tuhf'll now
arrived at the ford o.f J3uhl with a Jargc force to support
Malik Mahrnud Hasal\, who had been scm by the Sultan
Jasratb. Unable to resist these forces, Jasrath
Red aaoss the Ral<l aqd Janhava with his followers, and
procee<kd to 'Xe,khar." Malikusb Shark cr<med the
lliyah at tbe ford of J3uhi . and on the 12th Sbawwa),
he ,arrived at Labor, Maille Mahmud Hasan came tbrec
ko,s oUI of the {wt to meet him.
Previous to dii.i, Malik Rajah, atnir of Dibalp!ltj
Malik Sultan Shah Lodl. amir of Sirhind, and 'Rai- Firor
MaJ.n, joined Malik Sikandnr. The :mny (of Sikandar
Tuhfa) marched alolJg the Ravi, and croS<ed tlla,t. 'river
" Hcl'C called T ellar.
between Kalanor and .. the town of Bhob. On reachiDg
the confmes of Jammu," they were joined by Rai Bhlm.
Aiter ellis, some Rhokhars who had separated from
Jasrath, at !he river ot Janhava, were defeated, and the
.army returned co Labor. His Majesty now gave or<lers
ll(aliku-sh Shark Mahmud Hasan should go to the
of Jalandhar, and having got ready (his followers),
!lbould return and join him. Malik Sibl')da:l' was placed
in r;bnrge, of Labor, and in obedience to the royal order,
he proq:cclc<d with his anuy into the fort. lfu Majesty
baviog Mabmud and the otl\er llrY!irs, removed
Malik S).k:andar from the office of turt.tir, and appointed
as his successor Maliku-sh Shark Sarwar, then governor
of the city. The son of the Iauer succeeded him in the
office of governor.
In tho year 826 u. (1423 A.o.), His Majesty made ready
his :tmy, and deu:rmined co march towards Hindustan.
I n the mouth pf Moharram he entered the cettitory
>. an!! colle<;ted the re11enue _and taxes (mal o
mah.r1il). At this time Muhabat .Khan, who bad f!!lt
.himself in danger . from the SulL:tn's father IU>ir.r :Khan,
was acbnitted to an and forgiven. From thence,
the Sultan ttoS!ed the Ganges, and attacked the country
of the RabtOl'S, putting many of the infidels to the :rword.
He remained for some days encampe_d on tile Ganges,
and then he le1t Malik Mubaraz, Zirak Khan, and .Kamal
Kha:n with ;, detactunent i,n the fort of Ka:mpila, to pnt
down any .oucbreak of the Rabtors. The son of Rai
$arwar, wbo had joined His Majesty. and had followed
in bls >:;etinue, llOW took alarm and went off. Maliku-sb
.. ,
'S_9ark KhaiJ:ud din Khnn was sent in pursuit of him
but could not C()ll)e up !lim. He,
his. country. and upoJ?.
'9\e SuiJ:lln marChed and JOlllCd .JPtairud
di11 ln Etawa, when the injidel, rulb- o that country shut
hiin.'lclf up in hl.i'fort. .But he was unable to hold out,
and so this son of Rai . Sarwar ina de ius submission, and
Here called "Jamun."
I
STUDU!S IN INDIAN mSTO:RY
paid lhe revenue and tribute wbicli was owing. His
Majesty then returned victorious to Uehli, where he
arrived in Jumada-1 akhlr, 826 R. Malik Mahmud Hasan
came in wilh a. large body of followers from his ftef of
to wait upon lhe Sultan, and was xecelved with.
great distinction. The office of 'ariJi mamalik was taken
from Malik Kb:riru-d din Khanl and given to Mahmucl
Has;m. This worlby and righ man was a faithful
serva11t of the SlJII.l\ll_; he applied himself diligently ro
business, and bis dignity daily. increased. ln
awwal of t.his same yenr, there was fighting between
jnsratb and Rai nhim. The rni wat' killed, and
the grcMer portion of his horses and anns fell into the
bands of Jasrath. On ascertaining the dl';:ttl\ Rai
:Shim, J:13rath a mihll army of M:ughals with his
oin, ana ' attaCked tlie terri toties of DjbaJp'Ur and Lahor.
M'alik i)mnctliately marched after hiln, bur
Jasrath fell back, and crossed over the Jaohava. About
this time imelligence arrived of the death of Mallk ' Alnul
Mulk, amir of- Muh:an.
Accounts were also brougltt in, that Shaikh 'Ali,"
lieutenant of the prince the son of Sar-'atwasb, was
advancing witlt a large force from to att.1ck lbe
tel;l'itories o Bhakkar and Biwisran. To reputes this
auack and overlltorw the accursed invaders, His Majesty
placed the districts of Multnn and S1wistan under the
charge of Mulikush Sbnrk. Malik Mahmud Hasan, an,d
sent him with arm.y, and with all his family
and dependenr.s, tq Mu)tnn. ,Witen he arrived tltere, he
tranquill}ty among po}>ulation, 'an,d
Ill g. m pcnSJ.ons, and he made tl:ie
people Joyful and happy. The both of the
city and country, felt secure. .He repaired the fort wllich
had been damaged in tbe struggles (/111disaJi) witli tli,e
and be collected a strong army around 11001:
" Firiatu.a ''otte af tht nolllts or Mim Shah 'Ru,kh, ltho
was cmbliohed at
STUl>l5 IN ll'IDIJ\111 HISTOlW
News now arrived that Alp Xhan," amir oE. DhaT,
had rnai:ched against the Rai of Gwalior. His Majesty
hastened thi..th.er with a large army, bur when. he l\l'ri-ved
nt diurict (khittli). of Bayana, the of Auhad Khan,
atnir of Ba}'lloa, wbo murdered his
tincle, Mubarak Khan, rebelled against the Sultan . and
the fon, retired to the top of the hill. His
Majesty sat down with his nrmy at the foot of the hill,
and after a time, the son oi Allhad Khan, being reduced
to extremities, paid his revenue and tribute, and pla:ced
bii neck in the collar o! obedience. Hi.s Majesty then
continued his march toward$ Gwalior against Alp K.b.a.n.
T l'tis chief b.cld the fords of the Chambal, but
anothe1 ford was accidentnlly fotmd, and the royal
passed over. Malik. Mabmucl Hasan and some other
amlr:r, the Mewatlis, and Nusrat. Khan, with their
horse and {oot, plundered the baggage Alp Khan, and
brought many of mm, both b.orse and foot, back as
p.ri.spners. H.is Majesfy considering that both partie!
Musulmans, spared the lives. of the and .. set
them free. Next day, Alp Kbnn sent messengers to
Majesty to make proposals of peace. The Sultan seeing
that 'be was reduced to a state of impotence, consented to
makt peace, on conditiO(! of Alp Khan sendinw in tribu te
and retiring from Gw:tlior. On the following day
1
Alp
.Khan for"larded his tribute, and marched back towards
Dnnr. 'His Majesry tem':uned for some rime encamped
on the banks of tbe Chim\bal, levying revenue and taxes
from the inlid.e!S of ' the negbl>ourhood according to old
custom, after wltich he returned to DehlJ, where be arrived
iii :Rnjltb, 827 H., md devoted himself to the business of
the State.
ln ' Muharrarn. 828 Ii. (Novemer, 1.424), .H.is Majesty
resolved on going to .Karehr. On reaching t.he banks ol
" OW' MS. nd BocLumi give du: nome as "Alb (Alp) llb.on,
but thQ Tabllhdti Altbi rl has "Alaf Khan .(whfdl is a common
crrw fo:r "Oiugh K.hatl'.-,, aru1 adds ltu\t he w:u.knovrn :u "Sultan
.f!uahang," calls .him, ."Sultan Elu<honj;, prince (waiQ
ot M:Uwa,''
IU STUDIES IN iNDfAN BISTO.llY
!he Ganges, 'Ral Har Singh came 1;0 pay his and
was received wilh great condescension ; but as he bad
not paid his toxcs (lnahml) for lhree years, he was detained
for a while." The royal army !hen crossed the Ganges,
and .having chastised !he of the neigltbourhooa,
J]fOCeedcd' to the hills of Kumaytin. ' Titere it stayed f6r
a pme, but when the weather became hot, ' it tnllrched
by the lianb of the :Rahab. Crossing the
GB,nges at ' Gang, 'the intention was to ,mardl to Kanauj :
but there was a terrible famine in lhe citieS of Hindus tan,
ap.d cOO$equcntJ.y the army advanced no ,farther. News
was brought that the Mcwattis had broken out into
rebellion, so the Sultan marched into Mewat, whWt ht
f!lyaged and laid waste. The Mewattis hAving driven off
alf ,the icfuge ln rt"C mountains Of")
J_a/p'a, was, great tronghold. Tb1s was
IJ1lpregnable, and gram and fodder were scarce, s-o the
Sultan returned to Dehli. :He arrived there in lh.e momli
of Rajah, and took up his abode in !he palace. The
amir.r and maliks were dismissed to their own estates, and
the Sultan gave himself up to relaxation and pleasure.
In 829 H. 1425), he' again marched
against Mewac. Jallu and Kaddu," grandsons of Baha
dur Nahir, and everal Mewattis who had joined them,
laid waste their own terri.tories, and rook up a position in
!he of Andwar. They were attacked for
days by the royal fprces, who drove them out of'
Aildwnr, an'd tbep. !hey went to lhe of Alwar.
Next day His. /lfajesty lhe fortified p<>St . o!.
Andwar, and Alwllf., When Jallu anij
.,. The Altbari ia rnore exolict[ :
1
'ln Of
!he due ror lhrce , . .a.... he ,;.. kep't lor lome . d)'S in
COnfinement : but then ha.vfng pa!d tht money; he wa.a. set .at
liid Wilte and depopnhue'd Lbaf:r country."-
Tai!\Jh<iti AlilxrH.
"Taliiii<P.Ji
" The Tabdiat-1 Akbali ond 'Fbishta P.;, In "'""'
For the 6rsc of these names our MS. gives Khalk. ''
ST.IJDlllS :.tN dNDJ...\N li!STORY 155
Kaddu posted tltemselv.S there, the royal forces followed
them. At length they were reduced to distress, and were
compelled to surrender. His Majesty granted them
quarter, and .afterwards graciously gnve Kaddu a
<OO!ption. ' '
"The Sul tan having wasted the countTy of Mewat,
returned home. Fourteen monthl alterwarcl.$, on t11e lith
Multarr.un, 880 ll. (12th November, 1426 A.D.), he
proceeded to Mewat, and aflet 'j)unishing the dJ.salfected
in that quarter, he marched to .Ba:yana. Muhatmuad
K:han, son of Auhnd Khnn, ruler of .Bayana, retired to the
top of the hill, and for sixteen days kept up his resitancc.
Some of .bJs men joined the Sultan, and when be could
no longer hold out, he came forth from the fort in tl;e
month of .Rabl'ul al:hir, with a Tound !tis neclc, and
made his submission. The horses and arms and good
all sorts which were in the fon, be offered as tribute.
By order of the Sultan, his famJly and dependents were
brought OUt _of the fortress and re'nt to Dehli. Bayana
w.U givan to Mukbil Khan. Sikri; whith is now known
Fathpur, was entrusted to Mnlik R:hairu'd a!n 'Tub&.
His Majesty then proceeded towards Gwalior. Tlie :Rai
of Gwalior and [lh<t .Rai$] of Bhan!Pr nnd Chandawar,
made nl) rcslsrance, bur paid their revenue. according to
the old rule.
"The Sultan returned to Dehli .in the month Jumadal
awwaL He then changed the territory Mahmud
Hasan, giving him charge o Hisar Firotah, and trans-
,fcrring Mulran to Malik ltajab Nadira. Muhamm.ad
Kl)an [son of Au bad Khan] h;ving escaped with his family,
<fled to Mewat, where severo! o bJs scattere\:1 fOllowers
rejoined him. There he learnt that Mn.l\k Mulc.b.il [the
;, Tho Tabohnti AIW4r1 and Firihta ogroe iu .. yiug tltJ.t :be
(or th.:y) wert! !mpri.!oned.
1
"\ :tile 'MS. 11 deficient nO mt!ntlo'n ot the )'eAT 8!\0, A hu:unR
OCXU!$ jns,t at 'hia evidtu;cd, by the abrnp1 nf
the and by the omf:ufon of all account ccru.iu cventt
Te<ordcd by other , writC)lJ, What follows,. mukcd by in9orll'tl
commas, is taken from ihc Tabnhali Jtk'bari.
STUDiES IN INDIAN EIJSTOR Y
governor) bad marched Witl\ his <lrmy tow<lrds Mahawan,
leaving Malik Khairud din Tuhfa in the fort, anll the
town empty [of soldiers]. Muhammad Khan seitr.d the
opportunity, and being supported by several uzmindars of
Bayana, he went there with a sm.nll force. Most of the
people of the town e,nd country joined him. Unable
to hold the fort, Malik Khairu-d ditt capitulated, and
went to Dehli.
"Mubarak Shah then gave Dayana to Malik MubarU,
and sent .him against Muha.nunacl Khan. The rebel shut
bin)self up ill the fort, and Mubnrit took possession
the country and began to .manage it. Muhammad Khan
then left n p:u-ty of his adherents in thl' forr, wlill!' he
himself . escaped, and all speed went to join Sultan
lbrahim S!w'ki. Sul[<\n Mubarak Sbab summoned Malik
to aC1;0UJ1t for escape of
Muhpmmad Khan, pnd in pcrsoru.g;tinst .B:\yana.
On his way, a letter reached biro from Kadir Khan, the
governor of Kalpi, informing him that Sultan Ibrahim
Shnrkl was coming up against Kalpl with a strong force.
The Sultan therefore deferred his march to Ba,Yana, and
turned to meet Sultan Ibrahim Sharki. Meanwhile the
fo1ces of Sharki had attacked tb.e town of Bb.u.kann,>t
<1ud were marching upon :Saclaun. Sultan Mubarak Shah.
then crossed the Jumna, ancl attacked the village of Haroli,
one of the well-known places of Mawas. From thence
he to Atroli."
His Majesty was now infonncd that Mukhtass /(han,
brother of Sharki, .had entered the territory. of Etawa
with a Jargc army. and m.any. clephant:s . . He immediately
nnt olE Malikusb. Shark Huan, with ten
.thousand brave and experienced horsemen, against Mukh
tass Khan. The malik marched with this force, and came
ro the place where the Sharki army was encamped. When
Khan heard of his he retreated, and
[Ibrahim Shah] Sbarki. Malik Mahmud Hasan
f-irishla agrees w,lt.h this reading, BQdauui hM llhUn
kannn.
O'TUDli!S IN INDIAN HISl'ORY
rcnained there ><>me days, seeking to take hi.-> opponents
unawares ; but they we.t:e on the alert, and he c:ou ld DOt
fll\d an opportuniry. He then renu:ned -and joioed his
own arm:y. "' [Ibnlhim Shah] Sbarki now advanoed
the banks of the to itt lhe
of Etawa. Hi& Majesty marched ilgains1. him from
Atroll, and arriver at the town of Payirt-kor.al\,
10
' .vhere
the two armies were only a short di$tance aparL When
Slla.Yki saw 1.be mab'llificence and the bravery of His
Majesty, and 1.bc strength of his anny, lie retreated in the
month ' of Jumadal awWal, and went towards Ute town
u[ Rnpri. Tb.cre he crossed the Jumna to Gochang, and.
on, he encamped on the river of Katehr. His
Majesty crossed the Jumna at Cbandnw;u- in pursuit, and
encamped our kos distant .from the enemy. The royal
skirmishers made conStant attacks upon all points, nnd
tltl:ricd off prisoners, cattle, and ho>scs. About twenty
days passed in this manner, the two nonies being i n. cl011e
On l.he' l7lh Jumadal akhir, Shnrki , drew
l<p ;all his lorces, horse and foot and elephants, in battle
urray. Ells Majesty, Malikn"Sli Shark Sarwa-rul Mulk,
Saiyid Salim chjef of the .srtiyid.r, and several other great
amirs, remained in the camp in. safety, and some others
were sent against the enemy. such as Maliku-sh Shark
Malik Mabruud Hasan, and Khan-i 'azam Fath Khan son
of Sultat1 Muzaff-J.r, Majlis-i 'ali Zirak Kh.an, Maliu-sh
Shark SultJUl Shah. who had lately tceei.vcd the title of
of lslnm Khan, Jamnn, grandson of the late l<.han-i
Jahan, Kalu Kh;ull, of the elephnnu, Mnlik Ahmad
T uhfa, an,d Malik Mukbll K.ban. The batde began and
'went on from midday till evening; but aa night cll, the
withdrew to their respective peitions. Neither
side turned their backs, but remained fighting till the
k!r. T-hel'e were many wounded in the army of Sharki,
"' Titat is, the royal army.
UJ ''A'bi si'jl1h.n meaning tbe Kalinad.l.
tw The &h.bari ond l'lrts.Jua
"Malikota. ' ' '
IBS
S't<ODlES .IN JNDIA.N HISTORY
so thao when. ncxn day he saw the mength o the royal
forces, , he retreated towards the Junma. On . the 17th
Jwnada:J akhir, he crossed from Gudraug to Rapri, and
from tbeoce marched to b.is own conDO')'. The Sultan
pursued him to Gudrang; bon .as the combatants on both
. side wer.e JMu.rolmans, His. Majesty yielded to the inter
aeuion o ,his no.bles, and gave up the pursuit,
He \IAcn JIUnrcbed to I4:ath-kant, whe.re be took rcveuue
anll taxes and tribute, according ro old custom, from
the Rai (){ Gwalior, and other rnis. Turning homewards,
he .proceeded along the Cbrunbal, and entered Bayana.
Mubrunmad Khan Auhad! had joined Sharld, and
consequently being n.frnid, he shut himself up in lhe
fo.rt. The Sultan invested the fort, 'vhkh was very lofty
knd strollg, and was deemed impregnable. But the
garrison was unable to ,make a successful deenceJ their
lunds wer.e poweF!css against the,oamila.nts, -and their, Jeec
we.(e unable to O.ee. So they were compelled to capitulate
and ask for mercy. His Majesty, full o royal mercy and
compnssion for Mmulmans, forbore to punisli Muhammad
K.han, and granted him forgiveness. He directed his
fO!'CCS to remove from the fort, and on the 261h Rajab
lie =chM out with hi$ followen, and went of towards
MewaL His Majesty remained there for some day' to
et in order the wasted dty; tbcn lie took e!l'ectual <'are
to preserve the district and fort(es.s, by apf.ointing as
their governor Malik Mahmud, who ltad eldtibitcd gTtat
and. loyalty in Lh.e government and protection
1:1f :p&ov[[\ces, :md )lacl successfully accomplished many
great duties. Thus, in th.t:t . beginning of the reigu, he
lmd fought against Jasrath K.hokhar; a11d when he held
tb,e command at Labor, he luld successfully con ten!lcd
against. the ptince:<leputy of the Prince of Khura.an,"'
and had him from coming to Multan. He
was now appointed to command the fort of !!ayana, ancl
to manage the territory, and that ikttt afld all its
dependencies were ; placed under nis charge.
m Tbc general of Shan ltukh.
5'I'UDIES lN JNDIAN IDSTORY IS9
His Majeny then departed homewards, and proceed
ing along llie banks of the Jumna, he reached Dehli on
the 15th Sha'ban, 831 a. (-80th April, H28 A.D.), and> cook
up Ws residence in Siri. Then dismissing the amin ;..nd
mdtlks' to their fiefs, he gave up to pleasure anq
In the month of Shawwal, be seized
thei M=atti, for ILwing allied llimu:l to Sultan
tlbr.ihim Sharld], and for baving kept up a correspondence
Mlh him : after\vards heMd him put to death privately.
HiS Majesty the.n !l<!ni sarw:rrul Mulk with an army
to Mewat, to repress the of the people and
settle the country. The inllllbitants laid waste several
of their town.< and vi)lages, places nourishing In the
desert, and then retreated into Lb.e mountains. Ja1al
Kh:ut brother of Malik Kaddu, and some other chien,
including Ahm.nd Khan, Malik Fakhru-d din, and several
other tn<llik$ related to them . collected all their horsemen
and footmen, and assembled in. the fort of Alwar. When
Malik Sarwarul Mull: sat down against the fori, the
liisiege<l saw fbJit it was hopeless to resist, so tbcy made
J?topows for peace, . engaging to give. hostages Cor the
payment o their n:\lenoe. In accordance with this
engagemcm, having- received tire revenue (mal), taxes
(tnllltsui), and hostages, SaYWru:ul Mulk rctur.ned with his
arniy to Dehli.
in the Illonth of ill ka'da, intelligence was brought
that J asrath Kl'aokhar had be$1eged the town of Kalanor.
Maliku;h Shark Malik Sikandar Tubfa matthed from
Lab.or to relieve the place, but Jasrath, quitting his
,p9Sition before Kalanor. advanced some kos ro meet him.
?': followed, in wh\tb Jamltlt was victoriotb;
M'lilik S:ikandar retreated with his forces to 'L:llior.
Jlasilig, by KalanQ\', croSS<!d the .Biyab, and a(bCked
Jalanahar ; 'but the place was strong, and' he was
to take it, so lie retreated to K.alanor, carrying off the
peot>le ot the h'eighbo'!thood as prisonezs. When His
Majesty was informed of these occurrences, he ordered
iliirak 'Khan, arilir o. Somana, .and Islam Khan, amir of
140
STUJ>ttS IN INDIAN HISTOllY
Sirblnd, to unite theit forte$ and advance to reinforce
Malik Sikandar. .But before they reached Lab.ot, MAlik.
Sika:ndar had gone to Kalanor, and there unititlg with
bis own forces all the horse and foot belonging to Rai
Ghallb of tOwn, he marched after Jamth, and met
him near .Kangra. on the banks the Biyah. noth
armies drew up in battle array, :rnd the fight began. The
forces o! Islam were yictoriou&. Jasrath being defeated,
all tlle spoib which he bad gained at Jalnnd.har fell into
the hands of the victors, and he retreated to Tekbar.
Malik Sikandat than returned to Labor.
1n Muharrrun, 832 IJ, (OctObf:l', 1428 A.D.), MalikuSh
Shark MAhmud Hasan h?-ving sttppt'CS!Cd the rebclllon
which M ubammad Khan Auhadi had stirred op among
the infidels ot. he q,uitte<l district and went
to wait 11pon His in' Dehli. He was received
with great favour, and the 'net of 'liisar l'lrozah was
grn.nted tO him.
,ais Majesty detct:minecl to march into the :mountains
cf Mewat, and the royal camp was pitcned IlL the tOp of
the Haur-i i<hass. The amits and m(Jiif<l from all pans oE
country joined. it. Marching !rom the Sultan
procz:edecl ro the p!!lace of aindwari, and resu:d there for
a while. Jalal Khan, Mewatti, and other Mewattis, ucing
reduced to extremities, broushc in the money, contribu
tions, nnd tribute according to old rule, and o them
wpe granted the honour of paying Iu the
<>f Shawwal . the royal 8tandards returned safe and victori-
out to tb.e capital. Nothiol\' else of importance was done
iliis year.. Ab.out this time, intelligence. was received of
t!te dqaili of Malik. Rajah amir of Molran, al\d
U1e fief of Mulcan was restored to MaliJmsn Shark
Map mud HMan, wno received. tbe tide of 1madul Mu1k;.
'l.n.cl was sent to Mult:>;n with a large army.
Jn. the year 833 H. (1429-30), the Sultan led his
to Gwalior, and pa$8ecl ilirougn the country of .Baf.ilna.
'Having punished t11e rebels of Gwalior, he proceeded tb
S'fuDI11.S lN INDIAN HISTORY
Hathkant. The R:U of Hathkant was defeated, and he
fled in ro the mountains of J.Ubar. l'Iis C.(/unc:ry was
pillaged and laid WMte, and many of its infidel inhabi
t.anuo wexe made priscmexs. from thence the army
proceeded to Rapri, and the lief of Rapri was taken from
rhe'Jon of Hasan I<ltattand given to Malik Hamza. The
army then returned to i n the month of
Ii>uxmg the lllltrclt, Satyld SalllD 'liltS attacked by illness
and died. Hi! b<><ly was placed rn a coffm, and .carried to
Dcbli with aU speed. and butiect. S<uyid Salltn. was [for
t.b.irty yea.rs, one o.f the great nobles in the service .of]'"
the late Khizr Khllil, al)d be held many fiefs (ikla's)
and in the DoalJ, besides the .fort of Tabarhindh
(Si.rbind). (i.is Mayesty had nlso grnn.ttd to him the
khill<t of and the ikln' of Am.rohn. The late
Saiyid 'vas n very avaricious .man, and in the course of
time bad amassed no immL'llSe sum of money, nnd vast
quan.tities of and s\nfl's in the fort o Tabarhindh
(Slrhind). After his death, .nl.l the ih.ta's and parga11a.r
were. gfven to b.is sons. The eldest son teceived the title
of Saiyid Khan, and the other wns entitled Shuja'u-1
mu.lk. In l'he month. of Shnw\val, Pulad Thrkbacba,
slave of Saiyid Salim, came into the fort of Tabarhindh,
at the instigation of the Salyid's sons, and there began ro
prer.are for rebcllion, His Majesty imprisoned the
Saiyid's. two sons, and Yuruf, Si!tub and Rai Hans-a
.Bhatti, to conciliate the !lbovementioned Pulad, and to
get possession , of l.he late Saiyid's weal !.h. When they
came near the. fort 61 Tabarhindh, on tbe first day, 'Pulrul
1net them and conferred with them in the most friendly
way; b,e also sent them provisi.ons,, and made them feel
at e;a$11. .Nellt day he sallied out of the fort. with IUs men,
and made a sudden attack"' upon iltem. Malik Yusuf
and Rai fla.usu <liere informed o his treachery, and
l .. Tl\CU:: 'WOrdl, wanting 'n L.he MSI, are taken fro_an the
Tabakati Akbari.
u
11
$1t.ab-k1wn. ' ' Rtymologtcally tbil o. nigllt btlach.
and II ao expla.ined by the Dictiorut.r.iu, but it ieetns lO be used
(Or any sudden Ondauiht.
1'2
S'l'UDJBS !N INDIAN fllSTORX
their fol'ces ready to meet !tim. 1\Jtb.ough !he
men wete all covered with iron, yat they could
not 5tand before the infamo!IS Pulad."' At the first
onset they were scattered like drops, and he pursued.' them
for a partuar,g.. Tjlcn be and took. pooscSSion of
tlieir baggage, rents, . money, ,goods. and whatever they
hlld Jtft behind them.
The' Sultnn, wber\ be heard of dill, was much
ofiacted, and started for Tabarhindb. He nrrl ved at
Sanuti, where the amirs and malihs of those p:u:u joined
the' royal standard: Pu1'ld had n:w,tle many preparations
for the siege, and had strengthened Wmsd! in the fort.
Majlisi 'ali Zirak Khan, Malik Wu, keeper of the
. elcpbanrs, Islam Khan and Kamal Khan invested the fort.
?vfulil<.u-sh Shark 'lmadul Mulk, ami,. of Multan, was
summoned to come from Multan and advise upon the
suppressiott of Pulad's rebellion. In tbe month of Zil
hijja, 'Imadul 1\hlk left Ws atmy in M ultan, and pro-
ceeded hastily'" to Sarsuti with a small .(lrty, -where he
wat admitted to .an lnterview. But befor'e this, Pulad
bod said to b:iriuelf that he could depend upon the pro-
mhe and protection of 'lmadu-1 Mulk, and that if
l.b.rough Jilin be co'uld Ws object, be (Pulad) would
return to Ws obedience, nnd would hope for .llie honour
O.E being received into the royal prcseoce. 'Imadu-l Mull:
was sent forward to Tabarhindh tn excite his expecta
tions. Pulad came o'ut of tile fort, and had an interview
wilh 'lmadu-l Mulk and Malik Kalu in front o the
gate.U "l'ulad, however, talked and made
,_. Pufad or ful.ad meant Jtttl.
1
'"' The wo1'd UJed. lt "jarmftf.'' CO w-hlch the DlctJonilrio giyc
of ,. nume:rot.n or cnrumbe:rod army... In a pfevfot.J
, pwagc It cmcd to have the meaning of <<fJ.,..,., qul<l; and
J.fJ cJcarJy the mconing of it bcrc. The whole )>:usage runs
W,h(UJha hhcsh ''*" ilcr. t.lloll<ut gUiAJittl '""'"'"
da.r hho.J4h J:CJf"Ut/ O:rnJ.Id. lt ill evidcqtly, \quJvalent
1rl<!a.
'" .i3o:ic ,:lgllin there 1.t bteak In tbe MS. What- fOlio,..,
with invefled cotomas. Js (tom the! .4./tbfUi.
but determined to persevere in his revolt.'" So 'Imadu-1
Mulk retirrhed ' 11ntuccessM. [n the month of Safar, the
Sultan ordered' 'Imadnl Mulk back to Mullan, and . .he
hin1sel returned to Dehli.
"The ' Sultan tefL l6lam Khan, Kam.a[ Kltan, an.d Rai
Main to. carry on che siege of Tabarbindh. 'Imadul
Mulk ,instructed chese ofli.cers as to the siege opemtiom.
and then departed. {or Mult!J'o. Pulad held out for six
months. He then sent a sum of money by che bnnds of
some u:usty adherents to. Shaikh 'Ali Beg, ilt Kabul,
citing his liSSlst;mce."' In the month of Jumada-1 awwal,
Shaikh Ali wen.t to Tabarhindh. When he oune 1Vlthin
ten {t.os distance, Islam. Khan, KamaJ Khan, and aJl tile
ocher amirs abandoned the siege, and went to their own
homes. Pulad then came out of che fo.rt, and 'Md an
inte1-vicw with Sh.a.ikb 'AU, to wh.om be paid the two lae&
of tanlt4S he had promised. Shaikh 'Ali, wit{ him
the family a! P,ulad, started on hls retuJ;tl. Passing
through jala11dhar, be went to Lahor. Malik
SU.andar gave him the mollCy which he paid JQ him
;,mnually, and sel;lt him away. From thence, Shaikh 'Ali
prQCeeded to Talwara, and endeavoured to destroy it.
'lmadul Mulk now marched to Tulamba, in order to
oppose 1\.isu, and Shaikh 'Ali not being strong enough to
meet him, went off to Khatibpur. Orilers now arrive(!
for 'Imadul Mulk to leave Tulamba and go to r,fuhan.
On l.hc 24th Sba'ban, he accordingly prO(;eeded to Mol
tan, mld Sbaikb 'AU being emboldened, crossed the Ravl
Khatibpur, and laying all waste along the banlllt of
the Jhilam, which is w<ll known as the Jinl)b (Gbinab},m