Metrology;

It is the science of measurement. It deals with instruments and their

sensitivity.
It is well known saying that the knowledge about anything is complete
only when it can be expressed in number and something is known about it thus
of every kind of quantity measured, there must be a unit to measure it and
express it in numbers of that unit. Most important parameter in metrology is the
length which can be measured in several forms and in several ways.
In metrology, which laterally is the science measurements we have to
go one step ahead and bother our selves about the correctness of measurement
also. We have to see whether the result is given with the sufficient correctness
and accuracy for the particular need or not. Metrology is therefore also
concerned with the methods, execution and estimation of accuracy of
measurements.
In the broader sense, metrology is not limited to length measurement
but is also concerned with the industrial inspection and it, various techniques.
Due to big industrial resolution and great advancement, industrial inspection
does not simply mean the fulfilling of the specification laid down by the
manufacturers. Rather inspection is real sense is concerned with the checking of
a product at various stages in its manufacture right from the raw material form
to finished products and even assemble parts in the form of machine also.

Need of Inspection;
In order to determine the fitness of anything made man has
always used inspection. But industrial inspection is of recent origin and has
scientific approach behind it. It came into being because of mass production
which involved interchangeability of parts.
The various parts to be assemble together in assembly shop come
from various shops. Rather some parts are manufactured in other factories also
and then assemble at one place. So it is very essential that parts must be so
fabricated that the satisfactory mating of any pair chosen at random is
possible. In order that this many be possible, the dimensions of the component
part must be confined with in the prescribed limits which are such as to permit
the assembly with a predetermined fit.

Objective of Metrology;
While the basic objective of a measurement is to provide
the required at accuracy at cost, metrology would have further objective modern
engineering plant with different shops like tool, Room, Machine shop, Plastic
shop, Pressure Die Casting shop, Electroplating and Painting shop, and
Assembly shop, as also Research, Development and Engineering Department. In
such an
engineering organization, the further objective would be as follows:
1- Thorough evaluation of newly developed products, to ensure that components
designed are with in the process and measuring instrument capabilities available
in the plant.
2- TO determine the process capabilities and ensure that these are better than
the relevant component tolerances.
3- To determine the measuring instrument capabilities and ensure that these are
adequate for their respective measurements.
4- To minimize the cost of inspection by efficient use of available facilities,
and to reduce the cost of rejects and rework though application of statistical
quality control techniques.
5- Standardization of measuring methods. This is achieved by laying down
inspection methods for any product right at the time when production technology
is prepared.
6- Maintenance of the accuracies of measurement. This is achieved by periodical
calibration of the metrological instruments used in the plant.
7- Arbitration on and solution of problems arising on the shop floor regarding
methods of measurement.
8- Preparation of designs for all gauges and special inspection fixtures.
Precision And Accuracy
Both these terms are accounted with the measuring process
precision is defined as the repeatability of a measuring process, While accuracy
is the agreement of the result of measuring with the true value of the measured
quantity. In most measurements it is the precision which is of greater important.
If a carpenter had to cut a board to fit the shelf into two projections in the wall , It
does not matter, whether his scale is accurate or not, provided he uses the some
scale for the measurement of board and the distance between projections in the
wall. in the fig.

a) PRECISION BUT NOT

ACCURATE

b) ACCURATE BUT
NOT PRECISION

c) ACCURATE AND PRECISION

 The illustrating distinction between accuracy and precision by
measuring a component several times and plotting the readings, by three
instruments..
1. Precision size but not accurate.
2. Accurate but not precision.
3. Accurate and precision.

Both use the accurate scale in accordance with a standard scales. In this
case accuracy of the scale in important and it should be manufactured such
that its units are in accordance with the standard units set.
The distinction between the precision and accuracy will be come clear
from example, shown in fig. In which several measuring are made in a
components by different types of instrument and result recorded.
Accuracy: In mechanical inspection, the accuracy of the measurement is
must important aspect. The accuracy measurement to some extend is also
depended upon the sense of hearing or sense of touch or sense. for example
In certain instrument the proportional of sub division have to be
estimated by the sense of sight