Unit # 2 MEASUREMENT

International System of Units (SI)

It is the system established in 1960 by (CGPM) General Conference of Weights and
Measures and abbreviated as SI (System International ) in all languages. In Pakistan,
India, we switched over to metric system of Weights and Measures conforming to SI
units an act of Parliament. This SI like traditional metric system, is based on decimal
arithmetic.
The SI is a coherent_______ system, the sense that the product or quotient_______ of
any two unit quantities in the system in the unit of the resultant quantity. If unit of length
is meter, then unit of area will be square meter and not acres or begs etc.
The seven base SI units established by the General Conference of Weights and Measures
are given under.

S.No Physical Quantity Name of unit Unit symbol Base of Definition

1 Length Meter m Wavelength of red light in
Krypton 86
2 Time Second S Cycles of radiation of cesium
3 Mass Kilogram Kg Platinum cylinder prototype
4 Temperature Kelvin K Absolute zero and water
5 Electric current Ampere A Force between two
conducting wires
6 Luminous intensity Candela cd Intensity of an area of
platinum
7 Quantity of Mole mol Amount of atoms in carbon
substance 12

Standards
The two standard system for linear measurement used throughout the world are English
and Metric (yard and meter0. the various standards now known for linear measurements
are :-
 Line standard
 End standard
 Wavelength standard

Line standard: According to it, yard or meter is defined as the distance between
scribed_____ lines on a bar of metal under certain conditions of temperature. These are
legal standards.
End standard: For all practical measurements in workshop, we employ end
standards for example:- slip gauges, gap gauges, end of micrometer anvils etc Thus the
importance of end standards (which are actually used in general measurement
applications) arose. Length bars and slip gauges were then made which were equal in
length to the legal line standard.
End Bars or Length Bars: these are used for the measurement of larger sizes
of work. These consist of carbon steel round bar about 20 mm in diameter and made in
sizes varying from 10 mm to 1200 mm. these hardened only at ends up to 800 HV and
supported at ‘Airy’ points so that end surfaces are parallel to each other.
Therefore, generally not found in majority of engineering work but in standardizing
laboratories etc. these are also available in four grades of accuracy.
a) Reference
b) Calibration
c) Inspection
d) Workshop

Wavelength standard: using wavelength of monochromatic____ light which is

natural and invariable unit of length, the working standard is no more dependent upon the
physical standard. Cadmium 114, krypton 86, and Mercury 198 are possible sources of
radiation of wavelengths suitable as natural standard of length.

Slip Gauges
Slip gauges are often called Johannsen gauges also, as Johannsen them ,These are
rectangular blocks of steel having a cross-section of about 30 by 10 mm. There are first
hardened to resist wear and carefully stabilized so that they are independent of any
subsequent variation in size or shape.
These may be used as reference standards for transferring the dimensions of the unit of
length from the primary standard to gauge blocks of lower accuracy and for the
verification and graduation of measuring apparatus, and length measure for the regulation
and adjustment of indicating measuring apparatus and for direct measurement of linear
dimensions of industrial component.

Slip gauges are classified according to their guaranteed accuracy:

AA for master slip gauges
A for reference purpose, and
B for working slip gauges.
AA slip gauges are accurate to plus or minus two microns per meter. Type A is
guaranteed accurate up to plus or minus four microns per meter. Type B for plus or minus
eight microns per meter.

As regards grades or classes of slip gauges, these could also be designed in five grades as
under:
Grade 2:
This is the work shop grade. Typical uses include setting up machine tools, positioning
milling cutters and checking mechanical widths.
Grade 01:
Used for more precise work, such as that carried out in a good-class tool room. Typical
uses include setting up sine bars sine tables, checking gap gauges and setting dial test
indicators to zero.
Grade 0:
This is more commonly known as the inspection grade, and its use is confined tool room
or machine shop inspection. This means that it is the inspection department only who
have access to this grade of slip.
Grade 00:
This grade would be kept in the standard room and would be kept for work of the highest
precision only. A typical example would be the determination of any errors present in the
work shop or Grade 2 slip.
Calibration grade:
This is a special grade, with the actual size of the slip stated or calibrated on a special
chart supplied with the set. This chart must be consulted when making up a dimension,
and because these slip are not made to specific or set tolerance, they are not as expensive
as the grade 00 .
Except for the calibration grade, all slip gauge sets are manufactured to within specified
limits; the close the limits more expensive the slip gauges.
Basic Forms of Slip Gauges.
Slip gauges with three basic forms are commonly found. These are rectangular, square
with centre hole, and square without centre hole.
Tolerances:
.Tolerance can be defined as the magnitude of permissible variation of a dimension or
measured criterion from the specified value. Tolerances have to be allowed because of
the inevitable human failings and machine limitations which prevent ideal achievement
during fabrication.
The primary purpose of tolerance is to permit variation in dimensions without
degradation of the performance beyond the limits established by the specification of the
design.
Functional and Non-functional Dimensions:
Functional dimensions are those which have to be machined and fit with other mating
components .Non-functional dimensions are those which need not be machined to a high
degree of accuracy. These have no effect on the quality performance of the component or
assembly.
Why tolerance are specified ?
Ideal conditions would call for part without any kind of dimensional variation, but in
actual practice it is impossible due to following reasons:
i. Variations in the properties of the material being machined introduce errors.
ii. The production machined themselves have some inherent ______inaccuracies___
built onto them and have the limitation to produce perfect parts.
iii. It is impossible for an operator to make perfect settings. In setting up machine.,
i.e. in adjusting the tool and work piece on the machine , some errors are likely to
creep in.

Prepaid By:- Muhammad Kashif Jamil

B.Tech. (pass) 08MR-07
Check by; Engg. Shehzad Rafiq