NEHRU INSTITUTE

OF TECHNOLOGY
Department of Civil Engineering
2014 - 2015
CE 2307 - CONCRETE & HIGHWAY ENGG. LAB
Name Date S!"at#$e
La%-I"-C&a$!e
La% A'''t"!
1
INDE(
E)*t.
NO.
E).
N+.
DATE NA,E O- THE E(.ERI,ENT .AGE NO. ,AR/S SIGNAT0RE
TESTS ON -RESH CONCRETE
1 Slump Cone Test
2 Compaction Factor test
3 Flow Table Test
4 Vee-Bee Consistometer Test
TESTS ON HARDENED CONCRETE
5 Compressive strength o concrete
! Tensile Strength o Concrete - Split Tensile Test
" #o$ulus o %lasticit& o concrete
' #o$ulus ( )upture ( Cement Concrete Beam
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
* +ggregate Crushing value test
1, +ggregate -mpact value test
11 .etermination o la/iness in$e0 an$
elongation in$e0
12 +brasion Test
13 1ater +bsorption Test (n Coarse +ggregate
14 .etermination o $uctilit& o bitumen
15 2enetration test
1! .etermination o sotening point o bitumen
2
TESTS ON -RESH CONCRETE
3

TEST ON WOR/ABILITY O- CONCRETE
THEORY1
1or/abilit& o concrete is a comple0 propert&3 4umerous attempts have been ma$e b&
man& research wor/ers to 5uantitativel& measure this important an$ vital propert& o concrete3
But none o these metho$s are satisactor& or precisel& measuring or e0pressing this propert& to
bring out its ull meaning3 Some o the tests6 measure the parameters ver& close to wor/abilit&
an$ provi$e useul inormation3 The ollowing tests are commonl& emplo&e$ to measure
wor/abilit&3
a7 Slump Test
b7 Compacting Factor Test
c7 Flow Test
$7 8ell& Ball Test
e7 Vee Bee Consistometer test
S9:#2 T%ST
:nsupporte$ resh concrete6 lows to the si$es an$ a sin/ing in height ta/es place3 This
vertical settlement is /nown as slump3 -n this test resh concrete is ille$ into a moul$ o
speciie$ shape an$ $imensions an$ the settlement or slump is measure$ when supporting moul$
is remove$3 Slump increases as water content is increase$3 For $ierent wor/s $ierent slump
values have been recommen$e$3
Slump is a measure in$icating the consistenc& or wor/abilit& o cement concrete3 -t gives
an i$ea o water content nee$e$ or concrete to be use$ or $ierent wor/s3 + concrete is sai$ to
be wor/able i it can be easil& mi0e$ an$ place$6 compacte$ an$ inishe$3 + wor/able concrete
shoul$ not show an& segregation or blee$ing3 Segregation is sai$ to occur when coarse aggregate
tries to separate out rom the iner material an$ a concentration o coarse aggregate at one place
occurs3 This results in large voi$s6 less $urable an$ less strength3 Blee$ing o concrete is sai$ to
occur when e0cess water comes up at the surace o concrete3 This causes small pores through
the mass o concrete an$ is un$esirable3
Slump Test is the most commonl& use$ metho$ o measuring the consistenc& o concrete
which can be emplo&e$ either in the laborator& or site o wor/3 -t is not a suitable metho$ or
ver& wet or ver& $r& concrete3 -t $oes not measure all actors contributing to wor/abilit&6 nor is it
alwa&s representative o the placeabilit& o the concrete3 ;owever6 it is use$ convenientl& as a
control test an$ gives an in$ication o the uniormit& o concrete rom batch to batch3
4
)epeate$ batches o the same mi06 brought to the same slump6 will have the same water
content an$ water cement ratio6 provi$e$ the weights o aggregate6 cement an$ a$mi0tures are
uniorm an$ aggregate gra$ing is within acceptable limits3 +$$itional inormation on wor/abilit&
an$ 5ualit& o concrete can be obtaine$ b& observing the manner in which concrete slumps3
The apparatus or con$ucting the slump test essentiall& consists o a metallic moul$ in the orm
o a rustrum o a cone having the internal $imensions as un$er<
Bottom $iameter < 2, cm
Top $iameter < 1, cm
;eight < 3, cm
The thic/ness o the metallic sheet or the moul$ shoul$ not be thinner than 13!mm3 Some times
the moul$ is provi$e$ with suitable gui$es or liting verticall& up3 For tamping the concrete6 a
steel tamping ro$ 1!mm $iameter6 ,3!mm long with bullet en$ is use$3
C(#2+CT-(4 F+CT()<
Compaction actor test is a test to measure the wor/abilit& o concrete an$ is useul or concrete
o ver& low wor/abilit&3
This test wor/s on the principle o $etermining the $egree o compaction achieve$ b& a stan$ar$
amount o wor/ $one b& allowing the concrete to all through a certain height3 The $egree o
compaction calle$ the compaction actor is measure$ b& the $ensit& ratio i3e36 the ratio o the
$ensit& actuall& achieve$ in the test to the $ensit& o the same concrete being ull& compacte$3
The compacting actor test has been $evelope$ at the )oa$ )esearch 9aborator& :383 an$ it is
claime$ that it is one o the most eicient test or measuring the wor/abilit& o concrete3 This test
is carrie$ out as per speciications o -S< 11** = 1*5*3
5
The table shows the nominal slump value an$ compacting actor or $ierent $egrees o
wor/abilit&
.egree o
1or/abilit&
Slump
#m
Compacting Factor
:se or which Concrete is suitable
Small
+pparatus
9arge
+pparatus
Ver& 9ow , = 25 ,3"' ,3',
)oa$s vibrate$ b& 2ower operate$
machines3 +t the more wor/able en$ o
this group6 concrete ma& be compacte$
in certain cases with han$ operate$
machines
9ow 25 = 5, ,3'5 ,3'"
+t the more wor/able en$ o this group6
concrete ma& be manuall& compacte$ in
roa$s using aggregate o roun$e$ an$
irregular shape3 #ass concrete
oun$ations without vibration or lightl&
reinorce$ sections with vibration
#e$ium 5, = 1,, ,3*2 ,3*35
+t the less wor/able en$ o this group6
manuall& compacte$ lat slabs using
crushe$ aggregates3 4ormal reinorce$
concrete manuall& compacte$ an$
heavil& reinorce$ sections with
vibration
;igh 1,, = 1"5 ,3*5 ,3*!
For sections with congeste$
reinorcement3 4ot normall& suitable or
vibration3
!
SL0,. CONE TEST
E).N+1 Date1
AI,1
To in$ the wor/abilit& o concrete b& con$ucting slump test3
A..ARAT0S<
Slump cone6 mi0ing pan6 trowel6 tamping ro$6 weighing machine3
.ROCED0RE1
13 #i0 2 /g o Cement6 4 /g o ine aggregate an$ ' /g o coarse aggregate3
23 Ta/e ,3*/g o water an$ a$$ gra$uall& an$ mi0 well3
33 2lace the slump cone on a non porous surace3
43 2lace the concrete in 3 la&ers tamping each la&er 25 times b& the tamping ro$3
53 Stri/e the top level3
!3 )emove the cone careull&3
"3 1hen the concrete subsi$es ull& note the slump o concrete b& measuring the subsi$ence
in mm3
'3 .raw a graph between slump an$ w>c ratio

OBSER2ATIONS & CALC0LATION1
Sl34o 1>C ratio Value o Slump 4ature o collapse
1 ,345
2 ,35,
3 ,355
4 ,3!,
5 ,3!5
"
RES0LT1
Slump Value ?
DISC0SSION1
B& this test we can $etermine the water content to give speciie$ slump value3 -n this test water
content is varie$ an$ in each case slump value is measure$ till we arrive at water content
re5uiring slump value3
IN-ERENCE1
'
CO,.ACTION -ACTOR TEST
E).N+1 Date1
AI,1
To ine the compacting actor o a speciie$ concrete mi0 or various w>c ratios3
A..ARAT0S<
Compaction actor apparatus6 trowel6 tamping ro$6 weighing machine3
.ROCED0RE1
13 Fin$ the weight o the bottom c&lin$er o the compaction actor apparatus @117
23 #i0 2/g o cement6 4/g o ine aggregate an$ ' /g o coarse aggregate an$ suicient
water to ma/e a water cement ratio o ,34
33 2lace the concrete gentl& in the upper hopper o the apparatus using a trowel6 level up to
the rim3
43 (pen the trap $oor an$ let the concrete all to the secon$ hopper3
53 - the concrete stic/s to the si$es o the hopper6 push it gentl& with the help o a ro$ rom
the top3
!3 (pen the trap $oor o the lower hopper an$ allow concrete to all into the c&lin$er3
"3 )emove the e0cess concrete remaining above the level o the top o the c&lin$er an$
clean the outsi$e o the c&lin$er3
'3 Fin$ the weight o the c&lin$er with the concrete insi$e nearest to 2,/g @1273
*3 4ow empt& the c&lin$er an$ ill it again with the same concrete in 3 la&ers each la&er
being tampe$ 24 times with the tamping ro$3
1,3 Clean the outsi$e o the c&lin$er an$ weigh it again3
113 )epeat the test or w>c o ,345 an$ ,35

*
OBSER2ATIONS & CALC0LATION1
Sl34o 1>C ratio ,34, ,345 ,35,
13 1eight o c&lin$er @117/g
23 1eight o c&lin$er A concrete @127/g
alling through stan$ar$ height
33 1eight o concrete partiall&
Compacte$ @12 = 117 ? @137/g
43 1eight o ull& compacte$ @147/g
C&lin$er A concrete
53 1eight o ull& compacte$
Concrete @14 = 117 ? @157/g
!3
13
Compacting Factor ? --------
15
RES0LT1

CO,,ENTS<
Compaction actor test is a$opte$ to $etermine the wor/abilit& o concrete6 where the
nominal ma0imum siBe o aggregate $oes not e0cee$ 4,mm an$ is primaril& use$ in laborator&3
-t is more sensitive an$ precise than slump test an$ is particularl& useul or concrete mi0es o
low wor/abilit& as are normall& use$ when the concrete is to be compacte$ b& vibration6 such
concrete ma& constantl& ail to slump3 The compaction actor test is able to in$icate small
variations in wor/abilit& over a wi$e range3

IN-ERENCE1
1,
-LOW TABLE TEST
E)* N+1 Date1
Am1
To measure the low an$ wor/abilit& o the concrete b& using low table
A**a$at#' $e3#$e4<
Flow table test apparatus
.$+5e4#$e.
The apparatus consists o low table about "!cm3 in $iameter over which concentric
circles are mar/e$3 + moul$ ma$e rom smooth metal casing in the orm o a rustum o a cone is
use$ with the ollowing internal $imensions3 The base is 25cm3 in $iameter upper surace 1"cm3
in $iameter an$ height o the cone is 12cm3
13 The table top is cleane$ o all gritt& material an$ is wette$3 The moul$ is /ept on the
center o the table6 irml& hel$ an$ is ille$ in two la&ers3
23 %ach la&er is tampe$ 25 times with a tamping ro$ 13!cm in $iameter an$ !1cm long
roun$e$ at the lower tamping en$3
33 +ter the top la&er is tampe$ evenl& the e0cess o concrete which has overlowe$ the
moul$ is remove$3
43 The moul$ i lite$ verticall& upwar$ an$ the concrete stan$s on its own without support3
The table is then raise$ an$ $roppe$ 1235cm 15times in about 15 secon$s3
53 The $iameter o the sprea$ concrete is measure$ in about ! $irections to the nearest 5mm
an$ the average sprea$ is note$3 The low o concrete is the percentage increase in the
average $iameter o the sprea$ concrete over the base $iameter o the moul$3
!3 The value coul$ range an&thing rom , to 15, per cent3 + close loo/ at the pattern o
sprea$ o concrete can also give a goo$ in$ication o the characteristics o concrete such
as ten$enc& or segregation3
Sprea$ $iameter in cm - 25
Flow6 per cent ? ------------------------------------- 0 1,,
25
Re'#6t1
The low percent o the concrete is
27a 2+5e1
13 .eine wor/abilit& o concreteC
23 1hat is the signiicance o low testC
33 1hat is the water cement ratio or wor/able concreteC
11
-LOW TABLE A..ARAT0S
12
2EE-BEE CONSISTO,ETER
E)* N+1 Date<
Am1
To measure the wor/abilit& o concrete b& Vee-Bee consistometer test
A**a$at#' $e3#$e 4<
Vee-Bee consistometer test apparatus
.$+5e4#$e.
17 2lacing the slump cone insi$e the sheet metal c&lin$rical pot o the consistometer3
27 The glass $isc attache$ to the swivel arm is turne$ an$ place$ on the top o the concrete pot
37 The electrical vibrator is switche$ on an$ simultaneousl& a stop watch is starte$3
47 The vibration is continue$ till such a time as the conical shape o the concrete $isappears
an$ the concrete assumes c&lin$rical shape3
57 -mme$iatel& when the concrete ull& assumes a c&lin$rical shape6 the stop watch is
switche$ o3 The time re5uire$ or the the shape o concrete to change rom slump cone
shape to c&lin$rical shape in secon$s is /nown as vee bee $egree3
O%'e$7at+" a"4 Ca65#6at+"<
-nitial rea$ing on the gra$uate$ ro$6 a
Final rea$ing on the gra$uate$ ro$6 b
Slump @b7 = @a76 mm
Time or complete remoul$ing6 secon$s
Re'#6t1
The consistenc& o the concrete is DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD sec3
27a 2+5e1
13 .escribe the actors aecting the choice o the metho$ o test3
231hat are the a$vantages an$ $isa$vantages o Vee-Bee metho$ o test over the other
#etho$sC
Re8e$e"5e'1
13 4eville3 +3 #6 2roperties o concrete6 3 e$ition6 2itman publishing compan&6 1*'13 r$
23 Eambhir3 #3 96 Concrete manual6 4 e$ition6 .hanpat )ai an$ Sons6 .elhi3 th
+? c&lin$rical pot B? sheet metal cone
C? glass $isc .? swivel arm
%?glass $isc a$Fustable screw F? a$Fustable screw

TESTS ON HARDENED CONCRETE
CO,.RESSI2E STRENGTH O- CONCRETE
E)*t.N+. Date1
AI,1
To $etermine the compressive strength o concrete b& casting an$ testing cubes an$ c&lin$ers3
A..ARAT0S<
Cube moul$s 15cm siBe6 c&lin$rical moul$ 15cm $iameter 0 3, cm height trowels6 tamping
ro$ 1!mm $iameter an$ !,cm long6 compression testing machine3
THEORY1
(ne o the important properties o concrete is its strength in compression3 Concrete is
strong in compression an$ in construction also concrete is mainl& use$ in compression3 ;igher the
compressive strength6 better is the $urabilit& an$ bon$ strength3 )esistance to abrasion an$ volume
stabilit& improve with the compressive strength which is ver& important in 5ualit& control o
concrete3 There are two t&pes o stan$ar$ test specimens< cubes an$ c&lin$ers to in$ the
compressive strength o concrete3 C&lin$er o 15 cm $iameter an$ 3,cm high an$ cube o siBe
15cm is normall& use$3 The height o the test specimen in relation to its lateral $imensions greatl&
inluences the results3 The more slen$er the test specimen6 lower will be the crushing strength3
1henever c&lin$ers are use$6 the minimum c&lin$er compressive strength re5uire$ shoul$ be e5ual
to ,3' times the compressive strength speciie$ or 15cm cube3 The ratio o the minimum $imension
o the specimen to ma0imum siBe o aggregate shoul$ be at least 4< 13
Strength test results ma& be aecte$ b& variation in t&pe o test specimen6 specimen siBe6
t&pe o moul$6 curing6 preparation o the en$ surace6 rigi$it& o testing machine an$ rate o
application o stress
.ROCED0RE1
CASTING1
13 Fill concrete into the moul$ in la&ers appro0imatel& 5 cm $eep3
23 Tamp the concrete with the stan$ar$ ro$6 stro/es being uniorml& $istribute$ over the cross
section o the moul$3 For cube the number o stro/es is 35 per la&er an$ or c&lin$er 3,
stro/es per la&er33
33 The specimens shoul$ be store$ at a temperature o 2" G 2HC or 24 hours rom the time o
a$$ition o water to the $r& ingre$ients3
43 Then the specimen is /ept un$er water or curing3
TESTING1
13 Testing can be $one ater " $a&s or 2' $a&s6 the $a&s being measure$ rom the time o
a$$ition o water to the $r& ingre$ients3
23 +t least 3 specimens shoul$ be teste$ at a time3
33 The specimens shoul$ be remove$ rom the water Fust prior to testing an$ the surace is
wipe$ $r&3
43 The $imension o the specimen shoul$ be note$3
53 2lace the cube specimen in such a wa& that the loa$ is applie$ to the opposite si$es o the
cubes as cast3 i3e36 not to the top an$ bottom3 -n case o c&Iin$rical specimen capping shoul$
be $one at the top la&er so that loa$ can be applie$ uniorml&3
!3 +lign careull& an$ appl& the loa$ slowl& at the rate o 14, /g>cm
2
>min3 till the specimen
brea/s3

OBSER2ATIONS1
a3T&pe o Specimen C:B% CJ9-4.%)
b Specimens - -- --- - -- ---
c3 Concrete mi0
$3 2repare$ on< $ate <
time <
e3 Teste$ on < $ate <
time <
3 #easurements - 9ength @a7 mm
Brea$th @b7 mm
;eight @h7 mm
g3 +rea subFecte$ to compression + @a 0
b7 mm
2
h3 Brea/ing loa$ 2 @47
h3 Compressive Strength @2>+7 @4>mm
2
7
3+verage compressive strength @4>mm
2
7
RES0LT1
+verage cube compressive strength ? 4>mm
2
+verage C&lin$er compressive Strength ? 4>mm
2
DISC0SSION1
Comparison between the Cube an$ C&lin$er Strength<
-t is $iicult to sa& whether cube test gives more realistic strength properties o concrete or
c&lin$er gives a better picture about the strength o concrete3 ;owever6 it can be sai$ that the
c&lin$er is less aecte$ b& the en$ restraints cause$ b& platens an$ hence it seems to give more
uniorm results than cube3 Thereore6 the use o c&lin$er is becoming more popular particularl& in
the research laboratories3
C&lin$ers are cast an$ teste$ in the same position6 whereas cubes are cast in one $irection
an$ teste$ rom the other $irection3 -n actual structures in the iel$6 the casting an$ loa$ing is
similar to that o the c&lin$er an$ not li/e the cube3 +s such6 c&lin$er simulates the con$ition o the
actual structural member in the iel$ in respect o $irection o loa$3
The points in avour o the cube specimen are that the shape o the cube resembles the shape o the
structural members oten met with on the groun$3 The cube $oes not re5uire capping whereas
c&lin$er re5uires capping3 The capping material use$ in case o c&lin$er ma& inluence to some
e0tent the strength o concrete
IN-ERENCE1

TENSILE STRENGTH O- CONCRETE - S.LIT TENSILE TEST
E)*t.N+. Date1
AI,1
To $etermine the tensile strength o concrete
A..ARAT0S1
C&lin$er #oul$6 Compression Testing #achine3
THEORY1
The tensile strength is one o the basic an$ important properties o the concrete3 The
concrete is not usuall& e0pecte$ to resist the $irect tension because o its low tensile strength an$
brittle nature3 ;owever the $etermination o tensile stregth o concrete is necessar& to $etermine
the loa$ at which the concrete members ma& crac/3 The crac/ing is a orm o tension ailure3
+part rom the le0ure test the other metho$s to $etermine the tensile strength o concrete
can be broa$l& classiie$ as a7 $irect metho$s6 an$ b7 in$irect metho$s3 The $irect metho$s suers
rom a number o $iiculties relate$ to hol$ing the specimen properl& in the testing machine
without intro$ucing stress concentration6 an$ to the application o unia0ial tensile loa$ which is
ree rom eccentricit& to the specimen3 Because the concrete is wea/ in tension even a small
eccentricit& o loa$ will in$uce combine$ ben$ing an$ a0ial orce con$ition an$ the concrete ails
at the apparent tensile stress other than the tensile strength3
Because o the $iiculties associate$ with the $irect tension test6 a number o in$irect
metho$s have been $evelope$ to $etermine the tensile strength3 -n these tests in general a
compressive orce is applie$ to a concrete specimen in such a wa& that the specimen ails $ue to
tensile stresses $evelope$ in the specimen3 The tensile stress at which the ailure occurs is terme$
as the tensile strength o concrete3
The splitting tests are well /nown in$irect tests use$ or $etermining the tensile strength o
concrete sometimes reerre$ to as split tensile strength o concrete3 The test consists o appl&ing a
compressive line loa$ along the opposite generators o a concrete c&lin$er place$ with its a0is
horiBontal between the compressive platens as shown in ig3
.ue to the compression loa$ing a airl& uniorm tensile stress is $evelope$ over nearl& 2>3 o the
loa$e$ $iameter as obtaine$ rom an elastic anal&sis3 The magnitu$e o this tensile stress Ksp @acting
in a $irection perpen$icular to the line o action o applie$ loa$ing7 is given b& the ormula
22
Ksp ? --------
L $ l
where 2 is the applie$ loa$6 $ an$ l are the $iameter an$ length o the specimen6 respectivel&3 .ue
to the tensile stress6 the specimen ails b& splitting verticall& into two halves6 this test is also calle$
the split test3 The test has been stan$ar$iBe$ or concrete specimens with $iameter larger than our
times the ma0imum siBe o coarse aggregate or 15,mm whichever is greater3 The length o the
specimens shall not be less than the $iameter an$ not more than twice the $iameter3 For the routine
testing6 the specimens shall be c&lin$ers 15,mm $iameter an$ 3,,mm in length3
.ROCED0RE1
13 The length an$ $iameter o the concrete c&lin$er are measure$ accuratel&3
23 The test carrie$ out b& placing the c&lin$rical specimen horiBontall& between the loa$ing
suraces o a compression testing machine3
33 The loa$ is applie$ until ailure occurs
43 The 9oa$ at which the c&lin$er ails is note$
53 The split tensile strength is calculate$ using the ollowing ormula
22
Ksp ? --------
L $ l
where Ksp is the split tensile strength an$ 2 is the ailure loa$3

OBSER2ATIONS1
9ength o the Specimen mm
.iameter o the specimen mm
Failure 9oa$ /g 4
Tensile Strength at ailure 4>mm
2
RES0LT 1
Split tensile strength ? 4>mm
2
DISC0SSION1
The ratio o the split tensile strength to c&lin$er strength not onl& varies with the gra$e o
the concrete but also $epen$ent on the age o concrete3 This ratio is oun$ to $ecrease with time
ater about a month3 The le0ural strength as obtaine$ b& rupture test is oun$ to be greater than the
split tensile strength3 This test has the ollowing a$vantages<
17 The test is simple to perorm an$ gives more uniorm results than that given b& other tests3
27 The strength $etermine$ is closer to the actual tensile strength o concrete than the mo$ulus
o rupture value3
37 The same moul$s an$ testing machine can be use$ or compression an$ tension tests3
IN-ERENCE1

,OD0L0S O- ELASTICITY O- CONCRETE
E)*t.N+. Date1
AI,1
To plot the stress strain curve or concrete o given mi0 proportions an$ to $etermine the
mo$ulus o elasticit&3
A..ARAT0S1
:niversal Testing #achine6 Compressometer
THEORY1
The results obtaine$ rom this e0periment are use$ to stu$& the behaviour o concrete
subFecte$ to prolonge$ loa$ing which has special importance as the concrete is not trul& elastic
material since it possess the abilit& to McreepN $uring an$ ater the application o the loa$3 The
mo$ulus o elasticit& o concrete an$ its correspon$ing compressive strength are re5uire$ to the
$esign calculations o concrete structures3 -n the iel$ o )einorce$ Cement Concrete $esign it is
e0tensivel& use$ in the orm o mo$ular ratio3
The mo$ulus o elasticit& can be $etermine$ b& measuring the compressive strain when a
sample is subFecte$ to a compressive stress3 -n$ian stan$ar$s stipulate that height shoul$ be at least
twice the $iameter3 The term JoungNs #o$ulus o %lasticit& can strictl& be applie$ onl& to the
straight part o stress-strain curve3 -n the case o concrete6 since no part o the graph is straight6 the
mo$ulus o elasticit& is oun$ out with reerence to the tangent $rawn to the curve at the origin3 The
mo$ulus oun$ rom this tangent is reerre$ as initial tangent mo$ulus3 This gives satisactor&
results onl& at low stress value3 For higher stress value it gives a mislea$ing picture3
Tangent can be $rawn at an& other point on the stress-strain curve3 The mo$ulus o elasticit&
calculate$ with reerence to this tangent is then calle$ tangent mo$ulus3 The tangent mo$ulus also
$oes not give a realistic value o mo$ulus o elasticit& or the stress level much above or much
below the point at which the tangent is $rawn3 The value o mo$ulus o elasticit& will be
satisactor& onl& or stress level in the vicinit& o the point consi$ere$3
+ line can be $rawn connecting a speciie$ point on the stress-strain curve to the origin o
the curve3 - the mo$ulus o elasticit& is calculate$ with reerence to the slope o this line6 the
mo$ulus o elasticit& is reerre$ as secant mo$ulus3 - the mo$ulus o elasticit& is oun$ out with
reerence to the chor$ $rawn between two speciie$ points on the stress-strain curve then such
value o the mo$ulus o elasticit& is /nown as chor$ mo$ulus3
The mo$ulus o elasticit& most commonl& use$ in practice is secant mo$ulus3 There is no stan$ar$
metho$ o $etermining the secant mo$ulus3 Some time it is measure$ at stresses ranging rom 3, to
14, /g>cm
2
an$ sometime the secant is $rawn to point representing a stress level o 15625633 or 5,
percent o ultimate strength3 Since the value o secant mo$ulus $ecreases with increase in stress6
the stress at which the secant mo$ulus has been oun$ out shoul$ alwa&s be state$3
Note:
The compressometer has been abricate$ to in$ out the compressive propert& o cement
concrete c&lin$er o 15cm 0 3,cm3 + $ial gauge o ,3,,2 least count6 12mm is i0e$3 .ue to the
pivot6 the compression rea$ings are magniie$ twice to get the actual $eormation o the specimen3
The observe$ rea$ings o $ial gauge are to be $ivi$e$ b& two3
.ROCED0RE1
13 2lace the c&lin$er with the compressometer i0e$6 on the plate o the compression testing
machine an$ appl& loa$ing at the rate o 144>mm
2
>min3
23 +t regular intervals o loa$ing6 note the compressometer rea$ing3
33 Calculate the stress an$ strain or each rea$ing an$ $raw the stress-strain curve3
43 .etermine the secant mo$ulus o elasticit& at 3,O o the cube strength3
OBSER2ATIONS1
Sectional area o the C&lin$er6 + ?
Eauge 9ength o Compressometer ?
9east count ? ,3,,2mm
Sl3
4o3
9oa$ @27
Stress
@4>mm
2
7
Compressometer )ea$ing
Strain in
Specimen @mm7
%lastic
#o$ulus o
concrete6
@4>mm
2
7
8g 4 2>+ .ivision
.ivision
2
.ivision>2
0 least
count
Compressometer
rea$ing > Euage
length
% ? Stress>
Strain
1
2
3
4
5
!
"
'
*
1,
11
12
13
14
15
:ltimate strength o C&lin$er ? 4>mm
2
Cube Strength @c&lin$er strength>,3'57 ? 4>mm
2
3,O o cube strength @4>mm
2
7 ?
Strain or 3,O cube Strength @rom graph7
Secant #o$ulus at 3,O o cube strength 4>mm
2
+verage Secant #o$ulus @ 4>mm
2
7
RES0LT1
Secant #o$ulus o Concrete at 3,O o cube Strength ?
CO,,ENTS1
The value o mo$ulus o elasticit& ranges ro 134 0 1,
4
4>mm
2
or low 5ualit& concrete at
earl& ages to 435 0 1,
4
4>mm
2
or high 5ualit& concrete at later ages3
IN-ERENCE 1
,OD0L0S O- R0.T0RE O- CE,ENT CONCRETE BEA,
E)*t.N+. Date1
AI,1
To $etermine the mo$ulus o rupture o concrete beam3
A..ARAT0S<
:niversal testing machine6 le0ure testing setup

- w is the loa$ at the ailure6 then the magnitu$e o two point loa$s is w>23
Ben$ing moment $ue to concentrate$ loa$s ? wl>! where l = span ? 45,mm3 Ben$ing moment
$ue to sel weight ? wl
2
>'3 w = 1eight o the beam per meter length3
Total Ben$ing moment ? wl>! A wl
2
>'
#o$ulus o )upture ? !#>b$
2
RES0LT1
#o$ulus o )upture o cement concrete beam ?
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
AGGREGATE CR0SHING 2AL0E
E).N+1 Date1
AI,1
To $etermine the crushing value o the given roa$ aggregates to assess the suitabilit& o
aggregates or use in $ierent t&pes o roa$ pavements
A..ARAT0S1
13 The test moul$ 1532cm $iameter6 open-en$e$ steel c&lin$er with s5uare base plate6 plunger
having a piston o 15cm $iameter3
23 + tamping ro$ o 1!mm $iameter an$ 45 to !, cm long3
33 -S Sieves o siBe 1235mm6 1,mm an$ 233!mm3
43 1eighing Balance up to 1gm accurac&3
53 + C&lin$er measure o internal $iameter 1135cm an$ height 1'cm3
THEORY1
The aggregate crushing value gives a relative measure o the resistance o an aggregate to
crushing un$er a gra$uall& applie$ compressive loa$3 -t is the percentage b& weight o the crushe$
material obtaine$ when the test aggregates are subFecte$ to a speciie$ loa$ un$er stan$ar$iBe$
con$itions an$ is a numerical in$e0 o the strength o the aggregates use$ in roa$ construction3
+ggregate with low crushing value in$icates a lower crushe$ raction un$er loa$ an$ woul$ give a
longer service lie to the roa$ an$ hence a more economical perormance3 The aggregates use$ in
roa$ construction must be strong enough to withstan$ crushing loa$ un$er roller an$ traic3
The suitabilit& o aggregate is Fu$ge$ $epen$ing upon its propose$ use in the pavement
la&ers3 The table given below la&s $own speciie$ limits o percent aggregate crushing value6 or
$ierent t&pes o roa$ construction3
Sl34o3 T&pe o roa$ construction +ggregate crushing value
not more than
- Fle0ible 2avements<
a7 Soling
b7 1ater-boun$ maca$am
c7 Bituminous maca$am
$7 Bituminous surace $ressing or then
premi0 carpet
e7 .ense mi0 carpet
5,
4,
4,
3,
3,
-- )igi$ 2avements
a7 (ther than wearing course
b7 Surace or wearing course
45
3,
.ROCED0RE1
The material or the stan$ar$ test consists o aggregates siBe$ 1,mm to 1235mm3 The
aggregates shoul$ be in surace $r& con$ition beore testing3
13 Sieve the material through 1235mm an$ 1,mm sieves3 The aggregates passing through 1235mm
sieve an$ retaine$ on 1,mm sieve comprise the test material3
23 Ta/e about 3325 /g o this material
33 2our the aggregates to ill about Fust more than 1>3
r$
$epth o the measuring c&lin$er3
43 compact the material b& giving 25 gentle blows with the roun$e$ en$ o the tamping ro$3
53 +$$ two more la&ers in similar manner6 such that the c&lin$er is ull3
!3 )emove the e0cess material with a straight e$ge3
"3 %mpt& the c&lin$er an$ weigh the aggregates accuratel& upto 1gm3
'3 Transer the whole o this weighe$ 5uantit& to the test moul$ b& illing it in three la&ers in the
same manner as on c&lin$rical measure3
*3 9evel o the surace an$ place the plunger over it so that it rests horiBontall& on the surace o
the aggregates3
1,3 2lace this assembl& on the pe$estal o compression testing machine3
113 +ppl& the loa$ at a uniorm rate o 4 tonnes per minute until the total loa$ applie$ is 4,T
123 )elease the loa$6 ta/e the aggregate out o the c&lin$er an$ sieve them through 233!mm -3S3
Sieve3 1eigh the raction passing through it to an accurac& o ,31gm3
OBSER2ATIONS & TAB0LATION1
Sample - Sample --
Total weight o $r& sample ta/en 11 gm
1eight o portion passing 233!mm sieve 12 gm
12
+ggregate Crushing Value ? -------- 0 1,,
11
RES0LT 1
+ggregate Crushing Value ? 4>mm
2
IN-ERENCE1
AGGREGATE I,.ACT 2AL0E
E).N+ Date1
AI,<
To $etermine the impact value o the given roa$ aggregates an$ to assess their suitabilit& in
roa$ construction on the basis o the impact value3
A..ARAT0S1
13 + testing machine
23 + c&lin$rical steel cup o internal $iameter 1,2mm6 $epth 5,mm3
33 + metal hammer weighing 14 /g3
43 + c&lin$rical measure having internal $iameter o "5mm an$ $epth 5,mm or measuring
aggregates3
53 Tamping ro$ 1,mm $iameter an$ 32cm long roun$e$ at one en$3
!3 1eighing Balance
THEORY1
Toughness is the propert& o the material to resist su$$en loa$ing3 .ue to movement o
vehicles on the roa$ the aggregates are subFecte$ to impact3 The aggregates shoul$ thereore have
suicient toughness to resist their $isintegration $ue to impact3 This characteristic is measure$ b&
impact value test3
+ggregate impact value is use$ to classi& the stones in respect o their toughness propert&
as in$icate$ below<
+ggregate -mpact Value Classiication
P 1,O %0ceptionall& Strong
1,O to 2,O Strong
2,O to 3,O Satisactor& or roa$ suracing
Q 35O 1ea/ or roa$ suracing
The -n$ian )oa$ Congress has recommen$e$ the ollowing values or $ierent t&pes o roa$
construction3
Sl34o T&pe o 2avement #a0imum aggregate
-mpact Value O
13 Bituminous surace $ressing penetration
maca$am6 bituminous carpet concrete an$
cement concrete wearing course
3,
23 Bitumen-boun$ maca$am6 base course 35
33 1B# base course with bitumen suracing 4,
43 Cement Concrete base course 45
.ROCED0RE1
The sample consists o surace $r& aggregates siBes 1,mm to 1235mm
13 Sieve the material through 1235mm sieve an$ 1,3,mm -S sieves3 The aggregates passing
through 1235mm sieve an$ retaine$ on 1,mm sieve comprises the test material
23 Ta/e about 3325 /g o this material
33 2our the aggregates to ill about Fust 1>3
r$
the $epth o the measuring c&lin$er3
43 Compact the material b& giving 25 blows with the roun$e$ en$ o the tamping ro$3
53 +$$ two more la&ers in similar manner so that the c&lin$er is ull3
!3 Stri/e o the surplus aggregates3
"3 .etermine the weight o the aggregates to the nearest gram @1173
'3 Fi0 the cup irml& on the base o the machine an$ transer the whole o the test sample in
the measuring the c&lin$er into it3
*3 Compact it b& giving 25 gentle stro/es with the tamping ro$3
1,3 )aise the hammer until its lower ace is 3',mm above the surace o the aggregate sample
an$ allow it to all reel& on the sample3 Eive 15 such blows at an interval o not less than
one secon$ between successive alls3

113 )emove the crushe$ aggregates rom the cup an$ sieve it through 233!mm sieve until no
signiicant amount passes in one minute3
123 1eigh the raction passing to an accurac& o 1gm @1273
OBSER2ATIONS & CALC0LATION1
Sample - Sample --
Total weight o $r& sample ta/en 11 gm
1eight o portion passing 233!mm sieve 12 gm
12
+ggregate -mpact Value ? -------- 0 1,,
11
RES0LT1
+ggregate -mpact value ?
I,.ORTANCE1
This test ma& be consi$ere$ as an alternate to the aggregate crushing test3 The special
apparatus nee$e$ or aggregate impact test is simple an$ relativel& cheap an$ is portable while the
crushing test re5uires a 5,T testing machine6 which is e0pensive3 The impact test on an aggregate is
a useul gui$e to its behaviour when subFecte$ to wear but other characteristics such as toughness
an$ brittleness must also be ta/en into account3 The test $oes not necessitate the cutting an$
shaping o special test pieces3
DISC0SSIONS1
The values o impact test agree in general with that o aggregate crushing test3 The brittle
roc/s give poorer results in aggregate impact test3 Eravel an$ 5uartBite ten$ to have higher impact
value than the crushing value3 The results o aggregate impact test $epen$ to some e0ten$ on
the elastic properties o the aggregate as well as on the strength3 -t is little $iicult to sa& what
propert& o aggregate it reall& $oes measure3
The crushing strength test is more signiicant as ar as the con$itions to which the aggregate
is li/el& to be subFecte$ in practice are concerne$3 For the aggregate to be use$ in concrete the
impact value shoul$ not be greater than 45O @b& mass7 an$ 3,O or aggregate use$ in concrete
wearing suraces3
IN-ERENCE1
DETER,INATION O- -LA/INESS INDE( AND ELONGATION INDE(
E).N+ Date1
AI,1
To $etermine the la/iness in$e0 an$ elongation in$e0 o the given sample o aggregate3
A..ARAT0S1
Thic/ness gauge6 9ength gauge6 -S sieve o siBes 4,mm6 2,mm6 Sample o aggregate an$
1eighing balance
-OR,0LA 0SED1
Fla/iness in$e0 ? @Total weight o aggregate passing R 1,, through thic/ness gauge7>@Total
weight o aggregate7
%longation in$e0 ? @Total weight o aggregate retaine$ in length gauge R 1,,7>@Total
weight o aggregates7
.ROCED0RE1
Fla/iness in$e0<
17 The course aggregate sample is sieve$ through the given specimen such as 4,mm6 2,mm
sieves are use$3 -t is to be ensure$ that a minimum o 2,, pieces are available in ach siBe
larger3
27 +bout 2,, pieces o coarse aggregates rom each sieve siBes 4,mm an$ 2,mm are ta/en
separatel& an$ weighe$ or calculation3
37 -n or$er to i$enti& the la/& particles rom each o the separate$ coarse aggregate6 raction
is then trie$ to be passe$ through the speciie$ slots o thic/ness gauge3
47 -n the thic/ness gauge6 various siBes are present6 The thic/ness o slots are !3-5,mm6 5,-
4,mm6 4,-3135mm6 25-2,mm6 2,-1!mm6 1!-1235mm an$ 1,-!33mm3
57 Thereore the weight o aggregate passing through these slots are weighe$ an$ note$3
!7 4ow the la/iness in$e0 is e0presse$ as the percentage o the total weight o the sample
ta/en3 The aggregate must have a la/iness in$e0 o less than 15O3
%longation in$e0<
17 The weighe$ 2,, pieces o -S sieve 4,mm is ta/en3
27 -n or$er to separate elongate$ particles6 each particle o the raction is then gauge$
in$ivi$uall& or length @longest si$e7 in the appropriate slot o the length gauge3
37 The gauge lengths are 5,-4,mm6 4,-25mm6 25-2,mm6 2,-1235mm6 1235-1,mm6 an$ 1,-
!33mm3
47 The weights o the elongate$ portion o the aggregates retaine$ on $ierent speciie$ slots
o the length gauge are note$3
57 The elongation in$e0 is e0presse$ as total weight o the material retaine$ on the various
length gauges to total weight o sample gauge$ in percentage3
!7 The percentage o elongate$ particles in e0cess o 1,-15O is generall& consi$ere$
un$esirable6 but no recogniBe$ limits are lai$ $own3
TAB0LATION1
S-S% (F +EE)%E+T% T;-C84%SS T;-C84%SS (F
E+:E%
@mm7
9%4ET; (F
E+:E%
@mm7
2+SS-4E
T;)(:E;
-S S%-V%
)%T+-4%. (4
-S S%-V%
S34o3 S-%V% T(T9
+#(:4
T
@8g7
F9+8-4%SS
2+SS-4E
@g7
%9(4E+T-(4
)%T+-4%.
@g7
RES0LT1
Fla/iness in$e0 o the given sample aggregate ?
%longation in$e0 o the given sample aggregate ?
IN-ERENCE1
ABRASION TEST
E).N+ Date1
Am1
T+ 4ete$m"e t&e a%$a'+" 7a6#e +8 !7e" a!!$e!ate 'am*6e %9 5+"4#5t"! L+' A"!6e'
a%$a'+" te't.
A**a$at#' $e3#$e41
L+' A"!6e' a**a$at#': IS Se7e: We!&t"! Ba6a"5e.
.$+5e4#$e1
1. C6ea" a"4 4$9 a!!$e!ate 'am*6e 5+"8$m"! t+ +"e +8 t&e !$a4"! A t+ G ' #'e4 8+$ t&e
te't.
2. A!!$e!ate ;e!&"! 5<! 8+$ !$a4"! A: B: C +$ D a"4 10/! 8+$ !$a4"! E: - +$ G ma9
%e ta<e" a' te't '*e5me" a"4 *6a5e4 " t&e 596"4e$.
3. T&e a%$a'7e 5&a$!e ' a6'+ 5&+'e" " a55+$4a"5e a"4 *6a5e4 " t&e 596"4e$ +8 t&e
ma5&"e: a"4 5+7e$ ' 8)e4 t+ ma<e 4#'t t!&t.
4. T&e ma5&"e ' $+tate4 at a '*ee4 +8 30 t+ 33 $e7+6#t+"' *e$ m"#te.
5. T&e ma5&"e ' $+tate4 8+$ 500 $e7+6#t+"' 8+$ !$a4"!' A: B: C a"4 D: 8+$ !$a4"!' E:
- a"4 G: t '&a66 %e $+tate4 8+$ 1000 $e7+6#t+"'.
=. A8te$ t&e 4e'$e4 "#m%e$ +8 $e7+6#t+"' t&e ma5&"e ' 't+**e4 a"4 t&e mate$a6 '
4'5&a$!e4 8$+m t&e ma5&"e ta<"! 5a$e t+ ta<e +#t e"t$e 't+"e 4#'t.
7. 0'"! a 'e7e +8 '>e 6a$!e$ t&a" 1.70mm IS 'e7e: t&e mate$a6 ' 8$'t 'e*a$ate4 "t+
t;+ *a$t' a"4 t&e 8"e$ *+'t+" ' ta<e" +#t a"4 'e7e4 8#$t&e$ +" a 1.7mm IS 'e7e.
?. Let t&e +$!"a6 ;e!&t +8 a!!$e!ate %e W1!m: ;e!&t +8 a!!$e!ate $eta"e4 +"
1.70mm IS 'e7e a8te$ t&e te't %e W2!m.
O%'e$7at+" a"4 Ca65#6at+"
S6."+ Deta6' +8 Sam*6e T$a6 1 T$a6 2 A7e$a!e
1 We!&t +8 'am*6e @ W1!
2 We!&t +8 'am*6e a8te$ a%$a'+" te't: 5+a$'e$ t&a"
1.70mm IS 'e7e @W2!
3 .e$5e"ta!e ;ea$ @ AAW1 B W2CDW1CE100
Re'#6t1
T&e a7e$a!e 7a6#e +8 L+' A"!6e' A%$a'+" Te't ' FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFG
27a 7+5e1
1. T&e a%$a'+" 7a6#e 8+#"4 8$+m L+' A"!e6e' te't 8+$ t;+ a!!$e!ate' A a"4 B a$e 50G
a"4 3?G $e'*e5t7e69. W&5& a!!$e!ate ' &a$4e$H W&9H -+$ ;&at t9*e' +8
5+"'t$#5t+"' a$e t&e'e '#ta%6eH
2. W&9 L+' A"!e6e' a%$a'+" te't ' 5+"'4e$e4 '#*e$+$ t+ t&e +t&e$ 8+$m +8 te't' ;&5&
a$e #'e4 t+ 4ete$m"e t&e &a$4"e'' +8 a!!$e!ate'H
3.T;+ mate$a6' &a7e a%$a'+" 7a6#e' 3 a"4 10 $e'*e5t7e69. W&5&
+"e ' &a$4e$ a"4 ;&9H
L+' A"!e6e' A%$a'+" Te't"! ,a5&"e
WATER ABSOR.TION TEST ON COARSE AGGREGATE
E)* N+1 Date1
Am1
T+ 4ete$m"e t&e ;ate$ a%'+$*t+" +8 !7e" 5+a$'e a!!$e!ate
A**a$at#' $e3#$e 41
C+"ta"e$: Ba6a"5e: E6e5t$5 O7e"
.$+5e4#$e.
1C T&e 5+a$'e a!!$e!ate *a''"! t&$+#!& IS 10mm 'e7e ' ta<e" a%+#t 200!.
2C T&e9 a$e 4$e4 " a" +7e" at a tem*e$at#$e +8 110
+
I5
+
C 8+$ 24 &+#$'.
3C T&e 5+a$'e a!!$e!ate ' 5++6e4 t+ $++m tem*e$at#$e.
4C It' ;e!&t ' ta<e" a' AW1!C
5C T&e 4$e4 5+a$'e a!!$e!ate ' mme$'e4 " 56ea" ;ate$ at a tem*e$at#$e 27
+
I2
+
C
8+$ 24 &+#$'.
=C T&e 5+a$'e a!!$e!ate ' $em+7e4 8$+m ;ate$ a"4 ;*e4 +#t +8 t$a5e' +8 ;ate$
;t& a 56+t&
7C Wt&" t&$ee m"#te' 8$+m t&e $em+7a6 +8 ;ate$: t&e ;e!&t +8 5+a$'e a!!$e!ate
W2 '
8+#"4 +#t
?C T&e a%+7e *$+5e4#$e ' $e*eate4 8+$ 7a$+#' 'am*6e'.
O%'e$7at+" a"4 Ca65#6at+"1
Sam*6e We!&t +8 +7e" 4$e4 We!&t +8 We!&t +8 ;ate$ G +8 ;ate$ a%'+$*t+"
N+. '*e5me" AW1C ! 'at#$ate4 a%'+$%e4 @AW3DW1C ) 100
'*e5me" AW2C ! W3@AW2-W1C !
We!&t +8 4$9 'am*6e +8 5+a$'e a!!$e!ate W1 @
We!&t +8 'at#$ate4 '*e5me" W2 @
We!&t +8 ;ate$ a%'+$%e4 W @ W2 B W1 @
.e$5e"ta!e +8 ;ate$ a%'+$*t+" AW 2 B W1C
--------------- )
100 @
W1
Re'#6t1
Wate$ a%'+$*t+" +8 t&e 5+a$'e a!!$e!ate ' FFFFFFFFFFFF
27a 7+5e1
1. H+; 4+e' t&e Wate$ a%'+$*t+" +8 t&e 5+a$'e a!!$e!ate a88e5t' t&e m) 4e'!" +8
5+"5$eteH
41
DETER,INATION O- D0CTILITY O- BIT0,EN
E).N+ Date1
AI,1
To $etermine the $uctilit& o the given bitumen
A..ARAT0S1
.uctilit& testing machine6 Bri5uette6 1ater bath
.ROCED0RE1
17 The bri5uette specimens are mounte$ on the bracelets the holes in the lips o the
moul$s shoul$ sli$e with the pin on the opposite bracelets3
27 The water in the water bath is at level 1,cm above the top surace o the bri5uette3
37 The initial rea$ing on the scale is note$3
47 The mortar is switche$ on so as to give the rate o pulse o sum per minute3
57 The movable bracelet moves stretching the bituminous material until the bri5uette
rupture3
!7 The inal rea$ing on the scale as in$icate$ b& points is ta/en3
"7 Three tests are conclu$e$ an$ the average value is oun$3
TAB0LATION1
S34o3 S2%C-#%4 .:CT-9-TJ @cm7
- -- ---
RES0LT1
The $uctilit& o the given specimen is
IN-ERENCE1
42
.ENETRATION TEST
E).N+ Date1
43
AI,1
To $etermine the har$ness o sotness o the given bitumen specimen3
A..ARAT0S1
17 :niversal penetrometer
27 Stan$ar$ loa$e$ nee$le
37 1eight
47 Stop watch
THEORY1
The har$ness or sotness is $etermine$ b& measuring the $epth b& a stan$ar$ nee$le on 5
secon$s measure$ in 1>1,
th
o the millimeter sample is maintaine$ at 25TC3
.RINCI.LE1
17 The bitumen is sotene$ to a proving consistenc& stirre$ thoroughl& an$ poure$ into
container to a $epth at least 15mm in e0cess o the e0pecte$ penetration place$ in a
temperature controlle$ water bath o 25,TC or 1 hour3 4ee$le is a$Fuste$ to Fust the
surace3 The initial rea$ing on the $ial gauge o rea$ing ater 5 secon$s is note$3 Test
is repeate$ thrice3
27 %ach time nee$le us ta/en out wipe$ with benBene3 #ean penetration o 3 tests ?
penetration value3
37 Bitumen gra$e is speciie$ in terms o penetration value $epen$s on <
i7 2ouring temperature
ii7 SiBe o nee$le
iii7 1eight place$3
47 -n -n$ia6 it various rom 2,-25 gra$e = 3,>4, in hot bitumen
Era$e = ',>1,,3
SETTING O- A .ENETRO,ETER1
17 The penetrometer is place$ on a acilit& surace b& a$Fusting the leveling crew3
27 The height o the hea$ is a$Fuste$ an$ $ampe$3
37 The hea$ is increase$ rom top o rame o a$$itional weights are to be a$$e$3 The
plunger is place$ in its position an$ i0e$ the bitumen nee$le is $ampe$3
.ROCED0RE1
17 The bitumen specimen is hea$e$ to viscosit& temperature3 The sample is stirre$ to
remove air bubble3
27 The sample is poure$ in the sample container to a $epth o at least 4,mm3 The
specimen in container is allowe$ to cool or 1 hour in room temperature3
37 + 5,g weight is a$$e$ to ma/e the total moving weight as long as to test the
specimen3
44
47 The specimen is place$ on the table an$ hea$ is a$Fuste$ to the top o nee$le
coinci$es3
57 The in$icator nee$le o $ial gauge is a$Fuste$ to rea$ Bero3
!7 The $iameter start is switche$ on an$ the nee$le is allowe$ to penetrate into the
specimen or 5 secon$s3
"7 The inal rea$ing in $ial gauge is note$ $own3
'7 )epeat the e0periment or three penetrations on same specimen at least 1,mm apart3
*7 The inal rea$ing in $ial gauge is note$ or 3 trials an$ tabulate$3
1,7 The mean value o 3 penetrations an$ measurements give the penetration value o
specimen3
TAB0LATION1
S34o3 T-#% @Sec7 2%4%T)+T-(4 V+9:%S
-nitial Final
RES0LT1
The penetration value o the given specimen is
IN-ERENCE1
DETER,INATION O- SO-TENING .OINT O- BIT0,EN
E).N+ Date1
AI,1
To $etermine the sotening point o the given sample3
A..ARAT0S1
)ing an$ ball apparatus6 Steel bar6 Brass ring6 Thermometer6 Bath6 Stirrer
.ROCED0RE1
2reparation o test sample<
17 ;eat the material to a temperature o "5TC an$ 1,,TC above the sotening point3 Stir
until it is completel& lui$ an$ ree rom air bubbles an$ water3
45
27 Filter the necessar& through -S sieve 3,3
37 2lace the rings previousl& heate$ to a temperature appro0imatel& to that o molten
with a mi0ture o e5ual parts o gl&cerience6 $octrine an$ ull wi$th suicient3
47 #elt to give an e0cess above the level o the ring b& removing the e0cess with a
warme$ sharp /nie3
57 +ssemble the apparatus with the rings3 Thermometer an$ ball gui$es in position an$
ell the bath to a height o 5,mm above the upper upper surace o the rings with
reshl& boile$ $istille$ water at a temperature o 5TC or 15 minutes o ater which
place a ball previousl& coole$ to a temperature o 5TC b& means o orcing in each
ball gui$e3 +ppl& heat to the ball stir the li5ui$ to that the temperature rises at uniorm
rate o 5-,35O per min3 :ntil material sotens an$ allows ball to pass through ring3
The rate o temperature r1Uise shall not be average over the perio$ o test an$ an& test
in which the rate o temperature rise $oes not all within the speciie$ limit ater the
irst three minutes shall @or7 reFecte$ ma/e the $etermination in $uplicate3
RES0LT1
The sotening point in the given bitumen sample is
IN-ERENCE1
4!
4"