OH

Preparation of Ethanol in Laboratory : Fermentation

a. Fermentation : The reaction in which yeast convert glucose, C
6
H
12
O
6
into ethanol, C
2
H
5
OH
and CO
2
.
b. During the fermentation process :
zymase enzyme in yeast acts on glucose to convert it to ethanol and CO
2








c. The ethanol, C
2
H
5
OH that is produced is purified through distillation


PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ETHANOL
1. Clear and colourless liquid. It has a sharp smell
2. Simple alcohols are very soluble in water
3. It is very volatile because it has a low boiling point, 78
o
C

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ETHANOL
Combustion
Oxidation
Dehydration

A. Combustion
i. Complete combustion - produced CO
2
and water.
C
2
H
5
OH + 3O
2
2CO
2
+ 3H
2
O

ii. Incomplete combustion - produced C, CO and water
C
2
H
5
OH (l) + 2O
2
(g) 2CO (g) + 3H
2
O(l)
C
2
H
5
OH (l) + O
2
(g) 2C (g) + 3H
2
O(l)

B. Oxidation
i. Oxidation reaction : a substance combines with oxygen


ii. Oxidizing agent : Acidified Potassium dichromate (VI), K
2
Cr
2
O
7
solution






iii. Alcohols can be easily oxidised to carboxylic acids


In oxidation process :
The dichromate (VI) ion, Cr
2
O
7
2-
is reduced to the chromium (III), Cr
3+

The dichromate (VI) ion, Cr
2
O
7
2-
is orange colour and the chromium (III), Cr
3+
is
green.

C. Dehydration
i. In dehydration : water is removed from ethanol, C
2
H
5
OH alcohols changed to alkenes
ii. 2 methods to carry out a dehydration of ethanol in the laboratory :
1. Ethanol vapour is passes over a heated catalyst such as unglazed porcelain chips,
porous pot, pumice stone or aluminium oxide

2. Ethanol is heated under reflux at 180
o
C with excess concentrated sulphuric acid









































PREPARATION OF ETHANOIC ACID
i. Prepared in laboratory by oxidation of ethanol by heated under reflux
ethanol + potassium dichromate (VI) + dilute H
2
SO
4


ii Oxidation agent : K
2
Cr
2
O
7
/ H
+

iii. Heating under reflux :
Reason : Ethanol & ethanoic acid are volatile liquids
iv. Main aims :
prevent volatile substances from escaping into the atmosphere
to ensure that the reaction goes to completion

Preparation of ethanoic acid


PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ETHANOIC ACID
1. Colourless liquid
2. Pure ethanoic acid is known as glacial ethanoic acid (without water)
3. Sour smell like vinegar
4. Ethanoic acid is very soluble in water


CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ETHANOIC ACID
1. Acid Properties
- weak monoprotic acid.
- Ionises partially in water to produce low concentration of H
+


2. Undergoes combustion produce CO
2
and H
2
O

3. Reaction of ethanoic acid with :

a. Reaction with metals
- produce salt and hydrogen.(metal under Hydrogen no reaction)
2CH
3
COOH + Mg (CH
3
COO)
2
Mg + H
2


b. Reaction with bases
- produce salt and water
CH
3
COOH + NaOH CH
3
COONa

+ H
2
O

c. Reaction with carbonate
- produce salt, CO
2
, water
2CH
3
COOH + Na
2
CO
3
2CH
3
COONa

+ CO
2
+ H
2
O



Uses of












































Uses of Carboxylic Acid
1. Methanoic acid (formic acid) : coagulate latex
2. Vinegar : solution that containing 5% ethanoic acid
3. Carboxylic acid : used in manufacture of polyesters and polyamides - fibers used in textile
industry
4. Ethanoic acid : used with other chemicals to make drugs, dyes, paints, insecticides and
plastics
5. Benzoic acid : preservative in foods















FOUND NATURALLY IN : FLOWERS AND FRUITS
NATURAL SOURCES OF ESTER
example :
Pentyl ethanoate : banana
Ethyl butanoate : pineapple
Animal fats , milk fat and vegetable oil, palm oil
waxes : solid esters- long chain alcohol

USES OF ESTERS IN EVERYDAY LIFE :
natural fats (triesters of glyserol): storage reserve of energy
Parabens : food and drugs preservatives : prevent the growth of microorganisms
Ester with low molecular mass : preparation of cosmetics and perfumes

Ester used as food additives:
To improve the flavor and smell of processed foods
example :
Pentyl ethanoate : bananas
Ethyl butanoate : pineapple
Octyl ethanoate : apples
Isoamyl isovalerate : oil of wintergreen
Pentyl butanoate : apricot