Technology (from Greek ,

techne, "art, skill, cunning of

hand"; and -, -logia
[1]
) is
the making, modification, usage,
and knowledge of tools,
machines, techniques, crafts,
systems, and methods of
organization, in order to solve a
problem, improve a pre-existing
solution to a problem, achieve a
goal, handle an applied
input/output relation or perform
a specific function. It can also
refer to the collection of such
tools, including machinery,
modifications, arrangements and
procedures. Technologies
significantly affect human as
well as other animal species'
ability to control and adapt to
their natural environments. The
term can either be applied
generally or to specific areas:
examples include construction
technology, medical technology,
and information technology.
The human species' use of
technology began with the
conversion of natural resources
into simple tools. The
prehistorical discovery of the
ability to control fire increased
the available sources of food and
the invention of the wheel
helped humans in travelling in
and controlling their
environment. Recent
technological developments,
including the printing press, the
telephone, and the Internet, have
lessened physical barriers to
communication and allowed
humans to interact freely on a
global scale. However, not all
technology has been used for
peaceful purposes; the
development of weapons of
ever-increasing destructive
power has progressed
throughout history, from clubs
to nuclear weapons.
Technology has affected society
and its surroundings in a number
of ways. In many societies,
technology has helped develop
more advanced economies
(including today's global
economy) and has allowed the
rise of a leisure class. Many
technological processes produce
unwanted by-products, known
as pollution, and deplete natural
resources, to the detriment of
Earth's environment. Various
implementations of technology
influence the values of a society
and new technology often raises
new ethical questions. Examples
include the rise of the notion of
efficiency in terms of human
productivity, a term originally
applied only to machines, and
the challenge of traditional
norms.
Philosophical debates have
arisen over the present and
future use of technology in
society, with disagreements over
whether technology improves
the human condition or worsens
it. Neo-Luddism, anarcho-
primitivism, and similar
movements criticise the
pervasiveness of technology in
the modern world, opining that
it harms the environment and
alienates people; proponents of
ideologies such as
transhumanism and techno-
progressivism view continued
technological progress as
beneficial to society and the
human condition. Indeed, until
recently, it was believed that the
development of technology was
restricted only to human beings,
but recent scientific studies
indicate that other primates and
certain dolphin communities
have developed simple tools and
learned to pass their knowledge
to other generations.
The term "technology" rose to
prominence in the 20th century in
connection with the Second
Industrial Revolution. The term's
meanings changed in the early 20th
century when American social
scientists, beginning with Thorstein
Veblen, translated ideas from the
German concept of Technik into
"technology". In German and other
European languages, a distinction
exists between technik and
technologie that is absent in
English, which usually translates
both terms as "technology". By the
1930s, "technology" referred not
only to the study of the industrial
arts but to the industrial arts
themselves.

Superstition
1. any belief, based on
fear or ignorance, that
is inconsistent with the
known laws of science
or with what is
generally considered in
the particular society as
true and rational; esp.,
such a belief in charms,
omens, the
supernatural, etc.
2. any action or practice
based on such a belief
3. such beliefs
collectively
4. Superstition is the
belief in supernatural
causalitythat one
event leads to the cause
of another without any
natural process linking
the two eventssuch
as astrology, religion,
omens, witchcraft,
prophecies, etc., that
contradicts natural
science.
[1]


Natural science

natural science
Use Natural science in a
sentence
natural science
noun
a science or knowledge of
objects or processes observable
in nature, as biology or physics,
as distinguished from the
abstract or theoretical sciences,
as mathematics or philosophy.
1. the sciences collectively that
are involved in the study of
the physical world and its
phenomena, including
biology, physics, chemistry,
and geology, but excluding
social sciences, abstract or
theoretical sciences, such as
mathematics, and applied
sciences
Applied science

applied science
applied science

noun
the discipline dealing with the
art or science of applying
scientific knowledge to practical
problems; "he had trouble
deciding which branch of
engineering to study"
Social science

social science
Use Social science in a sentence
social science
noun
1.
the study of society and social
behavior.
2.
a science or field of study, as
history, economics, etc., dealing
with an aspect of society or
forms of social activity.
1. the study of society and of
the relationship of individual
members within society,
including economics,
history, political science,
psychology, anthropology,
and sociology
Literature

Literature, in its broadest
sense, is any written
work; etymologically the
term derives from Latin
literatura/litteratura
"writing formed with
letters", although some
definitions include spoken
or sung texts. More
restrictively, it is writing
that possesses literary
merit, and language that
foregrounds literariness,
as opposed to ordinary
language. Literature can
be classified according to
whether it is fiction or
non-fiction, and whether
it is poetry or prose; it can
be further distinguished
according to major forms
such as the novel, short
story or drama; and
works are often
categorised according to
historical periods, or
according to their
adherence to certain
aesthetic features or
expectations
Definitions of literature
have varied over time; it
is a "culturally relative
definition".
[3]
In Western
Europe prior to the
eighteenth century,
literature as a term
indicated all books and
writing.
[3]
A more
restricted sense of the
term emerged during the
Romantic period, in which
it began to demarcate
"imaginative"
literature.
[4][5]

Contemporary debates
over what constitutes
literature can be seen as
returning to the older,
more inclusive notion of
what constitutes
literature. Cultural
studies, for instance,
takes as its subject of
analysis both popular and
minority genres, in
addition to canonical
works.
[3]

Kinds of Literature

Fictional Literature
Drama: Drama is the theatrical
dialog performed on stage, it
consists of 5 acts. Tragedy,
comedy and melodrama are the
sub types of drama. e.g William
Shakespeare, an Elizabethan
dramatist composed the plays
Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, King
Lear that are famous because of
its combination of tragedy and
comedy. Problem play, farce,
fantasy, monologue and comedy
of manners are some kinds of
drama.

Tragedy: It is a story of the
major character who faces bad
luck. Tragedy, elements of
horrors and struggle usually
concludes with the death of a
person. The Illiad and The
Odyssey by Homer are the two
famous Greek tragedies.

Comedy: The lead character
overcomes the conflicts and
overall look of the comedy is
full of laughter and the issues
are handled very lightly. The
elements used in the comedy are
romanticism, exaggeration,
surprises and a comic view of
life.

Melodrama: Melodrama is a
blend of two nouns - 'melody'
and 'drama'. It is a musical play
most popular by 1840. Uncle
Tom's Cabin is one of the most
popular plays describing cruelty
of labor life. It has happy ending
like comedy.

Tragicomedy: The play that
begins with serious mode but
has a happy ending is
tragicomedy.

Prose Literature
History, journalism, philosophy,
fiction and fantasy writings,
scientific writings, children's
literature authors and writers are
included in Prose Literature.

Myth
Myths are the fairy tales with
lots of adventure, magic and it
lacks scientific proof. Nursery
rhymes, songs and lullabies are
forms of myths that strike the
interest of children. Creative and
nature myth are stories of the
stars and moon. Magic tales are
wonderful tales of quests and
fantasy. Hero myths are ideal
heroes of adventure.

Short story
The small commercial fiction,
true or imaginary, smaller than a
novel is known as short story.
Short stories are well-grouped
that followed the sequence of
easy and no complexity in
beginning, concrete theme, some
dialogs and ends with resolution.
They are oral and short-lived
which have gossip, joke, fable,
myth, parable, hearsay and
legend.

Novel
Novel can be based on comic,
crime, detective, adventurous,
romantic or political story
divided into many parts.

The major kinds of novels are:

Allegory: The symbolic story
revolves around two meanings.
What the writer says directly is
totally different from the
conveyed meanings at the end.
Political and Historical allegory
are two forms of Allegory.

Comedy: Satire is very common
form in comedy novels and tries
to focus on the facts of the
society and their desires.

Epistolary: The collection of
letters or mails is the epistolary
novels. Samuel Richardson's
Pamela and Henry Fielding's
Joseph Andrew are the few
examples of Epistolary novels.

Feminist: These types of novels
are written by women writers
around the world to describe the
place of women in a male
dominated society. E.g Virginia
Woolf's "A Room of one's
Own".

Gothic: Gothic fiction is the
combination of both horror and
romance. Melodrama and
parody were grouped in the
Gothic literature in its early
stages.

Ironic: Ironic novels are known
for excessive use of narrative
technique. It is satire on the
contemporary society about
cultural, social and political
issues.

Realism: The realistic novels are
based on the truths of ordinary
society and their problems. It
focuses on the plot, structure
and the characters of the novel.

Romance: Love and relationship
topics are handled optimistically
in the romantic novels. It
originated in western countries;
basically the story revolves
around love affairs of main
characters. Some popular sub
categories of romantic novels
are paranormal, erotic, suspense,
multicultural and inspirational
romance.

Narration: In narrative style,
writer becomes the third person
who narrates whole story around
the characters.

Naturalism: Naturalism is based
on the theory of Darwin.

Picaresque: It is opposite to
romance novels as it involves
ideals, themes and principles
that refuse the so-called
prejudices of the society.

Psychological: It's the
psychological prospective of
mind with a resolution.

Satire: Satirical novels criticize
the contemporary society. The
most famous novels are
Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's
Travels (1726), Kingsley Amis's
Lucky Jim (1954), George
Orwell's Animal Farm and
Randell Jarrell's Pictures from
an Institution (1954).

Stream of Consciousness: James
Joyce's stream of consciousness
is all about the thought coming
up in the minds of the readers.

A novel also constitutes
categories on social and political
aspects like proletarian,
psychological, protest novel,
government, didactic, materialist
novel, allegorical novel, novel
of engagement, naturalistic
novel, Marxist novel, radical
novel, revolutionary novel, anti-
war novel, utopian novel,
futuristic novel, anarchist novel,
problem novel, social
philosophy novel, novel of
ideas, problem play and
speculative novel.

Folk Tale
Folk Tales are traditional stories
that have been creating interest
since ancient times. The children
and old persons like religious
story, magic and superstition as
well. Fable, tall tales,
cumulative, trickster and
proverbs are the sub categories
of folk tales. Mythology or
legend is the ancient religious
stories of origin and human
civilization such as story of
Robin Hood.
Read more at Buzzle:
http://www.buzzle.com/articles/t
ypes-of-literature.html
Types of poetry
Poetry is the spontaneous
overflow of powerful feelings
recollected in the tranquility.
Greek poetry is found in free
verse and we have rhymes in the
Persian poem. Are you
wondering how to write a poem,
here are the followings forms of
poem?

Sonnet: Sonnet is the short poem
of 14 lines grouped into
Shakespearean and Italian
sonnets.

Ballad: The poems that are on
the subject matter of love and
sung by the poet or group of
singers as telling readers a story.

Elegy: This type of poem is the
lamenting of the death of a
person or his near one. Elegy
Written in Country Churchyard
by Thomas Gray is one of the
famous poems marked as sad
poems of the ages.

Ode: Ode is the formal and long
poem serious in nature.

Allegory: Allegory is the
famous form of poetry and is
loved by the readers because of
its two symbolic meanings. One
is the literal meaning and
another is the deep meaning.

Epic and Mock epic: Epics are
the narrative poems that convey
moral and culture of that period.
The Odyssey and Iliad are one
of the largest philosophical epics
written by Samuel Butler. Rape
of the Lock is the great mock
epic focusing on the minor
incident of cutting of a curl.

Lyric: It has Greek origin that
gives a melody of imagery. It is
the direct appeal of a poet to the
readers about any incident or
historical events. Lyrics are
most of the time similar to ode
or sonnets in the form.
Read more at Buzzle:
http://www.buzzle.com/articles/t
ypes-of-literature.html
Prose is a form of language that
possesses ordinary syntax and
natural speech rather than
rhythmic structure; in which
regard, along with its
measurement in sentences rather
than lines, it differs from
poetry.
[18][22]
On the historical
development of prose, Richard
Graff notes that "[In the case of
Ancient Greece] recent
scholarship has emphasized the
fact that formal prose was a
comparatively late development,
an "invention" properly
associated with the classical
period".
[23]

Novel: a long fictional
prose narrative. It was
the form's close relation
to real life that
differentiated it from
the chivalric
romance;
[24][25]
in most
European languages the
equivalent term is
roman, indicating the
proximity of the
forms.
[25]
In English,
the term emerged from
the Romance languages
in the late fifteenth
century, with the
meaning of "news"; it
came to indicate
something new,
without a distinction
between fact or
fiction.
[26]
Although
there are many
historical prototypes,
so-called "novels
before the novel",
[27]

the modern novel form
emerges late in cultural
historyroughly
during the eighteenth
century.
[28]
Initially
subject to much
criticism, the novel has
acquired a dominant
position amongst
literary forms, both
popularly and
critically.
[25][29][30]

Novella: in purely
quantitative terms, the
novella exists between
the novel and short
story; the publisher
Melville House
classifies it as "Too
short to be a novel, too
long to be a short
story".
[31]
There is no
precise definition in
terms of word or page
count.
[32]
Literary
prizes and publishing
houses often have their
own arbitrary limits,
[33]

which vary according
to their particular
intentions.
Summarising the
variable definitions of
the novella, William
Giraldi concludes "[it is
a form] whose identity
seems destined to be
disputed into
perpetuity".
[34]
It has
been suggested that the
size restriction of the
form produces various
stylistic results, both
some that are shared
with the novel or short
story,
[35][36]
and others
unique to the form.
[37]

Short story: a dilemma
in defining the "short
story" as a literary form
is how to, or whether
one should, distinguish
it from any short
narrative; hence it also
has a contested
origin,
[38]
variably
suggested as the
earliest short narratives
(e.g. the Bible), early
short story writers (e.g.
Edgar Allan Poe), or
the clearly modern
short story writers (e.g.
Anton Chekhov).
[39]

Apart from its distinct
size, various theorists
have suggested that the
short story has a
characteristic subject
matter or
structure;
[40][41]
these
discussions often
position the form in
some relation to the
novel.
[42]


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If you are spooked
by Friday the 13th,
you're in for a
whammy of a year.
This week's
unlucky day is the
first of three for
2012. And it would
come as no surprise
if many among us
hold at least some
fear of freaky
Friday, as we
humans are a
superstitious lot.
Many superstitions
stem from the same
human trait that
causes us to believe
in monsters and
ghosts: When our
brains can't explain
something, we
make stuff up. In
fact, a 2010 study
found that
superstitions can
sometimes work,
because believing
in something can
improve
performance on a
task.
Here, then, are 13
of the most
common
superstitions.
13. Beginner's
luck
Usually grumbled
by an expert who
just lost a game to a
novice, "beginner's
luck" is the idea
that newbies are
unusually likely to
win when they try
out a sport, game or
activity for the first
time.
Beginners might
come out ahead in
some cases because
the novice is less
stressed out about
winning. Too much
anxiety, after all,
can hamper
performance. Or it
could just be a
statistical fluke,
especially in
chance-based
gambling games.
Or, like many
superstitions, a
belief in beginner's
luck might arise
because of
confirmation bias.
Confirmation bias
is a psychological
phenomenon in
which people are
more likely to
remember events
that fit their
worldview. If you
believe you're
going to win
because you're a
beginner, you're
more likely to
remember all the
times you were
right and forget
the times you
ended up in last
place.
12. Find a penny,
pick it up
And all day long,
you'll have good
luck. This little
ditty may arise
because finding
money is lucky in
and of itself. But it
might also be a
spin-off of another
old rhyme, "See a
pin, pick it up/ and
all day long you'll
have good luck/
See a pin, let it lay/
and your luck will
pass away."
11. Don't walk
under that ladder!
Frankly, this
superstition is
pretty practical.
Who wants to be
responsible for
stumbling and
knocking a
carpenter off his
perch? But one
theory holds that
this superstition
arises from a
Christian belief in
the Holy Trinity:
Since a ladder
leaning against a
wall forms a
triangle, "breaking"
that triangle was
blasphemous.
Then again, another
popular theory is
that a fear of
walking under a
ladder has to do
with its
resemblance to a
medieval gallows.
We're sticking with
the safety-first
explanation for this
one.