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The purpose of this report is to provide knowledge and information about the
management and equipments used in NTC Pakistan.
The focus of this program is on the opportunities and resources (computer,
telecommunication, networks, software, data and people) that organiation uses.
NTC provide the qualit! of work and connectivit! to ever! subscriber equall!.
Acknowledgement:
"ur special thanks to NTC #!d department to provide us the useful and
valuable information. The NTC provides a reall! good service to the interns.
The emplo!ees of both sections (Transmission and $witching) are responsible
and hard working. %e are ver! much thankful to &'()s of both the sections, (ngg*
&li +uhammad and (ngg* %ahab to provide us a ver! friendl! environment and to
teach us from the basic of the s!stem up to the peak of the new technolog!.
The teachings contain the core information about the transmission process of
the NTC , that how the data is transmitted on the media and Switching, in which
we got the full information of that how a call is connected through the far awa!
distances and to other providers. ,t also contains man! other e-periences like
working in an o.ce environment, facing the real problems, troubleshooting the
equipments and man! more.
%e are ver! much thankful again to all the sta/ of the NTC and the NTC
Corporation.
NATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION CORPORATION (NTC):
NTC is a government based Telecommunication Service provider Company in Pakistan. NTC
provides Telecommunication Services to government organizations and their employees.
HISTORY OF NTC:
NTC was formed in 1! by a Telecommunication "eorganization
act through which Pakistan Telecommunication Company #PTC$ was split into two Companies
NTC and PTC%. The main ob&ective was to have an infrastructure independent of all other
operators that can be used for the purpose of government communication and as an alternative
support for the operators entering the market.
ORGANIZATIONAL HIRARCHI OF NTC:
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Transmission
RECTIFIER:
There is a Siemens "ectifier S'( )* in NTC which is used to convert
alternating current #+C$, which periodically reverses direction, to direct current #-C pulsating$,
which is in only one direction. The "ectifier provides the ). volts to the system and provides
remaining volts to the batteries to charge them. /n the case of failing of electricity rectifier will
use the batteries as a power source.
There is 0 phase line power supply connected in rectifier. The rectifier provided 1* amp current
and 20.0 voltages to the system. There are two rectifiers uses, another for backup in case of
faulty of one.
POWER IN NTC:
There are two alternative sources of power which are further used to
provide the backup power to the system in case of failing of electricity provided by the 3(SC4.
15 6enerator
15 7atteries
BATTERY ROOM:
/n the 7attery "oom there are two sets of batteries connected in series, each
battery set contains 1) battery cells, each cell of 1 volts, to provides 8). volts to the system.
The Telecommunications e9uipment is operated on -C power #typically 8). volts$. -uring
normal operation when utility power is available, the telecommunications #load$ e9uipment is
operated from the -C power supplied from the rectifiers, which also serve to maintain full
charge on the battery systems. /n the event of a utility failure, the load is supported from the
battery until an emergency power source can be applied, such as a generator.
The main purpose of using two battery sets is that if one set is getting faulty, then we have
another set for backup use.
GENERATOR:
+n electric generator is a device that converts mechanical energy into
electrical energy. /t is used to provide electricity in case of electricity unavailable from 3(SC4.
Transmission
Transmission #in telecommunications$ is the process of sending, propagating and receiving an
analogue or digital information signal over a physical point8to8point or point8to8multipoint
transmission medium, either wired, optical fiber or wireless. Transmission technologies and
schemes typically refer to physical layer protocol duties such as modulation, demodulation, line
coding, e9ualization, error control, bit synchronization and multiple:ing, but the term may also
involve higher8layer protocol duties, for e:ample, digitizing an analog message signal, and
source coding #compression$.
Transmission of a digital message, or of a digitized analog signal, is known as data transmission
or digital communication.
T!"s O# Transmission
There are two types of transmissions5
1. Non8Physical Transmission.
1. Physical Transmission.
Non-Physical Transmission:
This t!pe of transmission is a t!pe of microwave transmission because it
deals with the frequencies (number of c!cles per seconds).
Microwave Frequency:
+icrowave frequenc! refers to an! frequenc! value within the
electromagnetic spectrum that is suitable for microwave data transmission.
+icrowave radio frequencies provide for the transport of all of !our important
microwave data.
Microwave Frequency sed for Telecom !ata Transmission
;icrowave fre9uencies are often used by telecommunications service providers to transmit
microwave data. Though microwave fre9uency technology has become less popular due to
advancement of cellular, satelite, and fiber transmission technologies, microwave e9uipment is
often deployed as a cost8effective alternative to fiber at very remote sites.
"hy use microwave frequencies#
atmospheric attenuation is low at microwave
frequencies,particularl! 45461#,apart from resonances due
to o-!gen and water molecules.
microwave signals will penetrate cloud and fog,in contrast to
visible radiation.
microwaves can continuousl! monitor ploar regions and
tropical forests that are often in darkness or covered in
clouds.
fairl! narrow beams can be obtained with resonabl! sied
antennas to give acceptable resolution.
$adio "aves:
0adio waves are a t!pe of electromagnetic radiation with
wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum longer than infrared
light. 3ike all other electromagnetic waves, the! travel at the
speed of light. Naturall!5occurring radio waves are made b!
lightning, or b! astronomical ob7ects. &rti8ciall!5generated radio
waves are used for 8-ed and mobile radio communication,
broadcasting, radar and other navigation s!stems, satellite
communication, computer networks and innumerable other
applications.
'i/erent frequencies of radio waves have di/erent
propagation characteristics in the (arth9s atmosphere: long waves
ma! cover a part of the (arth ver! consistentl!, shorter waves
can re;ect o/ the ionosphere and travel around the world, and
much shorter wavelengths bend or re;ect ver! little and travel on
a line of sight.
Frequency S%ectrum &f $adio "aves
Frequency !esignatio
n
A''reviatio
n
< 5 <6 # (-tremel! low
frequenc!
(3=
<6 5 <66 # $uper low
frequenc!
$3=
<66 5 <666 # >ltra low
frequenc!
>3=
< 5 <6 k# 2er! low
frequenc!
23=
<6 5 <66 k# 3ow frequenc! 3=
<66 k# 5 < +# +edium
frequenc!
+=
< 5 <6 +# #igh frequenc! #=
<6 5 <66 +# 2er! high
frequenc!
2#=
<66 +# 5 <
1#
>ltra high
frequenc!
>#=
< 5 <6 1# $uper high
frequenc!
$#=
<6 5 <66 1# (-tremel! high
frequenc!
(#=
Mo$%&a'ion
/n electronics, mo$%&a'ion is the process of varying one or more properties of a high8
fre9uency periodic waveform, called the carrier signal, with a modulating signal which typically
contains information to be transmitted. This is done in a similar fashion to a musician modulating
a tone #a periodic waveform$ from a musical instrument by varying its volume, timing and pitch.
The three key parameters of a periodic waveform are its amplitude #<volume<$, its phase
#<timing<$ and its fre9uency #<pitch<$. +ny of these properties can be modified in accordance
with a low fre9uency signal to obtain the modulated signal. Typically a high8fre9uency sinusoid
waveform is used as carrier signal, but a s9uare wave pulse train may also be used.
/n telecommunications, modulation is the process of conveying a message signal, for
e:ample a digital bit stream or an analog audio signal, inside another signal that can be
physically transmitted. ;odulation of a sine waveform is used to transform a baseband message
signal into a passband signal, for e:ample low8fre9uency audio signal into a radio8fre9uency
signal #"= signal$. /n radio communications, cable T' systems or the public switched telephone
network for instance, electrical signals can only be transferred over a limited passband fre9uency
spectrum, with specific #non8zero$ lower and upper cutoff fre9uencies. ;odulating a sine8wave
carrier makes it possible to keep the fre9uency content of the transferred signal as close as
possible to the centre fre9uency #typically the carrier fre9uency$ of the passband.
+ device that performs modulation is known as a modulator and a device that performs
the inverse operation of modulation is known as a demodulator #sometimes detector or demod$.
+ device that can do both operations is a modem #modulator>demodulator$.
T!"s o# Mo$%&a'ion
There are many ways to modulate a signal5
+mplitude ;odulation
=re9uency ;odulation
Phase ;odulation
Pulse ;odulation
1. Amplitude Modulation (AM)
+mplitude ;odulation occurs when a voice signal?s varying voltage is applied to a carrier
fre9uency. The carrier fre9uency?s amplitude changes in accordance with the modulated voice
signal, while the carrier?s fre9uency does not change.
@hen combined the resultant +; signal consists of the carrier fre9uency, plus APP(" and
%4@(" sidebands. This is known as -ouble Sideband 8 +mplitude ;odulation #-S78+;$, or
more commonly referred to as plain +;.
2. Frequency Modulation (FM)
=re9uency ;odulation occurs when a carrier?s C(NT(" fre9uency is changed based upon the
input signal?s amplitude. Anlike +mplitude ;odulation, the carrier signal?s amplitude is
ANC3+N6(-. This makes =; modulation more immune to noise than +; and improves the
overall signal8to8noise ratio of the communications system. Power output is also constant,
differing from the varying +; power output.
The amount of analog bandwidth necessary to transmit a =; signal is greater than the amount
necessary for +;, a limiting constraint for some systems.
3. Phase Modulation
Phase ;odulation is similar to =re9uency ;odulation. /nstead of the fre9uency of the carrier
wave changing, the P3+S( of the carrier changes.
+s you might imagine, this type of modulation is easily adaptable to data modulation
applications.
4. Pulse Modulation (PM)
@ith Pulse ;odulation, a <snapshot< #sample$ of the waveform is taken at regular intervals.
There are a variety of Pulse ;odulation schemes5
Pulse +mplitude ;odulation
Pulse Code ;odulation
Pulse =re9uency ;odulation