Countries of

the World
For Kids
Volume 1
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Gaucho image is copyright 2006 Jack Child
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gaucho,cattle.JW144.jpeg
The image of the boy on the cover is available at wpclipart.com


Introduction
There are almost 200 countries in the world, located on six
continents and scattered through oceans and seas. Countries of
the World for kids will introduce you to them. Volume 1
introduces ten countries: Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, American
Samoa, Andorra, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina,
Armenia and Aruba.
You will learn some basic facts about each country, such as
location, type of government, demography, topography and way
of life. You will also learn a little about the economy of each
country. Economics may be something new that you havent
learned before. There are explanations of many new words at the
top of each section. You should read and discuss these first.
Countries of the World for Kids will give you basic information
about each country that hopefully inspires you to learn even
more.
Table of Contents

Afghanistan ............................................................................................. 1
Albania .................................................................................................... 7
Algeria ................................................................................................... 14
American Samoa ................................................................................... 21
Andorra ................................................................................................. 27
Angola ................................................................................................... 33
Antigua and Barbuda ............................................................................ 40
Argentina .............................................................................................. 47
Armenia ................................................................................................ 53
Aruba .................................................................................................... 59



1

Afghanistan
Afghanistan is a country located in
Central Asia. It shares borders with
several other Asian countries: Iran,
Pakistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan,
and Turkmenistan. The stan in
Afghanistan means place.
Afghanistans form of government
is called an Islamic Republic. The
people elect leaders to make laws.
But the laws of an Islamic Republic
must be compatible with the rules
of the religion of Islam. The capital
city is Kabul.









2

Demography
Demography refers to the kinds of people who live in a place. An ethnic group is a
group of people who share a similar language, race and culture.

Afghanistan has a population
of almost 30 million people.
They are divided into
different ethnic groups. The
Pashtun and Tajik ethnic
groups are the largest.
Other ethnic groups are the
Hazara, Uzbek, Aimak and
Turkmen.

Dari and Pashto are the most widely spoken languages. Most
people practice a religion called Islam. People who practice Islam
are called Muslims.

Way of Life
Rural refers to the countryside. Resin is a sticky substance made by some trees
and plants. Trade means to buy and sell.

Afghanistan is a very poor
country. Most Afghans live in
rural areas. About 80 percent
of the population works in
farming. This is 4 out of every
5 people. The girl is this
picture is a goatherd.
Goatherds take care of goats.
3

Only about 12 percent of Afghan land is arable. Arable means
suitable for farming. Farmers grow many crops, such as wheat,
onions, potatoes, tomatoes, watermelons, grapes and almonds.
They also grow spices like cumin, saffron and turmeric.
Rural houses are often made
out of mud. A lot of people in
cities live in apartments.
Because so many people are
poor, many of the
apartments are run down
with no heating.
Most people are illiterate,
which means they cant read or write. Afghanistan is a war-torn
country, which makes life very hard for the people.
Boys and men in Afghanistan enjoy kite flying. Something called
kite fighting is very popular. The goal is to cut the string of your
opponents kite. Kite strings are coated with a sticky resin. Small
broken pieces of glass are stuck into the resin. When a kite string
is cut, the kite falls to the ground. Children called kite runners
run to pick up the fallen kite. Whoever gets the fallen kite first
can keep it.
Afghanistan has millions of
nomads called Kuchi.
Nomads move from place to
place. The Kuchi herd sheep
and goats. They live in tents.
Camels and donkeys carry
many of their belongings
when they move from place
to place. They trade meat, dairy products and wool.
4

Food and Drink
Tea is the most popular drink in
Afghanistan. People drink both
green and black tea. Rice dishes are
very popular. Qabli Pulao is a very
popular rice dish made with carrots
and raisins. It can be served with
chicken or lamb. Lamb Kabab is a
popular meat dish. Flat bread called
naan is the main type of bread. Yogurt, fruits and nuts are other
common foods.

Climate
Climate is the kind of weather an area has over a long period of time.

Afghanistan has a semi-arid steppe climate. It has hot
summers and frigid
winters. There are often
daily extremes in
temperature. It may be
freezing in the morning
but very hot during the
day. Most rain falls in
spring and fall.
Steppe regions usually have a lot of grasses and small shrubs.
There isnt enough rain for many large forests to grow.


5

Topography
Topography refers to various features on the Earth, such as mountains, valleys,
rivers and plateaus.

Afghanistan is a
landlocked country. This
means that it is
completely surrounded by
other countries. It has no
coasts with direct access
to an ocean or sea.
Mountains cover large
parts of the country. The
largest mountain range in Afghanistan is the 500 mile Hindu
Kush, which separates Afghanistan from Pakistan. The country
also has many fertile valleys. Farmers grow crops in these
valleys. They also provide grazing land for sheep and goats.
Afghanistan doesnt have many forests. Trees are being cut down
for firewood, so the forests are becoming much smaller. Because
Afghanistan is a poor country, people need firewood for cooking
and heat.
Registan is a large desert in Southwestern Afghanistan. The
word Registan means country of sand. The Helmand River is
the longest in the country.




6

Economy
Economy refers to all the goods and services made (produced) and used
(consumed) in a country. Goods are things you can touch like food, furniture, toys
and clothes. Services are things that can be done for you, like haircuts and car
repairs. Exports are things made in a country that are sold to other countries.
Imports are goods bought from other countries. Natural resources are useful
things that occur in nature. Currency is the type of money used in a country.

Afghanistan produces a lot
of crops, wool and rugs.
The country has a lot of
natural resources, like
natural gas, petroleum,
coal, marble, gold, copper,
salt and gem stones.
Afghanistan exports fruits,
nuts, rugs, wool, cotton
and gem stones. The
country imports food, oil, cars, textiles and capital goods. Capital
goods are used to make goods or provide services. They include
things like machinery and office equipment.
The afghani is the currency of Afghanistan.
7

Albania
Albania is a country located
in Southeastern Europe. It
shares borders with several
other European countries:
Greece, Macedonia, Kosovo
and Montenegro. It also
borders the Adriatic Sea
and Ionian Sea.
The Republic of Albanias
form of government is a
Parliamentary Democracy.
The people elect
representatives to make
laws. The elected
representatives make up the
parliament. The parliament
makes the laws or rules
people have to follow. The
capital city of Albania is
Tirana.




8

Demography
Demography refers to the kinds of people who live in a place. An ethnic group is a
group of people that often share a similar language, race and culture.
Homogenous means alike or the same. A survey is a way of gathering information
about groups of people. Atheists and agnostics are people who either dont
believe in or are unsure if a god exists.

Albania has a
population of 3.2
million people. The
people are called
Albanians and they
speak a language called
Albanian.

Albania has a
homogenous
population. Non-
Albanian ethnic groups
make up a very small
portion of the
population.

According to some
surveys of religion,
about 70 percent of the population is Muslim (7 out of 10
people). Most of the rest are Christian. Other surveys suggest
that atheists and agnostics make up about 40 percent of the
population (4 out of 10 people). Whatever the actual figures,
most Albanians arent religious and say that religion isnt
important in their lives.

Most people in Albania are literate, which means they can read
and write.



9

Way of Life
Rural refers to the countryside.


Albania is one of the poorest countries in Europe. About 60
percent of the countrys people live in rural areas. This is 3 out of
every 5 people. Most of the rural population is poor and engaged
in subsistence farming. Subsistence farmers are only able to
produce enough food to feed their families. They usually lack
farm equipment like tractors.
About 22 percent of Albanian land is arable. Arable means
suitable for farming. Farmers grow wheat, corn, potatoes, grapes,
figs and vegetables. Some also grow cash crops like cotton, rice
and tobacco. Cash crops are crops grown to sell.
10

Albanians are well known for their hospitality and generosity
toward visitors. Honoring guests is an important part of their
tradition. They want to make visitors feel welcome and at home.
This may involve an invitation to an
Albanian home for a large meal,
coffee and sweets. It can also involve
helping lost tourists find their
destination. Albanians may become
very offended if their hospitality is
rejected.
The Albanian lifestyle is similar in
many ways to the United States. The people wear similar clothing
and enjoy music, television and sports. Cafes are popular. Soccer
(football) is the most popular sport in the country.

Food and Drink
Coffee is a very popular drink in
Albania. Boza, a drink made from
maize, is often served with
dessert. Raki is a popular
alcoholic drink made from grapes.
Albanians have a Mediterranean
diet. This is a diet that is common
in countries like Italy and Greece.
Olives, olive oil, garlic and grapes are widely used. Stews and
casseroles are popular dishes. Albanians like vegetables like
eggplant, tomatoes, cucumbers and peppers. Yogurt, buttermilk
and cheese are eaten regularly. Byrex, pictured above, is a
popular pastry.
11

Climate
Climate is the kind of weather an area has over a long period of time.

Albania has hot, dry summers and mild, wet
winters in the lowland areas. Areas further
from the Adriatic Sea have cold winters.
Highland areas receive a lot of snowfall in
winter.
The rainfall average is about 100 inches
each year for the highlands. The rainfall
average for coastal areas is about 40 inches
per year.

Topography
Topography refers to various features on the Earth, such as mountains, valleys,
rivers and plateaus. Deforestation refers to the clearing of forests.

Albania is surrounded by
four countries and the
Adriatic Sea. It is a very
mountainous country.
About 70 percent of the
country consists of hills
and mountains. Most
arable land is along
coastal areas.
The Drin, pictured above, is the longest river in Albania. Mount
Korab is the tallest mountain.
12

About 30 percent of the country is covered in forests. Many
people in the mountainous areas depend on firewood for heating,
which is leading to some deforestation. Forests covered 50
percent of the country as recently as 1990. Illegal logging is a
big problem in Albania. Illegal logging is cutting down trees
without permission.
Economy
Economy refers to all the goods and services made (produced) and used
(consumed) in a country. Goods are things you can touch like food, furniture, toys
and clothes. Services are things that can be done for you, like haircuts and car
repairs. Exports are things made in a country that are sold to other countries.
Imports are goods bought from other countries. Natural resources are useful
things that occur in nature. Currency is the type of money used in a country.

Albania used to be a
communist country.
Communism is a
political and economic
system. In communist
countries, businesses,
factories and farms are
owned by the
government. The
wealth is divided up among all the people. Albania has been
making the change to a capitalist economy.
In capitalist economies, businesses, factories and farms are
privately owned. This change can be very hard for ordinary
people. In communist societies, jobs are provided by the
government. When countries change, or transition, to capitalist
economies, it can take time for the economy to grow and provide
enough jobs.
13

Most Albanians work in subsistence
farming because there arent enough
jobs for everyone. About 20 percent (2
out of 10 workers) work in private
sector jobs, such as manufacturing and
services. Another 20 percent work in the
public sector, which is jobs provided by
the government. These can include teaching and police work.
Albania imports cars, textiles, electronics, machinery and food.
The country exports food, footwear, metals, oil, vegetables, fruits
and tobacco. Natural resources include oil, gas, coal, copper and
iron.
The lek is the currency of Albania.

14

Algeria
Algeria is a country located in
North Africa. It shares
borders with several other
African countries: Morocco,
Mauritania, Mali, Niger, Libya
and Tunisia. It also borders
the Mediterranean Sea and a
disputed area called the
Western Sahara. Disputed
means that surrounding
countries disagree on who
should control the area.
The countrys official name is
the People's Democratic
Republic of Algeria. The
people elect leaders to
make laws. The capital city
of Algeria is Algiers. The
North African region that
includes Libya, Algeria,
Tunisia, Mauritania, and
Morocco is known as the
Maghreb.


15

Demography
Demography refers to the kinds of people who live in a place. An ethnic group is a
group of people that often share a similar language, race and culture. Heritage is
traditions that have been passed down from parents to children for many
generations.

Algeria has a population of about 35 million people. The people
are called Algerians and they speak a language called Arabic.



Most Algerians belong to an ethnic group called Arab-Berber.
About 15 percent of the population (about 1 out of 7 people)
identify strongly with their Berber heritage. They mostly live in a
mountainous region in the east of the country. Many want
autonomy. This means they want to rule themselves, rather
than be part of Algeria.

Most Algerians practice a religion called Islam and are called
Muslims. About 70 percent of Algerians (7 out of 10 people) are
literate, which means they can read and write.

16

Way of Life
Unemployment refers to not having a job. A civil war is fought by people in the
same country. Emigrate means to move to another country. Urban refers to
towns and cities. Rural refers to the countryside. Western refers to what life in
like in Europe and the United States.


Algeria is a wealthy country, yet many of its people are poor.
Algeria produces a lot of oil, which creates wealth for the country.
But unemployment is high, especially among young people.
Algeria had a civil war in the 1990s, which did a lot of damage
to the economy. Many young Algerians emigrate to other
countries to find jobs. About 60 percent of the countrys people
live in urban areas. This is 3 out of every 5 people.
17

Algeria is close to Europe. Algerian cities have a mix of Western
and Arabic influences. Some people wear western style clothing,
while others wears traditional dress.
Algerian children are required
to attend school until the age
of 17. This is called
compulsory education.
Most elementary age children
do attend school. However,
only half attend secondary
school (high school).
Secondary school students
have to take baccalaureate
examinations. Admission to
a university is based on
student performance in the exams.
About 3 million people live in the capital Algiers. Algiers has an
old fortress area called the Casbah. Casbahs are areas that were
built long ago to protect cities. They have high walls. About
70,000 people live in the Casbah in Algiers. The area is crowded
and buildings are dilapidated or rundown.
Much of the rural population works in farming. Unlike urban
populations, rural people usually live in large family groups with
extended family members. Houses are either built of stone or
sun-dried brick.
People who strongly identify as Berber tend to separate
themselves from the rest of the population. They usually live in
their own villages. Even when they move to the larger cities, they
usually live in Berber areas.
Baccalaureate Students image is copyright 2011 Magharebia
Flickr ,Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic
18

There are Berber nomads in Algeria called Tuaregs. Each tribe
consists of several extended family groups. They mainly live in
the Sahara desert and herd camels, cattle, sheep and goats.
They usually live in tents.
Cafes are very popular in Algerian cities. Ra is a popular type of
music that often addresses social issues and problems. Soccer
(football) is the most popular sport in the country.

Food and Drink
The food, or cuisine, of Algeria is part
of the Maghreb tradition. It has
Arabic, Berber, Spanish and French
influences. Couscous, a type of
pasta, is the national dish. Couscous
is often served with lamb and chicken.
Stews are also popular.
French bread is often served with
meals. Berbers prefer flat bread made from wheat. People often
use bread to scoop food off their plates.
Seasonings like cumin, marjoram, coriander, fennel, garlic,
parsley and mint are often used in cooking. Tea and strong coffee
are popular drinks. Sweetened couscous and pastries are
common dessert foods.



19

Climate
Climate is the kind of weather an area has over a long period of time.

Coastal areas in Algeria have a Mediterranean climate with hot
summers and cool, rainy
winters. Most of the countrys
population lives in the coastal
region. Inland areas have hot
summers and cold winters.
Rainfall in this region is about
16 to 26 inches a year. Areas
further inland are much hotter
and receive less rainfall. The
sirocco is a strong wind that
blows dust from the Sahara desert into the cities.

Topography
Topography refers to various features on the Earth, such as mountains, valleys,
rivers and plateaus. Arable refers to fertile land that is good for farming and
growing crops.

The Sahara desert covers
80 percent of the country.
The Tell Atlas, also called
Maritime Atlas, is a
mountain range that
stretches from Morocco,
through Algeria and into
Tunisia. Most of Algerias
arable land is in the Tell
20

hills and valleys. The Chelif River is the longest in the country.
Crops are grown in some areas along the river.
Mount Tahat (pictured above), part of the Ahaggar mountain
range located in the Sahara desert, is the tallest mountain. The
Ahaggar Mountains are also known as the Hoggar Mountains.
The Northwestern region of Algeria is a seismic zone, which
means it is prone to earthquakes.
Economy
Economy refers to all the goods and services made (produced) and used
(consumed) in a country. Goods are things you can touch like food, furniture, toys
and clothes. Services are things that can be done for you, like haircuts and car
repairs. Exports are things made in a country that are sold to other countries.
Imports are goods bought from other countries. Natural resources are useful
things that occur in nature. Currency is the type of money used in a country.

Hydrocarbons (oil and natural gas) are the most important
natural resources in Algeria. The oil and gas industries are the
largest in the country. Most of the countrys export earnings
come from oil and natural gas.
Agriculture is also a very important part of the economy. Farming
employs about 25 percent of the population (1 in 4 people).
Cereal crops like wheat, oats and barley are grown in the Tell
region. Algeria also grows and exports citrus fruits. Fishing is
another export industry.
The country imports food, consumer goods and capital goods.
Consumer goods are the products sold in stores. Capital goods
are products used to make goods and services. These include
factory machines and office equipment.
The Algerian Dinar is the currency.
21

American Samoa
American Samoa is an island
located in the Pacific Ocean.
It is part of the Samoan
chain of islands.
Territory of American
Samoa is a territory of the
United States. The president
of the United States is the
head of state but American
Samoans cant actually vote
in US presidential elections.
They can elect a governor
and other representatives.
The capital city is Pago
Pago.







22

Demography
Demography refers to the kinds of people who live in a place. An ethnic group is a
group of people that often share a similar language, race and culture. Urban
refers to cities and towns.

American Samoa has a population of about 67 thousand people.
The people are called American Samoan. The largest ethnic group
is Pacific Islander (Polynesian). Polynesia is an area that
covers a large part of the Pacific
Ocean. Hawaii is also part of
Polynesia. A small number of
American Samoans are Asian or
white. Most of the population
practice a religion called
Christianity.

The population of American
Samoa is mostly urban. About 60 thousand of the countrys 67
thousand people live in the capital city Pago Pago. Pago Pago is
on Tutuila, the largest island in American Samoa. Most American
Samoans are literate, which means they can read and write.

Way of Life
The Samoan language is mainly spoken at
home. But most people can also speak
English. English is taught in elementary
school. About 66 percent of the population
(2 out of 3 people) are high school
graduates. Less than 1 in 10 has a college
degree.
23

The Samoan Children's Mass is a big celebration for children.
They receive new clothes and gifts. Children run all of the
festivities, which includes church services. Sunday is a day of rest
in American Samoa. Most shops and businesses are closed.
People live in extended
family groups, known as
aiga. Each aiga is led by a
chief called a matai. Most
matai are men. Matais
make up village councils
(fono). The fono are part of
the countrys political
system.
The islands are mountainous, so most people live in coastal
areas.

Food and Drink
Taro (pictured here) is a common food in American Samoa. Both
its roots and its leaves are edible, which
means you can eat them. Many different
foods are made using taro. Lu'au is made
from taro and coconut cream. The taro and
coconut cream are wrapped up in a whole
taro leaf and cooked on an umu.
An umu is a method of cooking food. Stones
are placed on a fire. When the fire burns
down to embers, foods like luau, breadfruit
or fish can be placed on top.
24

Oka is small pieces of raw fish marinated or soaked in a mix of
lemon juice, coconut cream, onions and salt.
Fausi is a dessert made from taro. Kava is a popular drink.
Climate
Climate is the kind of weather an area has over a long period of time.


American Samoa is located in the tropics. The tropics are located
between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn.
This is a wide band that runs along the equator. Places in the
tropics have what is called a tropical climate. Tropical areas
have warm, humid weather all year long. They also receive a lot
of rainfall. The cyclone (hurricane) season in American Samoa
is from November to April.

25

Topography
Topography refers to various features on the Earth, such as mountains, valleys,
rivers and plateaus.

American Samoa is
an archipelago
(group of islands).
There are several
islands. The largest
island is Tutuila.
Five of American
Samoas islands are
volcanic islands.
Pago Pago harbor is
actually a large collapsed caldera. A caldera is a large crater left
behind when a volcano collapses.
Rose Island is uninhabited. Uninhabited means no people live
there. It is an atoll preserved for wildlife. An atoll is made of
coral, which is a type of marine animal.
The interior or center of the islands is very mountainous. Most of
the islands are covered by forests. The majority of people live in
coastal areas.





26

Economy
Economy refers to all the goods and services made (produced) and used
(consumed) in a country. Goods are things you can touch like food, furniture, toys
and clothes. Services are things that can be done for you, like haircuts and car
repairs. Exports are things made in a country that are sold to other countries.
Imports are goods bought from other countries. Currency is the type of money
used in a country.

About 35 percent of
American Samoans (1 out
of 3 workers) work in
manufacturing. This is
mainly in tuna fish
processing and canning.
About 1 out of 5 works in
education, health, and other
social services (jobs that
involve helping people).
Agricultural products include bananas, coconuts, breadfruit, taro,
yams, pineapples and papayas. Farmers also keep livestock and
produce dairy products.
Canned tuna is the largest export. American Samoa imports
equipment for factories, food and oil.
The US dollar is the currency.
27

Andorra
Andorra is a co-principality
located in Europe. It shares
borders with France and
Spain. There was a dispute in
the past between France and
Spain over who should rule
Andorra. They decided to
share it.
Principality of Andorra is a
parliamentary democracy.
People elect members of the
parliament. They parliament
makes the laws or rules of
the country. The heads of
state are two princes or co-
princes. The co-princes are
the president of France and
the bishop of Seu d'Urgell, in
Spain. The capital city is
Andorra la Vella.





28

Demography
Demography refers to the kinds of people who live in a place. An ethnic group is a
group of people that often share a similar language, race and culture. Urban
refers to cities and towns.



Andorra has a population of about 84 thousand people. The
people are called Andorran. Catalan is the official language.
French, Castilian and Portuguese are also spoken. Most of the
population practice a religion called Roman Catholicism.

Spanish and Andorran are the largest ethnic groups. People of
Portuguese and French background make up about 20 percent of
the population (1 out of 5 people).

The population of Andorra is mostly urban. About 90 percent of
the population (9 out of 10 people) lives in urban areas. Most
Andorrans are literate, which means they can read and write.
29

Way of Life
A minority is a small part of a larger population.


Andorra is very small. It covers about 180 square miles. As a
comparison, New York City covers about 320 square miles.
Andorra used to be a mainly agragrian (farming) country. It has
now become a center for tourism and banking. Because it is high
in the mountains, it is a popular destination for skiers in winter.
Festivals are popular in Andorra. Most towns hold festivals with
singing, dancing and food. Some big festivals are the Escaldes-
30

Engordany International Jazz Festival and the ChamJam
Music Festival. ChamJam (pronounced shamjam) is a mix of
music and winter sporting events, like skiing and snowboarding.
Andorrans are a minority in their own country. They make up
only 4 out of 10 people in the country. Children in Andorra attend
either French, Spanish or Andorran primary (elementary) schools.
Most children in Andorra are multilingual, which means they can
speak more than one language. About half of Andorran children
consider themselves to be Andorran. Many other children in
Andorra mainly think of themselves as Spanish or Catalan.
Many Andorrans learn to ski at an early age. Even though many
Andorrans live in valleys, activities in the mountains are a short
drive away.

Food and Drink
Andorran food is mainly
Catalan. Dishes use meat,
fish, pasta and fresh
vegetables. Escudella is a
popular stew. Trinxat is a
cabbage, potato and bacon
dish. Xai is a roasted lamb.
Samfaina (pictured here) is
made from eggplant. Coques
are a type of Andorran flat
bread. In the north of Andorra, French and Italian foods are more
popular. This includes pasta, cheeses and breads. Andorrans like
to drink coffee.
31

Climate
Climate is the kind of weather an area has over a long period of time.

Andorra has mild
summers and cold
winters. The
weather is usually
dry. Most rainfall
occurs in fall
(autumn). Snow
falls in winter.

Topography
Topography refers to various features on the Earth, such as mountains, valleys,
rivers and plateaus.

Andorra is located in the
Pyrenees Mountain range.
These mountains separate
France and Spain. Pic de
Coma Pedrosa is the highest
peak.
Andorra is a landlocked
country. It has no access to a
sea or ocean. It is surrounded
by France and Spain. Because Andorra is mountainous, Andorra
la Vella is the highest capital city in Europe. Forests cover about
one third of Andorras land area. The Gran Valira River is the
longest river. It flows through Andorra la Vella.
32

Economy
Economy refers to all the goods and services made (produced) and used
(consumed) in a country. Goods are things you can touch like food, furniture, toys
and clothes. Services are things that can be done for you, like haircuts and car
repairs. Exports are things made in a country that are sold to other countries.
Imports are goods bought from other countries. Currency is the type of money
used in a country.


Andorras economy is built on tourism. About 9 million people
visit every year. Skiing is very popular. There is also a
manufacturing sector that mainly produces cigars, cigarettes and
furniture. Andorra exports furniture.
Andorras natural resources are hydropower (which generates
almost half of Andorras electricity), timber, iron ore and lead.
Hydropower is also called hydroelectric power. Hydropower uses
falling water to make electricity.
Only 2% of Andorras land is arable, which means suitable for
farming. So, most food is imported from other countries.
Electricity is imported from Spain.
The Euro is the currency.
33

Angola
Angola is a country located in
southern Africa. It shares
borders with three other
African countries: Democratic
Republic of the Congo,
Zambia and Namibia. It also
borders the Atlantic Ocean.
The Republic of Angola is a
democracy. In a democracy,
people elect leaders to make
laws. The capital city of
Angola is Luanda.



34

Demography
Demography refers to the kinds of people who live in a place. An ethnic group is a
group of people that often share a similar language, race and culture.
Angola has a population of about 13 million people. The people
are called Angolans. Portuguese is the official language of the
country. Bantu is another commonly spoken language but many
other languages are used.



The largest ethnic groups are the Ovimbundu (about 2 out of 5
people), Kimbundu (about 1 out of 4 people) and Bakongo
(about 1 out of 7 people).

About half of all Angolans practice traditional African religions.
These are called indigenous beliefs because they didnt come
from somewhere else. The other half of the population is mainly
Christian. About 70 percent of Angolans (7 out of 10 people) are
literate, which means they can read and write.

35

Way of Life
Unemployment refers to not having a job.
Angola is still recovering
from a 30 year civil war.
A civil war is a war fought
by different groups in the
same country. The civil
war ended in 2002.
Even though Angolas
economy has been
growing rapidly, 2 out of 3
people are still very poor.
They live on less than $2 a
day. Unemployment is high. About 1 out of 4 people dont have
any job. It can take a long time for a country to recover from a
civil war.
Because the oil industry has created some very wealthy people,
the cost of living is very high. Renting apartments, eating out and
shopping are very expensive. Luanda, Angola is one of the most
expensive cities in the world. On the other hand, many people
live in rundown buildings called slums. Or they live in shanty
towns on the outskirts of cities. Shanty towns are areas where
poor people build shelters made of cardboard, scrap metals, cloth
or plywood.
Many people from around the world move to Angola to work in
the oil and mining industries. These people are often called
expats. There are large expats communities in some areas of
Angola.
36

Because so many people in Angola are poor, child labor is a big
problem. This means children have to work to help support their
families. About 1 out of every 3 children has to work. About 2 out
of 5 dont attend school even though education is compulsory.
Compulsory means that children are required to go to school.
Children do jobs like street vending (selling things on the street),
farm work, domestic work (cleaning houses, childcare) and car
washing.
It is illegal for children in Angola to work before the age of 14.
The government is trying to put an end to child labor. They are
building new schools and hiring more teachers to ensure that
more kids can attend school.

Traffic is a big problem in Angola. Many roads are in poor
condition. Traffic jams are a huge problem in cities because roads
werent designed to handle a lot of cars and trucks. Roads are
being repaired and traffic lights are being installed to fix these
problems.
37

Food and Drink
A Colony is an area that is under the control of another country.

Angola used to be a colony belonging to Portugal. So, Angolan
food has both African and Portuguese influences. Spicy food is
popular. Flour, rice, beans, fish and chicken are common
ingredients in Angolan dishes. Okra, cassava, onions and
tomatoes are important vegetables. Chicken Muamba is a very
popular dish. It is pieces of chicken fried in palm oil. Palm oil is
often used in Angolan cooking. Fish Calulu is a mix of dry and
fresh fish and vegetables, such as okra, spinach and tomatoes,
cooked in palm oil.

Climate
Climate is the kind of weather an area has over a long period of time.

Angola has rainy and dry seasons. The rainy season is October to
May. It is hot and humid. The country often experiences violent
storms in April. The dry season is June to September. This season
has cool temperatures. There is also a desert area in Angola,
which has hot, dry weather most of the year.





38

Topography
Topography refers to various features on the Earth, such as mountains, valleys,
rivers and plateaus.

Arable refers to fertile land that is good for farming and growing crops.

The topography of Angola is varied. Angola has beaches, desert,
hills and mountains. Angola is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean, so
the country has a lot of beaches and coastline. Part of the Namib
Desert is in Southern Angola.
Mount Moco is the highest
peak.
Angola has very fertile farmland.
Before the civil war, Angola was
able to produce plenty of food to
feed its people and to sell to
other countries. Now, much of
Angolas arable land is not being
farmed or is used only for
subsistence farming. Subsistence farmers only grow enough
crops to feed themselves and their families. They dont grow
crops to sell to others.






Namib Desert
39

Economy
Economy refers to all the goods and services made (produced) and used
(consumed) in a country. Goods are things you can touch like food, furniture, toys
and clothes. Services are things that can be done for you, like haircuts and car
repairs. Exports are things made in a country that are sold to other countries.
Imports are goods bought from other countries. Natural resources are useful
things that occur in nature. Currency is the type of money used in a country.

Oil is the most
important natural
resource in Angola.
Oil production and
industries that
support oil
production make
up most of the
countrys
economy. Angola
is a member of an
organization called
OPEC. OPEC
stands for Organization of Petroleum (oil) Exporting
Countries. Diamonds are another important natural resource.
Most people make their living from subsistence agriculture. This
means they grow only enough food to feed themselves.
Angola exports oil, diamonds, coffee, fish, timber, and cotton.
The country imports food, machinery, vehicles, medicine and
textiles (cloth).
Angolas currency is called kwanza.
40

Antigua and Barbuda
Antigua and Barbuda is a
country located in the
Caribbean Sea. It is part of the
continent of North America.
The country is made up of two
large islands and several
smaller islands.
Antigua and Barbuda is a
monarchy with an elected
parliament. The parliament
makes the laws. Laws are the
rules people have to follow.
A monarchy is a country ruled
by a king or queen. The British
monarch, Queen Elizabeth II is
the head of state. She is
represented by a governor.
The capital city is Saint
John's.






41

Demography
Demography refers to the kinds of people who live in a place.

Antigua and Barbuda has a
population of about 88 thousand
people. The people are called
Antiguans and Barbudans. English is
the official language of the country
but locals often speak a dialect
called Antiguan Creole. A dialect is
a variation or different way of
speaking a language. Many of the
words in Antiguan Creole come from
English and various West African
languages. English is the language used in schools.

Most Antiguans and Barbudans are of African descent. They are
the descendents of slaves brought to the islands to work in the
sugarcane fields.

The people mainly practice a religion called Christianity. The
Anglican religion is practiced by about 1 out of 4 people. This is
a branch of Christianity that began in England and is part of the
Church of England. The Church of England is headed by the
reigning British monarch, currently Queen Elizabeth II. Most of
the population is literate, which means they can read and write.

Way of Life
Urban refers to cities and towns.

Antigua and Barbuda is a mix of African, British and American
influences. British influence is seen in the widespread practice of
the Anglican religion, the speaking of the English language and
the popularity of a sport called cricket. People are influenced by
42

American popular culture, such as music and fashion, and get
much of their TV programming from American TV networks. The
West African influence is seen in the popularity of the Antiguan
Creole language and African rhythms in music.

Most people live in urban areas. About a third of the population
lives in the capital city, St. Johns. St. Johns is a popular tourist
destination. The city has a lot of restaurants, shopping and
museums. Tourists and residents also like to spend time at the
many beautiful beaches.
Carnival is a huge celebration that takes place every summer. It
includes music, dancing, talent shows, parades and food. There is
a special childrens parade. Children dress up in costumes and
march through the streets. The celebrations run non-stop for 11
days. Carnival began as a celebration of freedom from slavery.
43

One type of music heard during Carnival is calypso. During the
time of slavery, calypso was used as a method of communication.
Slaves were often forbidden to speak to each other, so they used
music as a way to communicate. Calypso competitions are some
of the most popular Carnival events.
Food and Drink
A Colony is an area that is under the control of another country.

Fungi (pronounced fun-jee) is the countrys national dish. It is
made of okra and cornmeal. Ducana is made with sweet
potatoes and coconut. Pepper pot stew is made with meat,
okra, peppers and a variety of vegetables and spices. Fish and
shellfish are also widely used in cooking. Roti is a popular bread.
Ice cream and cakes are popular dessert food.
Climate
Climate is the kind of weather an area has over a long period of time.


Antigua and Barbuda is located in an area known as the tropics.
This area is located between the Tropic of Cancer and the
44

Tropic of Capricorn, which is a wide band that runs along the
equator. Places in the tropics have what is called a tropical
climate. Tropical areas have warm weather all year long. They
often have a lot of humidity.
Antigua and Barbuda has warm or mild weather all year long.
September, October and November is the rainy season. July to
November is hurricane season.
Topography
Topography refers to various features on the Earth, such as mountains, valleys,
rivers and plateaus.

Arable refers to fertile land that is good for farming and growing crops. An island
is a piece of land completely surrounded by water. A stream is a very small,
narrow river.

The country has two main islands located in the Caribbean Sea:
Antigua and Barbuda. It also has several smaller islands. The
islands are part of a larger island group called the Leeward
Islands. The Leeward
Islands are part of a
larger group called the
Lesser Antilles, which is
part of a still larger group
called the Antilles. The
Antilles is part of an area
called the West Indies.
Antigua and Barbuda has
low lying areas that are
mainly coral and
45

limestone rock. It has higher areas that are mainly volcanic.
The highest point Boggy Peak has been renamed Mount
Obama after US President Barack
Obama.
There are many coral reefs around the
islands. Coral reefs are made by tiny sea
animals called corals. They provide a
habitat for a lot of sea creatures. Divers
like to visit coral reefs to view the diverse
ocean life.
Codrington Lagoon is a long lagoon
located in Barbuda that covers much of
the west side of the island. A lagoon is a body of water separated
from the ocean by a natural barrier.
Antigua and Barbuda has arable land in the areas that are of
volcanic origin. The islands dont have any rivers but Antigua has
some streams. The country has 365 beaches making it a popular
tourist destination.








Satellite image of a lagoon
Example of a coral reef
46

Economy
Economy refers to all the goods and services made (produced) and used
(consumed) in a country. Goods are things you can touch like food, furniture, toys
and clothes. Services are things that can be done for you, like haircuts and car
repairs. Exports are things made in a country that are sold to other countries.
Imports are goods bought from other countries. Currency is the type of money
used in a country.

Tourism is a big part of the economy. About 97 thousand
tourists visit the islands each year, so about half of the population
works in tourism.
Banking is another
important industry.
Farmers grow cotton,
vegetables, bananas,
coconuts, cucumbers,
mangoes, sugarcane,
and pineapples. They
keep livestock and
engage in fish
farming.
The country exports petroleum products, food, livestock and
machinery. Imports include food, machinery and chemicals.
Antigua and Barbudas currency is called the Eastern Caribbean
Dollar.
47

Argentina
Argentina is a country located on the
continent of South America. It shares
borders with Uruguay, Paraguay, Brazil,
Bolivia, and Chile. It also borders the
Atlantic Ocean.
Argentine Republic is a Republic.
People elect representatives to a
Congress. The congress makes laws.
Laws are the rules people have to follow.
Buenos Aires is the capital city.






48

Demography
Demography refers to the kinds of people who live in a place.

Argentina has a population
of about 42 million people.
The people are called
Argentine. Spanish is the
official language of the
country.

Most Argentines are white.
Mestizos are a mix of white
and American Indian
ancestry.

The people mainly practice a religion called Roman Catholicism,
which is a branch of Christianity. Most of the population is
literate, which means they can read and write.
Way of Life
Siestas are a very interesting
part of Argentine life. Siestas are
naps taken after lunch. Many
people come home from work to
eat lunch and have a nap. Kids
come home from school. People
then return to work after their
siesta. Kids will either return to
school after their siesta or they
will engage in activities like sports. Many businesses close during
siesta time.
49

Siestas are most common
outside the capital Buenos
Aires. Residents in the capital
are less likely to take one. Most
businesses, shops and
restaurants remain open all
day. But there is a hotel in
Buenos Aires that actually rents
rooms out for siesta time. The
rooms have relaxing music and
fragrances to help people fall asleep.
Like most other South Americans, Argentines are crazy about
soccer. Children spend many hours playing
soccer in the streets and on beaches. One of
the most famous soccer players in the world,
Diego Maradona, is from Argentina. People
are so passionate about soccer that riots
broke out when a popular team called River
Plate was moved
from the first
division to the
second division.
Angry fans threw rocks and other
objects at the team and police.
Argentina is also famous for its
gauchos. Gauchos are cowboys who
herd cattle in the pampas region.
Historically gauchos spent much of
their time away from home herding
cattle. Gauchos today have more settled lives.

Gaucho Image 2006 Jack Child
50

Food and Drink
Sunday afternoon barbecues are very popular in Argentina.
Extended families or friends often get together for the weekly
asado. The asado consists of a variety of meats, especially beef,
and salads. Mate is a popular drink. Mate is a type of leaf. Hot
water is poured over the mate leaves. Most Argentines are mate
drinkers.
Empanadas are pies filled with meat and cheese. Pasta is
another very popular food. Despite the fact that Argentina has a
very long coastline, people dont eat much fish. Dulce de leche,
made from condensed milk, is a popular dessert.
Climate
Climate is the kind of weather an area has over a long period of time.

Argentina is a very long
country, so it has
different climates in
different areas. Argentina
is in the Southern
Hemisphere, so its
seasons are the opposite
of those in North
America, North Africa,
Europe and most of Asia.
When it is summer in the United States, it is winter in Argentina.
The capital Buenos Aires has hot, humid summers and chilly,
damp winters. Tierra del Fuego, at the southern tip of the
country, has cool summers and snow in winter. The pampas, or
grasslands, have stormy spring weather, hot summers and heavy
51

rain in the fall. They are windy most of the year. Central
Argentina experiences a lot of tornadoes and thunderstorms. The
Andes Mountains are dry and cold.
Topography
Topography refers to various features on the Earth, such as mountains, valleys,
rivers and plateaus.

The eastern edge of the
country borders the Atlantic
Ocean. The coast is about
3000 miles long. Argentina is
a popular tourist destination
because it has many beaches
and fishing areas.
The western edge runs along
the Andes mountain range.
The Andes form a natural
barrier between Argentina and Chile. They actually cover about a
third of Argentinas land area.
The pampas are grasslands that cover a large portion of the
country. Pampas comes from a word that means level plain.
Like other grasslands around the world, there are few trees or
large plants. Wildfires are common in grasslands, making it hard
for large plants to grow. The pampas are the main farming
region.
Argentina also has glaciers. Glaciers are slow moving ice sheets.
The Perito Moreno Glacier is one of the most popular tourist
attractions in the Patagonia region, located in the southern part
of the country.

52

Economy
Economy refers to all the goods and services made (produced) and used
(consumed) in a country. Goods are things you can touch like food, furniture, toys
and clothes. Services are things that can be done for you, like haircuts and car
repairs. Exports are things made in a country that are sold to other countries.
Imports are goods bought from other countries. Currency is the type of money
used in a country.

Tourism is an important part of the economy. More than 2 million
tourists visit the country each year. Many Argentines work in the
tourism industry.
Farming is another important
part of Argentinas economy.
Farmers grow cereals like
wheat and barley. They also
grow fruits, vegetables and
cotton. Grapes are one
important fruit. Wine is made
from grapes and Argentina is
one of the largest wine
producers in the world.
Argentina exports a lot of different foods. Beef is one of the main
exports. There are many cattle farms in the pampas region of the
country.
Imports include automobiles and capital goods. Capital goods are
used to create products or provide services.
Argentinas currency is called the Argentine peso.
53

Armenia
Armenia is a country located on the continent of Asia. It shares
borders with Turkey, Georgia,
Azerbaijan and Iran. It is a
landlocked country. It is
completely surrounded by other
countries with no direct access to
any ocean or sea. Armenia is part
of an area called Anatolia or the
Anatolian peninsula. This area
is also called Asia Minor.
The Republic of Armenia is a
Republic. People elect
representatives to a parliament.
The parliament makes laws. Laws
are the rules people have to
follow.
Yerevan is the capital city.







54

Demography
Demography refers to the kinds of people who live in a place.

Armenia has a population of
about 3 million people. The
people are called Armenian.
Armenian is the official
language of the country. Most
Armenians are of Armenian
ethnic origin.

The people mainly practice a
religion called Armenian
Apostolic, which is a branch of
Christianity. Most of the population is literate, which means they
can read and write.

Way of Life
Rural refers to the countryside. A diaspora is a group that lives outside their
traditional homeland.

Armenia used to be part of the
Soviet Union or USSR. The
Soviet Union included several
countries. It was a communist
country, where the government
controlled the economy. When
the USSR broke up in 1991,
Armenia became an
independent country.
Armenians have been making a transition away from a
government run economy to one with private ownership of land
55

and businesses. About a quarter of the population (1 out of 4
people) lives in poverty.
Food, music and dance are important parts of Armenian culture.
People love to cook and make big meals for celebrations.
Traditional folk music and dances are popular. Armenians are
famous for their friendliness and hospitality.
Many residents of
rural areas live with
extended families.
People who live in
cities usually live in
apartment buildings.
Many of these
buildings are
rundown. Running
water has been a
problem is the capital Yerevan. Water is often unavailable for
several hours a day.
Armenia has a large diaspora. About 3 million people live in the
Armenia. But about 6 million Armenians live in other countries,
such as Russia, the United States and France.
Education is very important in
Armenia. Many children start learning
languages like English, French and
Persian in elementary school. Many
children know 3 or 4 languages when
they graduate from high school.
Children like to play team sports like
soccer. Winter sports like skiing are
also popular.
56

Food and Drink
Soups are popular in Armenia.
Khash made from beef or
mutton leg is one of the most
popular. Tarkhana is a type of
chicken noodle soup. Kufta is
stuffed meatball. Muhammara
is made with red peppers,
walnuts and garlic. Sarma is
grape leaves stuffed with meat
and rice. Lamb, eggplant and yoghurt are used in many dishes.
Bread is often eaten with meals. Lavash is the main bread.
Choereg (pictured here) is a braided bread. Pakhlava is a
popular dessert. Coffee is the main drink.

Climate
Climate is the kind of weather an area has over a long period of time.

Armenia has hot summers
and cold, snowy winters.
Skiing is a popular winter
activity. Armenia sometimes
experiences spring floods, due
to the melting of mountain
snow. The country
occasionally experiences
droughts, which are long
periods without rain.

57

Topography
Topography refers to various features on the Earth, such as mountains, valleys,
rivers and plateaus.

If you look at a map of
Armenia, you cant miss
the large lake that takes
up about 5 percent of
the countrys land area.
This is Lake Sevan. It is
called a high altitude
lake because it is 6500
feet (2000 meters)
above sea level. Armenia
doesnt have any access
to the sea, so Lake Sevan is a popular vacation spot for residents
of Yerevan who want to escape the summer heat.
Armenia, Georgia, and
Azerbaijan make up a region
called Transcaucasia, named
after the Caucasus Mountains.
Large areas of Armenia are
mountainous. Mount Aragats is
the highest mountain. It is an
extinct volcano. An extinct
volcano is one that wont erupt again. The Araks is the largest
river.
Armenia occasionally experiences powerful earthquakes. In 1988,
an earthquake killed 25,000 people. Other natural hazards or
dangers are floods and drought.
58

Deforestation is a problem in Armenia. Only about 8 percent of
Armenia is covered by forests, down from 25 percent. Trees are
being cut down for firewood and agriculture. Most farmland is
located in valleys or on mountainsides.
Economy
Economy refers to all the goods and services made (produced) and used
(consumed) in a country. Goods are things you can touch like food, furniture, toys
and clothes. Services are things that can be done for you, like haircuts and car
repairs. Exports are things made in a country that are sold to other countries.
Imports are goods bought from other countries. Currency is the type of money
used in a country.

About half of Armenians work
as farmers. Farmers grow
wheat, barley, potatoes,
vegetables and fruits.
Diamond processing or
cutting is another important
industry.
Armenia exports electricity,
iron, metals and diamonds.
The country imports oil, natural gas and food.
Armenias currency is called the Dram.
59

Aruba
Aruba is a country located in
the Caribbean Sea. It is part
of the continent of North
America.
Aruba is part of the
Kingdom of the
Netherlands. The
Netherlands is located in
Europe. Aruba is a
parliamentary democracy.
People vote for the members
of the parliament. The
parliament makes the laws.
Laws are the rules people
have to follow.
The Dutch monarch,
currently Queen Beatrix, is
the head of state. A monarch
is a queen or king. Queen
Beatrix is represented by a
governor. Arubas airport is
called Queen Beatrix
International Airport. The
capital city is Oranjestad.


60

Demography
Demography refers to the kinds of people who live in a place.

Aruba has a population of about 106 thousand people. The people
are called Arubans. Dutch is the official language of the country
but locals often speak a dialect called Papiamento. Papiamento
is a mix of Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch and English. A dialect is a
variation or different way of speaking a language. English is also
widely spoken.

Most Arubans are of mixed white and Caribbean Amerindian
ethnicity. Roman Catholics make up about 80 percent of the
population (8 out of 10 people). Protestants make up much of
the rest. However, church attendance is low. Most of the
population is literate, which means they can read and write.

Way of Life
Urbanization refers to living in cities or towns.

Extended families are
important in Aruba.
Related families typically
lived close to each other
in settlements. However,
with increasing
urbanization and
shortages of land this is
becoming less common.
Aruba has an excellent
educational system based on the system used in the Netherlands.
Children start school at age 4. Schools are taught in Dutch but
children in the elementary grades also learn English and Spanish.
French or German are taught in later grades.
61

While Aruba is mainly Roman Catholic, some islanders still
maintain a native belief called Brua. Brua is based on beliefs in
magic, lucky charms, spirit possession and fortune-telling. A
hacido di brua is like a sorcerer, who can use magic to do good
or harm.
Every year, Aruba celebrates a two-week festival called Carnival.
This includes events like parties, parades, and music. It begins
with festivals and parades for children. A Carnival Queen
competition is held in Oranjestad. The Grand Carnival Parade
features floats, costumes, and Aruban music and dance. The Old
Mask Parade and the Burning of King Momo, who represents evil,
bring the festivities to an end.
Food and Drink
Aruban cuisine is a mix of foods from the Netherlands, South
America, Europe, and the Caribbean. Giambo is a soup made
with beef and a vegetable called okra. Meals based around beef,
chicken and fish are popular.
Keri Keri is a dish made from shark meat. Beregein hasa is a
popular vegetarian dish made from eggplant. Pan Dushi is a
sweet bread. Bolo di tres lechi is a cake. Fruit juices are popular
drinks.





62

Climate
Climate is the kind of weather an area has over a long period of time.


Aruba is in the tropics, located between the Tropic of Cancer
and the Tropic of Capricorn. This is a wide band that runs along
the equator. Places in the tropics have what is called a tropical
climate. Tropical areas have warm weather all year long. They
often have a lot of humidity.
Aruba has warm or mild weather all year long. The island only
has about 20 inches of rain each year. Rainfall usually occurs
between the months of October and January.
Hurricanes rarely hit Aruba because it is south of the path they
usually take through the Caribbean.




63

Topography
Topography refers to various features on the Earth, such as mountains, valleys,
rivers and plateaus.


Aruba is a small country. It is about 20 miles in length and 6
miles in width. It is part of a group of islands known as the
Lesser Antilles. The Lesser Antilles are part of a larger group of
islands called the Antilles, which are part of a larger group called
the West Indies.
The coast consists of sandy beaches, while the interior or middle
of the island is like a desert. Aruba has trees called watapana or
divi-divi, which are bent toward a southwest direction by
constant winds. Aruba is mostly flat with no rivers.
64

Economy
Economy refers to all the goods and services made (produced) and used
(consumed) in a country. Goods are things you can touch like food, furniture, toys
and clothes. Services are things that can be done for you, like haircuts and car
repairs. Exports are things made in a country that are sold to other countries.
Imports are goods bought from other countries. Currency is the type of money
used in a country. Domestic consumption refers to goods being used in the same
country they were made in.

Tourism is the most
important part of the
economy. About 1.5
million tourists visit the
island each year. Most
tourists are from the
United States. Banking is
another important
industry.
Only a small amount of
Aruban land is used for farming. Fruits and vegetables grown in
Aruba are mostly used for domestic consumption but livestock
are an important export.
The country exports live animals, animal products, art and
machinery. Imports include food, machinery, crude oil and
chemicals. Aruba refines crude oil and re-exports it. Refining
turns oil into products like gasoline and heating oil.
Arubas currency is called the florin.
























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