A NOVEL SWITCH MODE DC-TO-AC

CONVERTER WITH NONLINEAR

ROBUST CONTROL

Submitted by:( 1V/1V B.techEEE )

G.Chiranjeevi - meetme_chiru@yahoo.com(03851A0215)
K.VIJAY KUMAR-
Vijay_mlec2005@yahoo.com(03851A0258)
 A
NOVEL SWITCH-
MODE
D.C TO A.C
INVERTER
WITH
 NON-LINEAR
ROBUST
CONTROL

ABSTRACT

A switch-mode d.c to a.c inverter based on d.c to d.c converter

topology using a novel non-linear robust control to generate a sinusoidal output waveform is
presented.
The function control law for buck converter is derived to achieve
zero voltage regulation of the output voltage. The control scheme is based on simultaneous
feed back of the output voltage and feed forward of the input voltage and inductor voltage. The
stability of the closed loop system using proportional and differential controller is analyzed.
The effect of the supply voltage and the load current disturbance is also studied.
A new method to retrieve the low frequency component of the
inductor voltage is also proposed and analyzed.
As a result the output voltage remains dynamically unchanged
when there are large disturbances in the input voltage or load current.
 Computer simulation results obtained using MATLAB
(simulink) show the robustness and fast dynamical response of the control system.

CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
a. Purpose
b. Traditional method
c. Recent method
2. ADVANCED CONTROL TECHNIQUES
a. Direct duty ratio control
b. Current mode control
3. FUNCTION CONTROL LAW
4. PROPOSED CIRCUIT AND PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
5. SIMULATION RESULTS
6. APPLICATIIONS
7. CONCLUSIONS
 8. BIBILIOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTION
a. PURPOSE:-
Switch-mode d.c to a.c inverters have been used in various
types of applications, such as uninterruptible power supplies, communication ring generators,
aerospace power systems, and variable-speed a.c machine drives. The loads in the
aforementioned applications are either critical or sensitive.
The purpose of Non-linear control is obtain a good steady state
and dynamic performance of switch-mode d.c to a.c inverters used in these critical or sensitive
applications

b. TRADITIONAL METHOD:-
Traditionally, a bridge configuration is employed for the
switch-mode d.c to a.c inverters as shown in Fig. 1
 Fig. 1 Bridge type inverter

c. RECENT METHOD:-

Recently, switch-mode d.c to a.c inverters using a d.c to d.c

converter topology has been developed and the d.c to d.c converter is a chopper circuit.
CHOPPER:-
A chopper is a static device that converts fixed d.c input voltage
to a variable d.c output voltage directly. A chopper is a high speed ON/OFF semi-conductor
switch. It connects the source to load and disconnects the load from source at a fast speed. In
this manner a chopped load voltage is obtained.
A chopper may be thought of d.c equivalent of an a.c
transformer having continuously variable turns ratio. Like a transformer, a chopper can be used
to step down or step up the fixed d.c input voltage. If the averaged output voltage is less than
the supply voltage then it is a step down chopper and is known as a buck chopper. If the
averaged output voltage is greater than the supply voltage then it is a step up chopper and is
known as a boost chopper.
OPERATION OF BUCK CHOPPER:-
The circuit representing a buck copper is shown in Fig. 5

Fig. 5 Buck chopper circuit

When the chopper (switch) is ON, i.e.., during the period Ton,
chopper is ON and load voltage is equal to source voltage ‘Vs’. During the interval Toff, the
load current flows through the free-wheeling diode.
As a result load terminals are short-circuited by free-wheeling
diode and load voltage is therefore, zero during Toff. In this manner a chopped d.c voltage is
produced at the load terminals.

The average load voltage ‘Vo’, is given by,

Vo=Ton/(Ton+Toff)*Vs

=(Ton/T)*Vs

=α*Vs

Where Ton=ON time

Toff=OFF time

α =(Ton/T)=duty cycle

Thus, the load voltage can be controlled by varying the duty

cycle ‘α’, which implies that if the input voltage ‘Vs’ is constant and the duty ratio ‘α’ is varied
as desired, the output of Buck converter will be as that of ‘α’.
 i.e..,

where ‘α’ represents the duty ratio

ADVANCED
CONTROL TECHNIQUES
a. DIRECT DUTY RATIO:-
The most common control method for pulse width modulation
converters is the direct duty ratio control mode. Direct duty ratio is also called as voltage mode
control or single loop control and is shown in the Fig. 7

Fig. 7 Block diagram of direct duty ratio control

In this method the output voltage from the converter is sensed
through the voltage divider and is compared with a reference voltage by an error amplifier and
an error signal is generated at the output of the error amplifier.
 The error amplifier is also known as optimum controller for

direct duty ratio control and is shown in Fig. 8(a). Let the reference voltage ‘ ’ given is of a
fixed d.c voltage.

Fig. 8(a) Optimum controller for direct duty ratio control R1 = 2.7KΩ, R2 = 8.2KΩ R3 =
2.4KΩ C2 = 0.05μF, C3 = 0.15μF, C4 = 2.4ηF

BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR THE

PROPOSED
SWITCHING CONVERTER
The previously proposed control strategies (such as
direct duty ratio, current mode control, etc….,) have not achieved the desired dynamic
stabilization of the output voltage. Here, a block diagram for switching converter is proposed
to obtain the dynamic stability of the output.
A switch mode d.c to d.c converter is generally composed of
two basic parts. One is the power stage, or the switching converter; the other is the control

circuit, as shown in Fig. 14, where ‘ ’ is the reference voltage, ‘ ’ denotes the
combination of the feedbacks, and ‘α’ is the duty ratio.
 Fig. 14 General block diagram for the switching converter
The power stage, or the switching converter controls the

power absorbed from the unregulated supply voltage ‘ ’ and provides a regulated constant

output voltage ‘ ’ at the load.

The main purpose of the control circuit is to generate a
proper duty ratio according to the circuit condition in order to reduce the variation of the output
voltage as much as possible when the supply voltage or load current changes. For different
control laws, such as
duty ratio control, current programmed control, etc.., the effect of supply voltage or load
current disturbance is different.
In order to achieve zero voltage regulation, i.e.., to eliminate the
effect of the supply voltage or load current disturbance, the control strategy should be
particularly constructed and the feedbacks should be properly selected so that the control
circuit can provide the exact duty ratio required by the power stage.
The closed loop output voltage is thus independent of either the
supply voltage or the load current and is determined only by the reference voltage.
 Function control law
Zero voltage regulation at the output can be realized
when the principle of the function control law is used to formulate the control circuit of the
buck converter.
Fig. 15(a) gives the topology of the buck converter and
Fig. 15(b) gives its large signal low frequency averaged equivalent circuit model which can be
derived from the technique of equivalent circuit model.
By this equivalent model, the active switch is modeled by
a controlled current source with its value equal to the average current flowing through the
switch over one switching cycle i.e.,

for the buck converter, where ‘i’ denotes the averaged inductor current
The diode is modeled by a controlled voltage source with its value
equal to the averaging voltage across it over one switching cycle, i.e.,
, for Buck converter.
 Fig.15 Buck converter: (a) Topology and (b) its low frequency average model.

From Fig. 15(b), the output voltage can be expressed as

……………..(1)
Where VL is the averaged value of the inductor voltage and αp is the duty ratio required for the
switching converter. This ‘αp’ can be expressed as,

……………..(2)
Eq. (2) defines the duty ratio required by a buck converter at a specific operating point of ‘ ’,
‘ ’ and ‘ ’.
The control circuit can now be constructed to generate the duty ratio. Let the input and output
relation of the control circuit can be formulated as

…………………..(3)

where ‘ ’ is the reference voltage, K is the gain of the proportional error amplifier. Duty
ratio ‘αc’ denotes the duty ratio generated by the control circuit.
In the practical circuit, the output of the control circuit is connected to
the gate of the active switch in the power stage, making αp =αc. Therefore, the closed loop
characteristic can be obtained by equating (2) and (3) as

……………(4)
From (4), the output voltage can be found as

…………….(5)

It is noted that the output voltage ‘ ’ at the left side of (5) is not the steady state value, but

rather an averaged one, which includes both the steady state value ‘ ’ and the dynamic one,
 i.e., . The reference voltage ‘ ’ is a constant for constant output voltage
application.
Eq. (5), thus, shows that by control law (3), the closed loop averaged output
voltage is forced to be proportional to a constant reference voltage. This result means that the
closed loop output voltage is independent of the supply voltage and the load current.
In other words the averaged output voltage remains unchanged
even when there is disturbance from either the supply voltage or the load current. Zero voltage
regulation of the output voltage is therefore achieved.
The control law (3) is Non-Linear. The duty ratio is
proportional to the sum of the averaged inductor voltage and the output of the error amplifier
and is inversely proportional to the supply voltage.
Non-linear control law combined with the inherent non-
linear buck converter has resulted, in this case, in a linear closed loop system. The averaged
closed loop output voltage is proportional to the reference voltage.
When the supply voltage changes, the duty ratio will
react immediately and change accordingly to such extent that it can cancel the effect of supply
voltage disturbance. Thus the output voltage keeps unchanged.
The feedback of the averaged inductor voltage is used to
correct the disturbance of the load current. The inductor voltage is proportional to the rate of
change of inductor current, which is the sum of load current and the capacitor current as shown

in Fig. 6(b), i.e.., and .

 PROPOSED CIRCUIT
AND
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
The proposed circuit to obtain the Non-linear robust
control is shown in Fig. 21

Fig. 21 Proposed d.c to a.c inverter using Non-linear robust control system
The proposed circuit is composed of three basic
parts
(ⅰ) chopper circuit
(ⅱ) control circuit
(ⅲ) bridge type synchronizer
The chopper circuit is of a Buck converter topology with the
averaged output voltage given as,
 In the control circuit, the control scheme is based on the feedback of the output voltage and
the feed forward of the input voltage and the inductor voltage. The reference voltage to the
control circuit is chosen to be a fully rectified sinusoidal wave, i.e..,

The frequency ‘fa’ is much lower than the switching frequency.

The output voltage of the Buck converter can be derived as per the function control law (from
equation 5) as

representing a fully rectified sinusoidal waveform having the same frequency as the reference
signal
The bridge-type synchronizer composed of T1-T4, as shown
in Fig. 21, is used to generate a sinusoidal a.c voltage waveform. In this synchronizer, the
switching cycle of the diagonal pair of switches, (T1, T4) or (T2, T3), is synchronized with that
of the reference signal ‘ ’. For example, T1 and T4 are turned on at 0, T, 2T,, etc.., and
T2and T3 are turned on at T/2, 3T/2, etc.., as shown in Fig. C.
Fig. 22 The sinusoidal output voltage obtained by the bridge-type synchronizer.
Therefore, the fully rectified sinusoidal voltage can

be unfolded into a sinusoidal output voltage . This sinusoidal output voltage is

immune to disturbances in the input voltage or output current.

Simulation results
The output waveforms of d.c to a.c Inverter with Non-linear Robust controller are shown
below
 (a) Effect of the input voltage step changes on the output voltage
This waveform indicates that the input voltage is independent of the output voltage.
 (b) Effect of the output load step changes on the output voltage.
This waveform indicates that the load current is also independent of the output voltage
 (c) Response of output voltage to a step change of reference signal

Fig. 23 Output waveforms of the d.c to a.c inverter winth non-linear robust control
This waveform clearly indicates that the input voltage is dependent on the
reference voltage

APPLICATIONS
Some of the important applications of the switch
mode d.c to a.c inverter which require robust control are as mentioned below:
 U.P.S
 AEROSPACE POWER SYSTEMS
 VARIABLE SPEED A.C MACHINE DRIVES
 COMMUNICATION RING GENERATORS.
 CONCLUSIONS
The study of our project shows that a switch-mode d.c to a.c

inverter using a Non-linear robust control technique (i.e.., the zero voltage regulation of the

output voltage) can be obtained by the function control law.

A method to retrieve the low frequency component of the

inductor voltage and at the same time suppress greatly its high frequency component is

proposed and analyzed in order to implement the function control law. The results indicate that

this method is very effective in retrieving the low frequency component of the inductor

voltage, which is crucial to achieve zero voltage regulation of the output voltage.

The Non-linear function control law converts the non-linear

Buck converter into a linear closed loop system. Therefore, the closed loop dynamic analysis is

greatly simplified. The stability of the closed loop system is ensured by the proper selection of

the controller parameters based on the analysis presented in our project.

The analysis of the control technique reveals that the output

voltage of the switch-moe d.c to a.c inverter is not affected by supply and load disturbances.

A Buck converter followed by a bridge synchronizer was used

to implement the Non-linear robust control. Computer simulation using MATLAB

(SIMULINK) show that the output voltage is immune to large disturbances in the supply

voltage and the load current, and the system has fast dynamic response.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

P.C. SEN, Principles of Electric Machines. New York: Willey, 1989.

 N. Mohan, T. M. Undeland, and W. P. Robbins, Power Electronics, Converters,

Applications and Design. New York: Willey, 1989.

 J. G. Kassakian, M. F. Schlecht, and G. C Verghese, Principles of Power Electronics.

Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1991.

 M. H Rashid, Power Electronics: Circuits, Devices and Applications. Englewood Cliffs,

NJ: Prentice Hall, 1988.

 Z. Yang and P.C Sen (1997) “A novel switch-mode d.c to a.c inverter with non-linear
robust control,” In IEEE PEDS’97 Conference Record, Singapore, May 1997, 487-493.

 Y. F. Liu and P.C. Sen, “A novel method to achieve zero voltage regulation in Buck
converter,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., Vol. 10, pp. 292-301, May 1995.