Isotopes of polonium - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_polonium

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Polonium (Po) has 33 isotopes, all of which are radioactive, with between 186 and 227 nucleons. 210Po with a half-life of 138.376 days has the longest half-life of
naturally occurring polonium. 209Po with a half-life of 103 years has the longest half-life of all isotopes of polonium. 209Po and 208Po (half-life 2.9 years) can be made
through the alpha, proton, or deuteron bombardment of lead or bismuth in a cyclotron.[citation needed]

Contents
1 Polonium-210
2 Table
2.1 Notes
3 References

Polonium-210
210
Po is an alpha emitter that has a half-life of 138.376 days; it decays directly to its daughter isotope 206Pb. A milligram of 210Po emits as many alpha particles per
second as 5 grams of 226Ra.[1] A few curies (1 curie equals 37 gigabecquerels) of 210Po emit a blue glow which is caused by excitation of surrounding air. A single
gram of 210Po generates 140 watts of power.[2] Because it emits many alpha particles, which are stopped within a very short distance in dense media and release their
energy, 210Po has been used as a lightweight heat source to power thermoelectric cells in artificial satellites; for instance, a 210Po heat source was also in each of the
Lunokhod rovers deployed on the surface of the Moon, to keep their internal components warm during the lunar nights.[3] Some anti-static brushes contain up to 500
microcuries (19 MBq) of 210Po as a source of charged particles for neutralizing static electricity in materials like photographic film.[4] 210Po is also used in initiators
for atomic bombs through the (,n) reaction with beryllium.

The majority of the time 210Po decays by emission of an alpha particle only, not by emission of an alpha particle and a gamma ray. About one in 100,000 decays
results in the emission of a gamma ray.[5] This low gamma ray production rate makes it more difficult to find and identify this isotope. Rather than gamma ray
spectroscopy, alpha spectroscopy is the best method of measuring this isotope.
210

Po occurs in minute amounts in nature, where it is an intermediate isotope in the radium series (also known as the uranium series) decay chain. It is generated via
beta decay from 210Bi.
210

Po is extremely toxic, with one microgram being enough to kill the average adult (250,000 times more toxic than hydrogen cyanide by weight). 210Po was used to
kill Russian dissident and ex-FSB officer Alexander V. Litvinenko in 2006[6] and, following exhumation and analysis of his corpse, was in November 2013 suspected
as a possible cause of Yasser Arafat's death.[7]

Table

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Nuclide
symbol

Historic
name

Z(p)[8][9] N(n)[8][9] Isotopic mass (u)[10]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_polonium

Half-life

[10][11][12]

Decay
Daughter
Nuclear
mode(s)[13][n 1] isotope(s)[n 2] spin[10][11][12]

Excitation energy
188

84

104 187.999422(21)

430(180) s
[0.40(+20-15) ms]

189

84

105 188.998481(24)

5(1) ms

Po
Po

190

Po

191

Po

191m

Po

192

Po

193

Po

194

Po

195

Po

196

Po

197

130(21) keV

Po

198

109 192.99103(4)

100(30)# keV

110 193.988186(13)

2525(2) keV
111 194.98811(4)

110(50) keV

112 195.985535(14)

2490.5(17) keV
113 196.98566(5)

230(80)# keV

84

Po

108 191.991335(13)

2600(500)# keV

84

Po

197m

22(1) ms

84

Po

196m

107 190.994574(12)

84

Po

195m

84

84

Po

194m

2.46(5) ms

84

Po

193m

106 189.995101(14)

84

Po

192m

84

114 197.983389(19)

(99.9%)
+

(.1%)

187

0.392(4) s

4.64(9) s

1.92(2) s

5.56(12) s

(rare)

53.6(10) s

25.8(1) s

1.77(3) min

750(50) ns

199m

Po

312.0(28) keV

5.48(16) min

4.17(4) min

(99%)
+ (1%)

192

189

Po

201

Po

201m

Po

84

116 199.981799(15)

11.5(1) min

84

117 200.982260(6)

15.3(2) min

424.1(24) keV

8.9(2) min

3/2-#

Pb
Bi

0+
12+#

Pb

193

Bi

3/2-#

189

Pb

193

Bi

(13/2+)

190

Pb

(rare)

194

(75%)

191

+ (25%)

195

(90%)

191

Bi

0+
(11-)

Pb
Bi

(10%)
IT (.01%)

195

(94%)

192

Bi

13/2+#

Po
Pb

196

(6%)

3/2-#

Pb

195

Bi

0+
(11-)

(54%)

197

(44%)

193

(84%)

193

Bi
Pb

(3/2-)

Pb

(16%)

197

IT (.01%)

197

(57%)

194

+ (43%)

198

Bi

(13/2+)

Po
Pb
Bi

0+
1112+

(92.5%)

199

(7.5%)

195

+ (73.5%)

199

(24%)

195

IT (2.5%)

199

200

0+

(13/2+)
188

115 198.983666(25)

Bi

850(90) ns

200(20) ns

84

Pb

15(2) s

2691.86(20) keV

Po

Bi

191

240(10) ms
[243(+11-10) ms] + (rare)

2565.92(20) keV

199

Pb

190

420(40) ms
[370(+46-40) ms] + (rare)

198m2

Po

3/2-#
186

~1 s

198m1

Po

0+

93(3) ms
32.2(3) ms

Representative
Range of natural
isotopic
variation
composition
(mole fraction)
(mole fraction)

Bi
Pb

(3/2-)

Bi
Pb

13/2+

Po

(88.8%)

200

(11.1%)

196

+ (98.4%)

201

(1.6%)

197

IT (56%)

201

EC (41%)

201

(2.9%)

197

Bi
Pb
Bi
Pb

0+

3/2-

Po
Bi

13/2+

Pb

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202

84

Po

202m

118 201.980758(16)

2626.7(7) keV

Po

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_polonium

44.7(5) min

+ (98%)

202

(2%)

198

84

Po

203m1

Po

203m2

Po

204

Po

205

Po

119 202.981420(28)

36.7(5) min

641.49(17) keV

45(2) s

2158.5(6) keV

>200 ns

84

120 203.980318(12)

3.53(2) h

84

121 204.981203(21)

1.66(2) h

205m1

143.166(17) keV

310(60) ns

205m2

880.30(4) keV

645 s

Po
Po

205m3

1461.21(21) keV

57.4(9) ms

205m4

3087.2(4) keV

115(10) ns

Po
Po

206

84

Po

122 205.980481(9)

Pb

>200 ns

8.8(1) d

0+
11-

203

Bi

(99.89%)

203

(.11%)

199

IT (99.96%)

203

(.04%)

199

+ (99.33%)

204

(.66%)

200

+ (99.96%)

205

(.04%)

201

Bi
Pb
Po
Pb

Bi
Pb
Bi
Pb

5/2-

13/2+

0+

5/21/213/2+

IT

205

Po

19/229/2-

+ (94.55%)

206

(5.45%)

202

Bi
Pb

0+

206m1

1585.85(11) keV

222(10) ns

(8+)#

206m2

2262.22(14) keV

1.05(6) s

(9-)#

Po
Po

207

84

Po

123 206.981593(7)

5.80(2) h

207m1

68.573(14) keV

205(10) ns

207m2

1115.073(16) keV

49(4) s

207m3

1383.15(6) keV

2.79(8) s

Po
Po
Po

208

Po

209

Po

210

Radium F

Po

210m
211

Actinium C'

211m1
211m2
211m3

Po

216

Po

219

Po

126 209.9828737(13)

84

127 210.9866532(14)

138.376(2) d

1/213/2+
IT

207

(99.99%)

204

Po
Pb

(.00277%)

208

(99.52%)

205

Bi
Pb

(.48%)

209

206

207

(99.98%)

207

IT (.016%)

211

1/2-

Pb

0+

Pb

9/2+

(31/2-)

Po

(43/2+)

84

128 211.9888680(13)

2911(12) keV

Po

Radium C'

299(2) ns
45.1(6) s

Po

208

(99.93%)

208

IT (.07%)

212

Pb
Pb
Po

Trace[n 4]

(25/2+)

0+

Trace[n 5]

(18+)

84

129 212.992857(3)

3.65(4) s

209

9/2+

84

130 213.9952014(16)

164.3(20) s

210

0+

Trace[n 3]

(99.99%)

211

- (2.3104%)

215

9/2+

Trace[n 4]

212

0+

Trace[n 5]

Actinium A

84

131 214.9994200(27)

1.781(4) ms

Thorium A

84

132 216.0019150(24)

0.145(2) s

84

133 217.006335(7)

1.47(5) s

84

134 218.0089730(26)

3.10(1) min

84

135 219.01374(39)#

2# min
[>300 ns]

Radium A

Trace[n 3]

16+
Pb

243(21) ns

Thorium C'

25.2(6) s

0+

Bi

263(5) ns
0.516(3) s

19/2-

2.8(7) s

Po

Po

84

5/2-

4873.3(17) keV

217

218

102(5) a

Pb

2135.7(9) keV

Po

215

125 208.9824304(20)

Bi

Po

213

Po

84

(.021%)

203

1462(5) keV

Po

214

2.898(2) a

207

Po

212

212m

124 207.9812457(19)

5057.61(4) keV

Po

Po

84

+ (99.97%)

- -

Pb
Pb

Pb
At
Pb

(rare)

216

(95%)

213

Rn
Pb

(5%)

217

(99.98%)

214

(.02%)

At
Pb

218

At

5/2+#

0+

Trace[n 3]

7/2+#

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220

84

Po

136 220.01660(39)#

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_polonium

40# s
[>300 ns]

0+

1. ^ Abbreviations:
EC: Electron capture
IT: Isomeric transition
2. ^ Bold for stable isotopes, bold italics for nearly stable isotopes (half-life longer than the age of the universe)
3. ^ a b c Intermediate decay product of Uranium-238
4. ^ a b Intermediate decay product of Uranium-235
5. ^ a b Intermediate decay product of Thorium-232

Notes
Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weak assignment arguments are enclosed in
parentheses.
Uncertainties are given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. Uncertainty values denote one standard deviation, except isotopic
composition and standard atomic mass from IUPAC which use expanded uncertainties.
Half-life abbreviations are a=annum(year), d=day, min=minute, s=second, ms=millisecond, s=microsecond, ns=nanosecond.
A superscripted m (or m2, etc.) refers to an isomer of that particular isotope.

References
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

9.

10.

11.
12.
13.

^ http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elements.pdf
^ Polonium (http://www.ead.anl.gov/pub/doc/polonium.pdf), Argonne National Laboratory
^ Andrew Wilson, Solar System Log, (London: Jane's Publishing Company Ltd, 1987), p. 64.
^ Staticmaster (http://www.nrdstaticcontrol.com/DataSheets.html)
^ 210PO A DECAY (http://atom.kaeri.re.kr/cgi-bin/decay?Po-210%20A)
^ Cowell, Alan (November 24, 2006). "Radiation Poisoning Killed Ex-Russian Spy" (http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/24/world/europe/25spycnd.html). The New York Times.
^ "Arafat's death: what is Polonium-210?" (http://www.aljazeera.com/video/asia-pacific/2012/07/2012746748407858.html). Al Jazeera. July 10, 2012.
^ a b J. R. de Laeter, J. K. Bhlke, P. De Bivre, H. Hidaka, H. S. Peiser, K. J. R. Rosman and P. D. P. Taylor (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC
Technical Report)" (http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/75/6/0683/pdf/). Pure and Applied Chemistry 75 (6): 683800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683 (http://dx.doi.org
/10.1351%2Fpac200375060683).
^ a b M. E. Wieser (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)" (http://iupac.org/publications/pac/78/11/2051/pdf/). Pure and Applied Chemistry
78 (11): 20512066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac200678112051). Lay summary (http://old.iupac.org/news/archives/2005/atomicweights_revised05.html).
^ a b c G. Audi, A. H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot and O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" (http://www.nndc.bnl.gov
/amdc/nubase/Nubase2003.pdf). Nuclear Physics A 729: 3128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003NuPhA.729....3A).
doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nuclphysa.2003.11.001).
^ a b National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.1 database" (http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nudat2/). Brookhaven National Laboratory. Retrieved September 2005.
^ a b N. E. Holden (2004). "Table of the Isotopes". In D. R. Lide. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). CRC Press. p. 11-50. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.
^ http://www.nucleonica.net/unc.aspx

Isotopes of bismuth

Isotopes of polonium

Isotopes of astatine

Table of nuclides

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