Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, HKUST HW1 solution (total 23) Fiber numerical aperture 1. (6) (a) core equation: 2 2 1 2 sin a a n n n u
= (1) (b) For air, n a =1, 14.03 o a u = (1) (c) For water, n a =1.33, 10.5 o a u = (1) (d) The fiber tip should be flat. The NA calculation is based on the ray optics. Therefore, the fiber diameter should large enough (times of wavelength). (1) (e) 2 2 1 2 sin a a n n n u
= In air, if n a =1 and 70 o a u = ,thus 2 2 1 2 n n =0.883; (1) Suppose n 1 =1.7, we have n 2 =1.42 Suppose n 2 =1.7, we have n 1 =1.94 With a 5 mm x 5 mm detector, the maximum radius is 2.5 mm. Thus, distance L = 2.5 mm/tan(70 o ) = 0.91 mm (1)
Poynting vector, reflectivity and transmissivity 2. (3)
From the definition of pointing vector, we have the magnitude: 2 2 2 i i i i r r r r t t t t S E H E S E H E S E H nE = = = = = =
(1) For TE, boundary conditions, 2 2 2 cos ( ) cos cos ( ) cos t i r t t i r i t t i r i E E E nE E E nE E E u u u u = + = =
So cos cos cos i i r i t t S S S u u u = +
(2) For TM, boundary conditions,
2 2 2 2 cos ( ) cos cos ( ) cos t i r t t i r i t t i r i nE E E E E E nE E E u u u u = = + =
So cos cos cos i i r i t t S S S u u u = +
Total internal reflection 3. (7)
(a) (1) 1 1 1 1 1 exp[ ( cos sin )] exp[ ( cos sin )] exp[ ( sin )] i i i r i i t i E i t k z k x E i t k z k x E z i t k x e u u e u u k e u = = + = +
with certain fixed z, the propagation constant for the incident, reflected and refracted light
1 1 2 2 2 sin sin sin sin c i c i n k k k n u | u u u = = = sin i u is always smaller than 1 and as in total internal reflection, incident angle is larger than the critical angle sin 1 sin c i u u > We get the conclusion 2 1 k k | < <
(b) (1)For incident and reflected light, h and | are real. So these two parameters or the component exp(i(et - hz -| x)) describe the propagation character of the wave with a phase change corresponding to the time and position.
3 For refracted light, the x direction is the same as above. However in the z direction, because the propagation constant is an imaginary -ik, the propagation will show an exponential decay : exp(i(et -b x) -k z)
Evanescent field 4. (7) (a) (3) Evanescent wave 0 exp( )exp( ( sin )) evan i i E E y j t k k e u = , where 2 2 1 2 2 sin 1 i t n k n u k = Evanescent wave amplitude becomes 1/e of that at surface 0 / exp( ) 1/ evan E E y e k = = ,thus 1/ y k = 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 sin 1.5 sin 45 2 1 1 0.0044 500( ) 1 o i t n k nm n mm u t k
= = = (1) 1/ 0.0044( ) 225.1 y nm nm = = (1)
If y=1 m, then 0 / exp( ) exp( 0.0044*1000) 0.0118 evan E E y k = = = (1) 5
(b) The amplitude of the field in the cladding is to decay exponentially in the transverse direction. The evanescent field stores energy and transports it in the direction of surface propagation, but does not transport energy in the transverse direction. (1)