Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
2 =
with (r-1) (c-1)
d.f.
(fo - fe)
2
fe
Where fo = observed (Given) frequency.
fe = expected (Calculated) frequency.
Expected frequency in any cell can be
calculated are:-
fe = Expected frequency =
(Row total) (Column total)
Grand Total
It is explained with the help of the
following table No. 2.
Table No.2. Relationship between SES of parents and Academic
achievements of the Children
Achievements Low Middle High Total
High Achievements 5 28 61 94
Middle Achievements 12 21 34 67
Low Achievements 20 12 07 39
Total 37 61 102 200
Source: Questionnaire
To measure the relationship between
SES and academic achievement of the
students Chi-square distribution is used.
Calculated Chi-square value was found
to be 11.14 as against the table value of
9.49 at = 0.05 with d. f = 4.
(
2
= 11.14 > 9.49). So there is
significant relationship at 0.05 level of
Gomal University Journal of Research, 28(1). June, 2012
17 Shah et al., Impact of Socio Economic
significance.
Hence There is significant relationship
between SES and academic achievement
of students.
CONCLUSIONS
Following conclusion on the basis of
objectives and hypothesis can be drawn
from the study.
There is appositive relationship between
the socioeconomic status of the parents
(calculated in terms of family income,
either by father, mother or both) and the
academic achievements of their children.
The analysis of the data shows that the
socioeconomics status of a family
positively effects the academic
achievements of their children. It is also
verified by the strong positive
correlation between the two.
REFERENCES
Majoribanks K (1996). Family Learning
Environments and Students Outcomes:
A review . Journal of Comparative
Family Studies 27 (2), 373 394.
Baharudin R and Luster T (1998).
Factors Related to the Quality of the
Home Environment and Childrens
Achievements. Journal of Family Issues.
19(4):375-403.
Seyfried S F (1998). Academic
Achievements of African American
Preadolescents: The influence of
Teachers Perceptions. American Journal
of Community Psychology. 26(3):381-
402.
Eamon M K (2005). Social-
Demographic, School, Neighbourhood
and Parenting Influences on Academic
Achievements of Latino Young
Adolecsents. Journal of Youth and
Adolescence. 34(2):163-175.
Hoschchild J L (2003). Social Class in
Public Schools. Journal of Social Issues,
59(4):821-840.
Jeynes W H (2002). Examining the
Effects of Parental Absence on The
Academic Achievements of
Adolescents: The Challenge of
Controlling for Family Income. Journal
of family and Economic Issues.
23(2):132-141.
Walpole (1982). Introduction to
Statistics, 3
rd
Edition, Macmillan
Publishing Co.New York.311.
Shah L (1993). The Influence of
Selected Socio Psychological Variables
on the Achievements of School Children
in Azad Kashmir. Un published Doctoral
Dissertation, University of the Punjab.
Elite & Tamela Mc N (2005). Do
Gender and Race Matter? Explaining the
Relationship between Sports
Participation and Achievement.
Sociological Spectrum. 25(2):177-195.
Carbonaro W (2005). Tracking Students
Effort and Academic Achievements.
Sociology of Education. 78 (1):27- 49.
Gomal University Journal of Research, 28(1). June, 2012