LTE Training RF Design Ed4

From LTE basics to 9155 LTE RF Design
September 2009
All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2008, XXXXX 2 | Presentation Title | Month 2008
LTE Basics
OFDM Fundamentals
Basic of OFDM

Basic of OFDM
Waveform
Basic of OFDM
Sending modulation symbol in parallel
Basic of OFDM
Symbol extract
Basic of OFDM

Basic of OFDM
Orthogonality lost
Basic of OFDM
Doppler & frequency offset effects
Basic of OFDM
Multi-path effect
Basic of OFDM
Multi-path effect
Basic of OFDM
CP length
Basic of OFDM
OFDM scalable
Basic of OFDM
Full Tx/Rx chain
LTE Basics
DOWNLINK STRUCTURE

DL Physical Channels
DL Channels Mapping
LTE Downlink: Frame Format, Channel Structure &
Terminology
LTE Downlink: Number of Resource Blocks & Numerology
Downlink common Reference Signal structure
Reference signal symbol distribution sequence over 12 subcarriers x 14 OFDM
symbols.
The Reference signal sequence is correlated to Cell ID.
Downlink common Reference Signal structure per number
of antenna port
PBCH, SCH Time and frequency location
Basic of cell search
Primary BCH & Dynamic BCH
Primary BCH & Dynamic BCH
PCFICH & PHICH
PDCCH
PDCCH: DCI formats carried
DCI includes resource assignments and other control information
Downlink Shared Channel (DL-SCH)
DL Power settings
PDCCH PBCH
Based o the simus done by R&D and also on first trials results the DL power
settings is detailed in the slides below
DL Power settings
LA 0.x
DL Power settings
LA 1.0 RRH 30W
DL Power settings
LA 1.0 RRH 40W
LTE Basics
UPLINK STRUCTURE

UL Physical Channels

UL Channels Mapping

SC-FDMA principle

SC-FDMA principle
SC-FDMA Tx/Rx chain
LTE Uplink: Number of Resource Blocks & Numerology
Demodulation Reference Signal & Sounding Reference Signal
Demodulation Reference Signal & Sounding Reference Signal
PUCCH
PUCCH
PUCCH
PRACH
Radom Access procedures
LTE Basics
UL Power Control
IoT Control Mechanism (Inter-cell Power Control)
Setting of Target_SINR_dB determines the IoT operating point
Especially in a reuse-1 deployment, it is critical to manage the uplink
interference level
In LTE, e-NBs can send uplink overload indications to neighbor e-NBs via the
X2 interface
Power control parameters (i.e. Target SINR) can be adapted based on
overload indicators
Allows control of the IoT level to ensure coverage and system stability
PC params PC params
Measure
Interference, emit
overload indicator
Based on overload
indicator from
neighbor cell,
adapt PC params
interference
Overload indicator
(X-2 interface)
Fractional Power Control
While using the same target SINR for each user results in very
good fairness (as far as power allocation is concerned), it also
results in poor spectral efficiency
An improved power control scheme called Fractional Power
Control adjusts the target SINR in relation to the UEs path loss to
its serving sector
UE_TxPSD_dBm = o x PL_dB + Nominal_Target_SINR_dB +
UL_Interference_dBm
o is called the fractional compensation factor, and is sent via cell broadcast; 0 <
o < 1
Target
SINR
Target_SINR_dB = Nominal_Target_SINR_dB
- (1-o) x PL_dB
Target SINR increases with decreasing path loss
Flexible trade-off between cell edge rate and average
spectral efficiency
Improved Power Control Based on Neighbor Cell Path Loss
Path loss to the serving cell is not indicative of the amount of
interference a user will generate to neighboring sectors
An improved power control scheme adjusts the target SINR in
relation to APL_dB = PL_strongestNeighborCell_dB
PL_servingCell_dB
UE_TxPSD_dBm = PL_dB + Nominal_Target_SINR_dB + (1-|) x APL_dB +
UL_Interference_dBm
(1-|) x APL_dB is sent to each UE via higher layer (RRC) signaling
Target SINR
Target_SINR_dB = Nominal_Target_SINR_dB
+ (1-|) x APL_dB
Target SINR increases with increasing radio
position
LTE Basics
Scheduler
Scheduler
UL Scheduling mechanism
DL Scheduling mechanism
Channel Quality Indicator, Pre-coding Matrix Indicator, Rank
Indicator
Scheduler weighted proportional fair
Scheduler proportional fair principles
Frequency Non-Selective Scheme
The SRS SYNC SINR is a scalar quantity per user that is formed by averaging the SRS SINR across
PRBs and then filtered in time; used to form a single priority metric, which is replicated and used
for all PRBs
To support a large number of UEs, the SRS period needs to be reduced given the multiplexing capabilities
(max of 8 UEs per SRS transmission per frequency comb)
The regular MPE algorithm as in the FSS algorithm is then utilized, which minimizes
testing/verification to just the new code introduced
Currently also investigating an intermediate solution where the resolution of the frequency
selective scheduler is reduced by a certain factor in order to retain some frequency selectivenessin
the scheduling while reducing complexity (study in progress)
Single priority metric formed and used in
the first stage of the MPE algorithm
Then MPE algorithm continues as in FSS
scheme
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
UE 1
UE 2
UE 3
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Priority
Metric
Resource Unit Index
UE 1
UE 2
UE 3
Frequency Re-use strategies
Frequency re-use1
Fractional Frequency re-use
Frequency Re-use strategies
Soft Frequency re-use or
dynamic frequency re-use
LTE Basics
Link adaptation
DL MCS table
UL MCS table
LTE Basics
Multi Antenna Technology Roadmap
MIMO Configuration
Antennas Configuration
Antennas Configuration
Spatial Multiplexing
LA1.0 Scheme supported
Scheme supported after LA1.0
LTE Link Budgets
Uplink Link Budget Considerations
Uplink Link Budget
Main Principles
Link Budget is performed for one mobile located at cell edge (for each service)
transmitting at max power
The IoT (Interference over Thermal Noise) experienced by this user on the UL
depends on the frequency reuse scheme and the service data rate and
corresponding SINR that is guaranteed for cell edge users

cell radius
MAPL
Required Received Signal
Max UE transmit Power
UPLINK Analysis is
an MAPL analysis
Uplink Link Budget
Main Principles
Receiver
Sensitivity
Transmit
Power
Losses and
Margins
Gains Interference
Feeder losses
Penetration Loss
(outdoor/indoor)
Shadowing Margin
Handoff Gain
Body Loss
eNode-B
Antenna Gain
UE Antenna
Gain
Derived from
SINR
performances
Interference
Margin
= MAPL
UE Transmit
power
(23dBm)
Uplink Path
Maximum
Allowable
Path Loss
UL link budget elaborated for user of service k at cell edge transmitting at maximum power
Uplink Link Budget
Rationale Behind LKB Formulation
Link budgets are formulated for one service that is to be guaranteed at cell edge
(Range
UL_Guar_Serv
)
For more limiting service rates link budgets are formulated under the assumption
they are not guaranteed at cell edge but at a reduced coverage footprint
Range
UL_Guar_Serv
128kbps
256kbps
512kbps
UL Rates
Uplink Link Budget
Example for one service
Dense Urban (2.6GHz)
PS 128
Required Data Rate
128 kbps
No. Resource Blocks Required
3 RB
MCS
MCS 8
Used Bandwidth 540 kHz
Target C/I -3.0 dB
eNode-B Noise Figure 2.5 dB
eNode-B Sensitivity -117.2 dBm
Antenna Gain 18.0 dBi
Cable & Connector Losses 0.5 dB
Body Losses 0 dB
Additional UL Losses 0 dB
Cell area coverage probability 95%
Overall standard deviation 8.0 dB
Shadowing Margin 8.6 dB
Handoff Gain 3.6 dB
Fast Fading Margin 0 dB
Penetration Margin 21 dB
Fixed IoT 3.0 dB
UE Antenna Gain 0 dBi
UE Max Transmit Power 23.0 dBm
MAPL 128.7 dB
UL Cell Range 0.46 km
No. Resource Blocks to Reach Data
Rate
Signal to Interference Ratio per
Resource Block
Noise Figure of the eNode-B is supplier
dependent
Based on SINR, Noise Figure, Thermal
Noise, Bandwidth Used
Optimal Modulation & Coding Scheme
(MCS)
Uplink Link Budget
Receiver Sensitivity
eNode-B Receiver Sensitivity
Minimum required signal level to reach a given quality (SINR target)
when facing only thermal noise

Where:
F: eNode-B Noise figure in dB
N
th
: Thermal noise density, 10log(N
th
) =-174 dBm/Hz
SINR
dB
: Signal to Interference ratio per Resource Block
N
RB
: Number of resource blocks (RB) required to reach a given data rate
W
RB
: Bandwidth of one Resource Block
One Resource Block is composed of 12 subcarriers, each of a 15kHz
bandwidth so W
RB
= 180kHz.\
Sensitivity
dBm
= SINR
dB
+ 10.log10(F.N
th
.N
RB
.W
RB
)
Service dependent
Uplink Link Budget
SINR Performances - Overview
SINR Target depends on:
eNode-B equipment performance
Radio conditions (multipath fading profile, mobile speed)
Receive diversity (2-way by default or optional 4-way)
Targeted data rate and quality of service
The Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS)
Max allowed number of HARQ transmissions (Maximum of 4 on UL)
HARQ Operating Point 1% Post HARQ BLER target considered by default
Derived from link level simulations or better by equipment measurements (lab or
on-field measurements)
Uplink Link Budget
SINR Performances - Channel Model
In reality, a mix of multipath conditions exist across a typical cell
For coverage assessment, the worst case model should be considered
ITU VehA multipath channel model are considered a good compromise
For LTE some evolved multipath channel models have been defined such as
EVA5Hz or EPA5Hz
These are an extension of the VehA and PedA models used in UMTS to make
them more suitable for the wider bandwidths encountered with LTE, e.g.
>5MHz
Main difference lies in the definition of a Doppler frequency instead of a
speed, making the model useable for different frequency bands
All SINR performances used in the link budget are for all EVehA3 and EVehA50
channel models

Uplink Link Budget
SINR Performances - Link Level Results for 10MHz Bandwidth (50 RB)
LTE UL Throughput v.s. SNR, max 4HARQ Tx, EPedB-3km
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
SINR (dB)
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t

(
k
b
p
s
)
MCS = 0 MCS = 1
MCS = 2 MCS = 3
MCS = 4 MCS = 5
MCS = 6 MCS = 7
MCS = 8 MCS = 9
MCS = 10 MCS = 11
MCS = 12 MCS = 13
MCS = 14 MCS = 15
MCS = 16 MCS = 17
MCS = 18 MCS = 19
MCS = 20 MCS = 21
MCS = 22 MCS = 23
MCS = 24 MCS = 25
MCS = 26 MCS = 27
MCS = 28 T'put (kbps)
Uplink Link Budget
SINR Performances - Selection of Optimal SINR Figures
There are a number of possible solutions that can be used to provide a given
throughput solutions comprise a combination of:
Modulation & Coding Scheme (MCS)
Number of Resource Blocks (RB)
Optimization Objective:
Select # RBs and MCS so as to maximize the receiver sensitivity and thus the
link budget
While at the same time respecting the selected HARQ operating point (1% post
HARQ BLER objective)

Uplink Link Budget
SINR Performances - Summary for UL 10MHz Bandwidth (1x2 RxDiv)
Performance figures for typical UL link budget rates
Number of RBs
SINR (include margins)
MCS, TBS and # HARQ Transmissions
Service VoIP PS 64 PS 128 PS 256 PS 384 PS 512 PS 768 PS 1000 PS 2000
Bit Rate 12.2 64 128 256 384 512 768 1000 2000
MCS 6 6 8 10 10 10 10 10 10
TBS 328 176 392 872 1384 1736 2792 3496 6968
Modulation QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK
Post HARQ BLER 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1%
Required # of RB 1 2 3 5 8 10 16 20 40
SINR (EVehA 3km/h) -3.7 dB -3.6 dB -3.0 dB -2.4 dB -2.9 dB -3.1 dB -3.4 dB -2.9 dB -3.3 dB
Rx Sensitivity -123 dBm -120 dBm -117 dBm -114 dBm -113 dBm -112 dBm -110 dBm -109 dBm -106 dBm
Uplink Link Budget
SINR Peformances - MCS and TBS Tables
Some Background Info
Modulation & Coding Scheme (MCS)
This determines the Modulation Order which in turn determines the TBS Index
Number of Resource Blocks
For a given MCS the Transport Block Size (TBS) is given different numbers of resource
blocks

MCS Index,
I
MCS

Modulation
Order, Q
M

TBS Index,
I
TBS

0 QPSK 0
1 QPSK 1
2 QPSK 2
3 QPSK 3
QPSK 4
N
PRB

I
TBS
1 2 3 4
0 16 32 56 88 120
1 24 56 88 144 176
2 32 72 144 176 208
3 40 104 176 208 256
4 56 120 208 256 328
5 72 144 224 328 424
6 328 176 256 392 504
104 224 328 472 584
MCS Table
TBS Table
Uplink Link Budget
Implementation Margins
SINR performances from link level simulations assume ideal scheduling and link
adaptation reality will not be as good
For example in the downlink, we consider: Error free CQI feedback, Perfect PDCCH-
PCFICH decoding, CQI feedback rate 1/20ms, etc.
To account for such ideal assumptions there are currently two key elements to
the margins incorporated into in SINR performances used in UL budgets today:
Implementation margin to account for the assumptions implicit in the link
level simulations used to derive the SINR performances
Currently considered to be ~1dB
No variability is assumed for different environments or UE mobility conditions
Will be tuned based on SINR measurements (not yet performed)
ACK/NACK margin to account for the puncturing of ACK/NACK onto the PUSCH
A 1dB margin is applied for VoIP services and 0.5dB for higher data throughputs
Uplink Link Budget
Consideration of Explicit Diversity Gains
The SINR performance figures considered by Alcatel-Lucent in UL and DL link
budgets are based on link level simulations that already account for the
corresponding transmit and receive diversity gains, i.e.
UL: default 1x2 Rx Diversity
2RxDiv gain accounted for in the SINR figures
To account for 4RxDiv on the UL an additional 2-3dB gain is considered on the 2RxDiv
SINR figures
DL: default 2x2 Tx Diversity
SFBC pre-coding gains + 2RxDiv gain at the UE are accounted for in the SINR figures
Note that an additional power combining gain is considered at the transmit side, i.e.
for a 2 x 40W TxDiv configuration a 80W transmit power is applied in DL link budgets
INTERNAL NOTE Noise Figure
The Noise Figure of the eNode-B is supplier dependent
Typically the Noise Figures of e-NodeBs range between 2 to 3dB
RRH Type Typical Noise Figure
RRH2x (lower 700) 2.2dB
900 TBD - 2.5dB (assumed)
MC-TRX (1800) 3 dB
MC-RRH (1800) 2.5 dB
AWS TBD 2.5dB (assumed)
RRH2x (2600) 2.6 dB
TRDU (2600) 2.6 dB
Typical RRH Noise Figures for ALU product (June 2009)
Uplink Link Budget
Exercise
Compute eNode-B sensitivity in VehA 3km/h
for VoIP 12.2kbps @ 1% Post-HARQ BLER
For PS 384kbps @ 1% Post-HARQ BLER

Alcatel-Lucent equipment:
Typical eNode-B Noise Figure: 2.5dB
SINR figures: -3.7 dB for VoIP 12.2, -3.3dB for PS384

ANSWER: Sensitivity: -122.6 dBm for speech, -113.2 dBm for PS384

Uplink Link Budget
PS 128
Required Data Rate
128 kbps
3 RB
MCS
MCS 8
Target C/I -3.0 dB
Body Losses 0 dB
Handoff Gain 3.6 dB
Fixed IoT 3.0 dB
MAPL 128.7 dB
Depends on UE Power Class
0dBi by default
3dB body loss when speech usage (UE near
head), 0dB body loss when data usage
Typical gain of Tri-sectored antenna,
depends on frequency band
Depends on feeder type, length and
frequency band
Uplink Link Budget
UE Characteristics
LTE UE Max Transmit Power
Depends on the power class of the UE
Only one power class is defined in 3GPP TS 36.101: 23dBm output power is
considered with a 0 dBi antenna gain; 2dB tolerance in the standard
WCDMA UE Max Transmit Power
Multiple power classes were defined in 3GPP TS 25.101, the most prevalent
WCDMA UEs today are considered to be class 3 (24dBm +1/-3dB)
The corresponding tolerance ranges for both WCDMA and LTE terminals are in
fact the same:
4dB range 21-25dBm
While the nominal Tx powers differ by 1dB
Currently consider 23dBm in UL LTE link budgets

Uplink Link Budget
PS 128
Required Data Rate
128 kbps
3 RB
MCS
MCS 8
Target C/I -3.0 dB
Body Losses 0 dB
Handoff Gain 3.6 dB
Fixed IoT 3.0 dB
MAPL 128.7 dB
Depends on depth of coverage (e.g. deep
indoor, indoor daylight, outdoor). Also
accounts for the indoor shadowing margin
Shadowing margin due to shadowing
standard deviation
Handoff gain
Uplink Link Budget
Shadowing Margin
Shadowing Margin:
Slow fading signal level variations due to obstacles
Modelled (in dB) as a Gaussian variable with zero-mean and standard deviation
depending on the environment, typically 6 to 8dB
The shadowing standard deviation can include the variability associated with
the indoor penetration. However, it is recommended to consider this as part
of the penetration margin
Impact on link budget :
Take a margin to ensure the received signal is well received (above required
sensitivity) with a given probability
Typically 95% in Dense Urban, Urban and Suburban and 90% in Rural
Computation as for UMTS and CDMA.

Uplink Link Budget
Handoff Gain
Unlike UMTS/WCDMA or CDMA, there is no soft-handoff functionality for LTE
No soft-handoff gain considered for LTE
Far too pessimistic to only consider the shadowing margin computed with one cell
unless considering an isolated cell
A mobile at the cell edge can still handover to a neighbor cell with more favorable
shadowing, i.e. a lower path loss consider a Handoff Gain (or best server
selection gain)
Reference article: Analysis of fade margins for soft and hard handoffs, Rege, K.M.;
Nanda, S.; Weaver, C.F.; Peng, W.-C., PIMRC 95
INTERNAL NOTE: This hard handoff gain can be considered for any system without soft handoff. So
this is the case for GSM. However no gain is typically applied in GSM. For LTE the sampling
frequency for handoff decisions as well as the handoff speed itself is much faster than GSM this
leads to an LTE handoff gain not much less than that considered for WCDMA.
Shadowing Standard Deviation 6 dB 6 dB 7 dB 7 dB 8 dB 8 dB 10 dB 10 dB
Cell Area Coverage Probability 90% 95% 90% 95% 90% 95% 90% 95%
Cell Edge Coverage Probability 71% 84% 73% 85% 75% 86% 78% 88%
Handoff Hysteresis 2 dB 2 dB 2 dB 2 dB 2 dB 2 dB 2 dB 2 dB
Shadowing Margin (no SHO gain) 3.3 dB 5.9 dB 4.3 dB 7.2 dB 5.4 dB 8.7 dB 7.7 dB 11.7 dB
SHO Gain 2.7 dB 2.8 dB 3.1 dB 3.4 dB 3.6 dB 3.9 dB 4.7 dB 5.0 dB
3 km/h - HHO Gain 2.3 dB 2.5 dB 2.8 dB 3.1 dB 3.4 dB 3.6 dB 4.4 dB 4.8 dB
Uplink Link Budget
Handoff Gain - Example
Antenna Height 30 m
K2 Propagation Model 35.2
Shadowing Correlation 0.5
Hysteresis 2 dB
HO sampling time 20 msec
# of samples to decide HO 4 samples
Correlation distance 50 m
Cell Range 100%
Reference article: Analysis of fade margins for soft and hard handoffs, Rege,
K.M.; Nanda, S.; Weaver, C.F.; Peng, W.-C., PIMRC 95
Typical for Dense Urban,
Urban and Suburban Indoor
Typical for Suburban
Incar & Rural
Uplink Link Budget
Handoff Gain - Example
Note that the full Handoff Gain is only applicable for UEs located at the cell
edge where we consider one rate guaranteed at the cell edge and others
guaranteed within that coverage footprint, the other services will not take
benefit of the full handoff gain
Dense Urban, Sigma = 8dB, 95% coverage reliability, 3km/h mobility
128kbps 256kbps 512kbps
UL Rates
0.0 dB
0.5 dB
1.0 dB
1.5 dB
2.0 dB
2.5 dB
3.0 dB
3.5 dB
4.0 dB
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
% of Cell Range
H
a
n
d
o
f
f

G
a
i
n
Uplink Link Budget
Penetration Margin
The penetration losses characterize the level of indoor coverage targeted by the
operator (deep indoor, indoor daylight, window, incar, outdoor, etc)
Highly dependent on the wall materials and number of walls/windows to be
penetrated
It is recommended to consider the penetration margin as a single worst case
margin as the shadowing standard deviation doesnt include the indoor
penetration variability
Typical Penetration Losses at 2GHz
Environment Penetration Margin (dB)
Dense Urban Deep Indoor 20
Urban - Indoor 17
Suburban - Indoor 14
Rural Incar 8
INTERNAL NOTE Penetration Losses
For 700/850/900MHz, lower penetration losses can be considered
Note that the frequency dependency of the penetration losses is very material-
dependent
Typically, we can assume 2dB lower penetration margins compared to those at
2GHz
For 2.6GHz, higher penetration losses could be considered
Note that the frequency dependency of the penetration losses is very material-
dependent
Typically, we can assume 2dB higher penetration margins compared to those at
2GHz

Uplink Link Budget
PS 128
Required Data Rate
128 kbps
3 RB
MCS
MCS 8
Target C/I -3.0 dB
Body Losses 0 dB
Handoff Gain 3.6 dB
Fixed IoT 3.0 dB
MAPL 128.7 dB
Interference Margin or IoT
This sensitivity is calculated for noise only.
A margin must be considered for the
interference above noise: Interference
Margin
Uplink Link Budget
Interference Margin
Sensitivity figures typical consider only thermal noise, the real interference, I
j
,
must also be considered (not only the thermal noise)

Interference margin or IoT (Interference over Thermal Noise)
A reuse of 1 is typical (option to use schemes such as soft fractional reuse or
interference coordination)
The IoT operating point can be set to achieve a minimum data rate at cell
edge and/or to match incumbent technology coverage
dB dBm j
ceMargin Interferen y Sensitivit C Power, Received
dBm
+ >
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
W N
I
10log ceMargin Interferen
th
j
dB
Uplink Link Budget
WCDMA Noise Rise - Whats Different Between LTE and WCDMA?
By definition, Cell Load and Total Interference rise (Noise Rise) are linked:

where I
total
is the total received power at the node B (including the useful
signal)
Differences with LTE
Interference from adjacent cells only
for LTE (no intracell interference)
Max WCDMA cell load is dependent
on power control stability
No concept of cell load for LTE

( )
UL
o
total
dB tot
x
W N
I
i =
|
|
.
|
\
|
= 1 10 10 log log
_
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Cell Load (%)
N
o
i
s
e

R
i
s
e

(
d
B
)
50% cell load
3dB Noise Rise
LTE IoT
What Determines the IoT for LTE?
The average IoT is dependent upon the targeted cell edge data rate (SINR)
The higher the cell edge SINR target, the higher the average IoT
Ultimately there is a point at which the increased IoT can not be sustained
with the corresponding SINR
Based on system level simulations:
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2
Cell Edge SINR Target, T
SINR
(dB)
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

I
o
T

(
d
B
)
0
100
200
300
400
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Mean IoT (dB)
A
v
g

a
n
d

5
%

U
E

T
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t

(
k
b
p
s
)
Average Throughput
Cell Edge Throughput
LTE IoT
For LTE the IoT can be expressed as:
IoT = 1 / (1 - RB
Load
x F
Avg
x T
SINR
)
Where
RB
Load
= Average % loading of the resource blocks of adjacent cells
Under full loading this can be considered to be 100%
F
Avg
= The average ratio between extracell interference and useful signal
received at the eNode-B
Based on system level simulations the typical value of F
Avg
for UL fractional power
control is ~0.8 this is quite comparable to that used for WCDMA
T
SINR
= SINR target at the cell edge
LTE IoT
The IoT for Targeted LTE Cell Edge Rates?
VoIP AMR
12.2 with
TTI
Bundling
PS 8 PS 64 PS 128 PS256 PS 384 PS 500 PS 1Mbps PS 2Mbps
12.2 8 64 128 256 384 500 1000 2000
Modulation QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK
Coding Rate 0.31 0.14 0.35 0.48 0.62 0.61 0.61 0.62 0.61
Max # HARQ Tx 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
Post-HARQ BLER 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1%
Required # of RB 1 1 2 3 5 8 10 21 41
VehA 3km/h -3.7 -3.38 -3.4 -2.9 -2.7 -3.3 -3 -3.3 -3.4
VehA 50km/h -2.1 -3.8 -2.8 -2.6 -2.1 -2.5 -2.5 -2.7 -2.9
RB
Load
100%
F
Avg
0.8 IoT = 1 / (1-RB
Load
.F
Avg
.T
SINR
)
VehA 3km/h 1.8 dB 2.0 dB 2.0 dB 2.3 dB 2.4 dB 2.0 dB 2.2 dB 2.0 dB 2.0 dB
VehA 50km/h 3.0 dB 1.8 dB 2.4 dB 2.5 dB 3.0 dB 2.6 dB 2.6 dB 2.4 dB 2.3 dB
10 MHz bandwidth - 2RxDiv - Product Release LAx
SNR Figures @ 2.6GHz (including implementation and ACK/NACK margins)
IoT for 100% RB Loading Ranges from 2-3dB for fractional
power control consider 3dB by default in LTE Link Budget
0.1 dB
1.0 dB
10.0 dB
100.0 dB
-6.0 dB -4.0 dB -2.0 dB 0.0 dB 2.0 dB 4.0 dB 6.0 dB 8.0 dB
Cell Edge SINR Target
I
o
T
Omni UE Antenna
Directional UE Antenna
Uplink Link Budget
The average IoT is dependent upon the targeted cell edge data rate (SINR)
The higher the cell edge SINR target, the higher the average IoT
Based on system level
simulations:
Omni and Directional UE
antennas
SINRs resulting in an IoT
> 5-6dB is not considered
reasonable
Realistic Cell Edge SINR
Operating Range
Uplink Link Budget
Overall MAPL & Cell Range
Overall MAPL for a given service:
dB dB
dB dBm dB
dB dB dB dB dB MaxTX
dB
j
HOGain argin ShadowingM
ceMargin Interferen y Sensitivit n Penetratio
Bodyloss Rxloss Rxgain Txloss Txgain P MAPL
dBm
+

+ + =
Reference
Sensitivity
Transmit Power
Losses
and Margins
Gains
= MAPL
Interference
cell radius
Maximum Allowable
Pathloss
Reference Sensitivity
Max UE transmit Power
Gains - Losses- Margins
Interference margin
extra cell interference
Uplink Link Budget
Example for Multiple Services
( ) ( )
cell 2 1
dB
j dB
R log K K MAPL Min MAPL + = =
VoIP PS 64 PS 128 PS 256 PS 384 PS 512 PS 768 PS 1000 PS 2000
Required Data Rate 12.2 kbps 64 kbps 128 kbps 256 kbps 384 kbps 512 kbps 768 kbps 1000 kbps 2000 kbps
No. Resource Blocks Required 1 RB 2 RB 3 RB 5 RB 8 RB 10 RB 16 RB 20 RB 40 RB
MCS MCS 6 MCS 6 MCS 8 MCS 10 MCS 10 MCS 10 MCS 10 MCS 10 MCS 10
Used Bandwidth 180 kHz 360 kHz 540 kHz 900 kHz 1440 kHz 1800 kHz 2880 kHz 3600 kHz 7200 kHz
Target C/I -3.7 dB -3.6 dB -3.0 dB -2.4 dB -2.9 dB -3.1 dB -3.4 dB -2.9 dB -3.3 dB
eNode-B Noise Figure 2.5 dB 2.5 dB 2.5 dB 2.5 dB 2.5 dB 2.5 dB 2.5 dB 2.5 dB 2.5 dB
eNode-B Sensitivity -122.7 dBm -119.6 dBm -117.2 dBm -114.4 dBm -112.9 dBm -112.1 dBm -110.3 dBm -108.8 dBm -106.2 dBm
Antenna Gain 18.0 dBi 18.0 dBi 18.0 dBi 18.0 dBi 18.0 dBi 18.0 dBi 18.0 dBi 18.0 dBi 18.0 dBi
Cable & Connector Losses 0.5 dB 0.5 dB 0.5 dB 0.5 dB 0.5 dB 0.5 dB 0.5 dB 0.5 dB 0.5 dB
Body Losses 3 dB 0 dB 0 dB 0 dB 0 dB 0 dB 0 dB 0 dB 0 dB
Additional UL Losses 0 dB 0 dB 0 dB 0 dB 0 dB 0 dB 0 dB 0 dB 0 dB
Cell area coverage probability 95% 95% 95% 95% 95% 95% 95% 95% 95%
Overall standard deviation 8.0 dB 8.0 dB 8.0 dB 8.0 dB 8.0 dB 8.0 dB 8.0 dB 8.0 dB 8.0 dB
Shadowing Margin 8.6 dB 8.6 dB 8.6 dB 8.6 dB 8.6 dB 8.6 dB 8.6 dB 8.6 dB 8.6 dB
Handoff Gain 3.6 dB 3.6 dB 3.6 dB 3.0 dB 2.4 dB 2.0 dB 1.5 dB 1.1 dB 0.5 dB
Fast Fading Margin 0 dB 0 dB 0 dB 0 dB 0 dB 0 dB 0 dB 0 dB 0 dB
Penetration Margin 21 dB 21 dB 21 dB 21 dB 21 dB 21 dB 21 dB 21 dB 21 dB
Fixed IoT 3.0 dB 3.0 dB 3.0 dB 3.0 dB 3.0 dB 3.0 dB 3.0 dB 3.0 dB 3.0 dB
UE Antenna Gain 0 dBi 0 dBi 0 dBi 0 dBi 0 dBi 0 dBi 0 dBi 0 dBi 0 dBi
UE Max Transmit Power 23 dBm 23 dBm 23 dBm 23 dBm 23 dBm 23 dBm 23 dBm 23 dBm 23 dBm
MAPL 131.2 dB 131.1 dB 128.7 dB 125.3 dB 123.1 dB 122.0 dB 119.7 dB 117.8 dB 114.5 dB
UL Cell Range 0.53 km 0.53 km 0.46 km 0.37 km 0.32 km 0.30 km 0.25 km 0.23 km 0.18 km
Uplink Link Budget
Fractional Power Control Handling in LKB (4/4)
Respecting the SINR slope (dictated by the fractional power control parameters)
means for services requiring very high SINR values that:
Substantial reductions in allowable UE transmit power are required
The corresponding impact on the link budget is substantial
Uplink Link Budget
Propagation Models
For 700, 850 or 900 MHz - Okumura-Hata:
K
1
= 69.55 + 26.16 x log
10
(F
MHz
) - 13.82 x log
10
(H
b
) - a(H
m
) + K
c
a(H
m
) = (1.1 x log
10
(F
MHz
) - 0.7) x H
m
- (1.56 x log
10
(F
MHz
) - 0.8) medium-sized city
K
2
= 44.9 -6.55*log10(Hb)
For AWS, 1.9GHz or 2.1GHz - COST-231 Hata:
K
1
= 46.3 + 33.9 x log
10
(F
MHz
) - 13.82 x log
10
(H
b
) - a(H
m
) + K
c
K
2
= 44.9 - 6.55 x log
10
(H
b
)
For 2.6GHz - modified COST-231 Hata: as COST-231 Hata is limited to 1.5GHz to 2GHz
Based on measurements at higher frequencies (2.5GHz & 3.5GHz):
K
1
= 46.3 + 33.9 x log
10
(2000) + 20 x log
10
(F
MHz
/2000) - 13.82 x log
10
(H
b
) -
a(H
m
) + K
c
K
2
= 44.9 - 6.55 x log
10
(H
b
)
Uplink Link Budget
Impact of TMA (1/3)
Tower Mounted Amplifier (TMA) also called
Mast Head Amplifier (MHA)

Impact on link budget
Slightly Reduce the global Noise
Figure
Compensate the cable losses
0.4dB DL insertion losses
Usage recommended for UL
coverage-limited scenarios

eNode-B
Dual TMA
Jumper
Cable
Jumper
Cable
TX / RX TX
div
/ RX
div

Duplexer
Duplexer Duplexer
Duplexer
LNA LNA
Feeder
Antenna
Vertical
Polarisation
Tower Mounted Amplifier
Impact of TMA (2/3)
Typical gain on uplink link budget
(Macro site):
2.9dB gain for sites with 3dB cable
losses
3.7 dB gain for sites with 4dB cable
losses
Typical gain on uplink link budget (RRH
site):
0.3dB gain for sites with 0.6dB cable
losses
Note: TMA should not be considered
for RRH sites
Friis formula to compute the overall
noise figure of the receiver chain
with TMA:

With and
Where NF
feeder
=-G
feeder
=Feeder
Losses
10
NF
element
element
10 n = 10
G
element
element
10 g =
feeder TMA
B Node
TMA
feeder
TMA overall
g g
1 n
g
1 n
n n
+ =

Typical TMA characteristics:
NF
TMA
=2 dB G
TMA
=12 dB
DL Insertion losses = 0.4dB
Tower Mounted Amplifier
Impact of TMA (3/3)
PS 128 (no TMA) PS 128 (TMA)
Required Data Rate 128 kbps 128 kbps
No. Resource Blocks Required 3 RB 3 RB
MCS MCS 8 MCS 8
Used Bandwidth 540 kHz 540 kHz
Target C/I -3.0 dB -3.0 dB
eNode-B Noise Figure 2.5 dB 2.4 dB
eNode-B Sensitivity -117.2 dBm -117.3 dBm
Antenna Gain 18.0 dBi 18.0 dBi
Cable & Connector Losses 3.0 dB 0.2 dB
Body Losses 0 dB 0 dB
Additional UL Losses 0 dB 0 dB
Cell area coverage probability 95% 95%
Overall standard deviation 8.0 dB 8.0 dB
Shadowing Margin 8.6 dB 8.6 dB
Handoff Gain 3.6 dB 3.6 dB
Fast Fading Margin 0 dB 0 dB
Penetration Margin 21 dB 21 dB
Fixed IoT 3.0 dB 3.0 dB
UE Antenna Gain 0 dBi 0 dBi
UE Max Transmit Power 23.0 dBm 23.0 dBm
MAPL 126.2 dB 129.1 dB
UL Cell Range 0.39 km 0.47 km
No cable losses but 0.2dB
jumper losses
Reduced Noise figure
(based on Friis formula)
Around 2.9dB gain on MAPL for
sites with 3dB cable losses
Common & Control Channel Considerations
Overview
There are two main common and control channel considerations that should be
assessed for an LTE network design to ensure that they will not limit the
coverage. These include:
INTERNAL NOTE Attach Procedure
ACK/NACK Transmission
Either punctured onto the Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)
Or over the Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)

INTERNAL NOTE Common & Control Channel Considerations
Attach Procedure
This is the procedure that the UE must go through to Attach to an LTE network

eNB UE MME
RACH Preamble (1)
Grant and TA (2)
RRC Connection Request (3)
RRC Connection Setup (4)
RRC Connection Setup Complete (5)
SGW PGW
No MME Relocation
Attach request (6)
Authentication (optional)/ security (7-8)
Create Default Bearer
Request (9)
CDB Request
(10)
Limiting
Message
Attach Procedure
From a link budget perspective the limiting message from messages 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
15 and 16 (that involve the air interface) must be considered to assess any link
budget constraints

eNB UE MME
Attach accepted
(13)
SGW
PGW
Create Default Bearer Response
(12)
CDB Response
(11)
RRC Connection reconfiguration
(14)
RRC Connection reconfiguration complete
(15)
Attach complete
(16)
No MME Relocation
1
st
UL bearer packet
Update Bearer Request (20)
Update Bearer Response (21)
1
st
DL bearer packet
Attach Procedure
Message 3 (RRC Connection Request)
1 resource block with QPSK rate 1/3 providing an average effective data rate
of 20.8 kbps (after 5 HARQ transmissions)
SINR requirement = 0.7dB
(including margins)
UL link budget
Dense Urban
2.6GHz band

Attach LKB Can be Limiting
Depending on Cell Edge Rate
Target
Common & Control Channel Considerations
ACK/NACK Transmission
DL transmission requires a steady stream of ACK transmissions over the UL to
acknowledge the DL packets
Correct ACK reception is
critical for optimizing the DL
efficiency
ALU punctures ACK over the
PUSCH initially and over the
PUCCH in the longer term
ACK/NACK Transmission:
1 RB, QPSK, SINR -3.4dB
(PUSCH) & -4.2dB (PUCCH)
UL LKB for Urban, 2.6GHz band
ACK Is Never Foreseen to Limit UL Coverage
LTE Link Budgets
Downlink Link Budget Considerations

Downlink Link Budget
Rationale Behind Downlink LKB Formulation (1/3)
1. DL Cell range defined by UL cell edge service link budget
2. DL throughputs computed for coverage probabilities associated with each
corresponding UL service
3. Geometry distribution used for determining the cell edge throughput
The above example illustrates the detailed DL Link Budget on the subsequent slides
Urban morphology, indoor 0dBi omni UE configuration, cell range fixed for UL 128kbps,
100% adjacent cell DL RB Loading, No TMA
Note: The diagram is not to scale and doesnt include all rates
Range
UL_Guar_Serv
128kbps (3RB) - guaranteed at cell edge
256kbps (5RB)
512kbps (10RB)
UL Rates
DL Rates
3921kbps (50RB)
8623kbps (50RB)
1323kbps (50RB)
Uniform power per RB is assumed on the DL
DL performances extracted from link level simulations
The optimal MCS is selected for given number of RB to maximize throughput while
ensuring a 20% initial BLER
Only TxDiv is assumed for referenced DL link level simulations
As the DL link budget is focusing on cell edge performances it is considered that the
rank and geometry are insufficient to justify Spatial Multiplexing (SM)
Where a relatively low rate is guaranteed on the UL at cell edge, e.g. 512kbps) the
relative UL cell ranges for the high UL rates will be very small and thus the
corresponding DL SINRs will be relatively high due to the reduced coverage reliability
in such cases there is some justification for consideration SM performances (not yet
incorporated here)
Downlink Budget
Example: 10MHz BW
PS 128 PS 256
No. Resource Blocks 50 RB 50 RB
UE Noise Figure 7 dB 7 dB
eNode-B Antenna Gain 18 dBi 18 dBi
Body Loss 0 dB 0 dB
Limiting UL Cell Range 0.46 km 0.46 km
# DL Tx Paths 2 paths 2 paths
Total DL eNode-B Tx Power / Path 30 W 30 W
% DL Power for PDSCH 80% 80%
Max eNode-B Tx Power / Service 46.8 dBm 46.8 dBm
Adjacent Cell Loading 100% 100%
UL Service Cell Range 0.46 km 0.37 km
DL Path Loss @ UL Cell Edge 129.1 dB 125.7 dB
Total DL Losses @ UL Cell Edge 150.6 dB 147.2 dB
DL Cell Area Coverage Probability 95% 61%
Geometry at UL Service Cell Range -4.9 dB -0.1 dB
Desired Signal -85.8 dBm -82.3 dBm
Adjacent Cell Signal -80.9 dBm -82.2 dBm
Noise -97.5 dBm -97.5 dBm
Cell Edge SINR -5.0 dB -0.2 dB
Optimal MCS MCS 2 MCS 7
Data Rate at UL Service Cell Edge 1323 kbps 3921 kbps
Cell Range for Limiting UL
Service (128kbps)
Cell Range for Equivalent
UL Service (256kbps)
Coverage Probability for
DL service
95% x (0.36)
2
/ (0.46)
2
Equivalent UL Service
Downlink Budget
Example: 10MHz BW
PS 128 PS 256
Body Loss 0 dB 0 dB
% of total DL power
dedicated to PDSCH
Geometry at the corresponding
UL service range
The cell edge SINR

Downlink Budget
DL Power Settings
Depending on the OAM power offset settings for the Resource Elements (RE) of
different channel types we can compute the Average PDSCH Power / OFDM
Symbol
Example below for 10MHz, 2 x 40W PA Power
Average % power / symbol allocated to PDSCH REs 32.1 / 40 = 80.2%
Downlink Budget
Geometry & SINR (1/2)
Geometry distributions from system simulations
A range of UE configurations, both
omni and, directional UEs (fixed wireless)
Examples in LKB are for coverage
reliabilities of 95% and 61%
Yield Geometries of -3.9 & 4.7dB
respectively
95% Coverage Reliability
Geometry
-3.9dB
Geometry Distributions (Different UE Configs)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
-5.0 dB -1.0 dB 3.0 dB 7.0 dB 11.0 dB 15.0 dB 19.0 dB 23.0 dB
Geometry
C
D
F
Outdoor - 2 dBi - Omni
Outdoor - 4 dBi - Omni
Outdoor - 4 dBi - Direc.
Indoor - 0 dBi - Omni
61% Coverage Reliability
Geometry
4.7dB
An additional 1dB is
subtracted from
these geometry
values to align with
field expectations
=
All
Site Adjacent
Site Serving
Power Rx
Power Rx
Geometry
Downlink Budget
Geometry & SINR (2/2)
PDSCH SINR for a defined cell range and coverage reliability:
PDSCH
SINR
= PDSCH
Rx
/ [ PDSCH
Rx
Geometry + Thermal Noise]
Where:
PDSCH
Rx
= Power
PDSCH
Total DL Losses
Power
PDSCH
= Power
Max PA
x Power Fraction
PDSCH
x RB
Service
/ RB
Max
Power Fraction
PDSCH
is the average fraction of the total power allocated to
PDSCH Resource Elements (REs) per symbol across all RBs
Thermal Noise = 10 x log10( F x N
th
x N
RB
x W
RB
)
F: eNode-B Noise figure in dB
N
th
: Thermal noise density, 10log(N
th
) =-174 dBm/Hz
N
RB
: Number of resource blocks (RB) required to reach a given data rate
W
RB
: Bandwidth of one Resource Block
Downlink Budget
Example: 10MHz BW
PS 128 PS 256
Body Loss 0 dB 0 dB
Max # RB for the bandwidth is
assumed by default
Corresponding L1 Throughput for
#RB, MCS and SINR
The optimal MCS for the
#RB and SINR

SINR Performances - Overview
Like the UL the DL SINR Performances depends on:
eNode-B equipment performance
Radio conditions (multipath fading profile, mobile speed)
Receive diversity (2-way by default or optional 4-way)
Targeted data rate and quality of service
The Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS)
Max allowed number of HARQ transmissions
HARQ Operating Point 20% BLER for 1
st
HARQ Transmission considered by
default
Derived from link level simulations
Note: Currently the Link Level Simulations referenced in the DL LKB
are for EVehA3km/h, 2x2 TxDiv
SINR - Selection of Optimal SINR Figures
Based on a set of link level simulation results:
Full range of MCS values
Full range of # RBs

Example for Downlink
50RB, 10MHz
Bandwidth (2x2 MIMO)
LTE DL 2x2 MIMO. EVA-3km/hr
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
SNR (dB)
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t

(
k
b
p
s
)
MCS = 0 MCS = 1
MCS = 2 MCS = 3
MCS = 4 MCS = 5
MCS = 6 MCS = 7
MCS = 8 MCS = 9
MCS = 10 MCS = 11
MCS = 12 MCS = 13
MCS = 14 MCS = 15
MCS = 16 MCS = 17
MCS = 18 MCS = 19
MCS = 20 MCS = 21
MCS = 22 MCS = 23
MCS = 24 MCS = 25
MCS = 26 MCS = 27
MCS = 28 T'put (kbps)
Downlink Performance Analysis (1/3)
Downlink Link Level Results for:
25 RB, MCS 28, TxDiv and 5MHz Bandwidth
0 kbps
2000 kbps
4000 kbps
6000 kbps
8000 kbps
10000 kbps
12000 kbps
14000 kbps
16000 kbps
12.00 dB 14.00 dB 16.00 dB 18.00 dB 20.00 dB 22.00 dB 24.00 dB 26.00 dB
SINR
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
0.0%
20.0%
40.0%
60.0%
80.0%
100.0%
120.0%
B
L
E
R
Throughput
BLER_0 20% BLER
1
9
.
4
d
B

S
I
N
R

12Mbps Throughput
25 RB, 1-28 MCS, TxDiv and 5MHz Bandwidth
-5dB cell edge SINR
0 kbps
2000 kbps
4000 kbps
6000 kbps
8000 kbps
10000 kbps
12000 kbps
14000 kbps
0 5 10 15 20 25
MCS Index
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
-10 dB
-5 dB
0 dB
5 dB
10 dB
15 dB
20 dB
25 dB
S
I
N
R
Throughput
SINR
-5dB Cell Edge SINR Target
MCS 1
660 kbps Tput
1 to 25 RB, All MCS, TxDiv and 5MHz Bandwidth
-5dB cell edge SINR
1 kbps
10 kbps
100 kbps
1000 kbps
2 RB 7 RB 12 RB 17 RB 22 RB
# Resource Blocks
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
MCS 0
MCS 1
MCS 2
MCS 3
MCS 4
MCS 5
MCS 6
M
o
d
u
l
a
t
i
o
n

&

C
o
d
i
n
g

S
c
h
e
m
e
Throughput
Throughput / RB
MCS
Downlink Budget
Example: 10MHz BW (Multiple Services)
PS 128 PS 256 PS 512
No. Resource Blocks 50 RB 50 RB 50 RB
Used Bandwidth 9000 kHz 9000 kHz 9000 kHz
UE Noise Figure 7 dB 7 dB 7 dB
eNode-B Antenna Gain 18 dBi 18 dBi 18 dBi
Cable & Connector Losses 0.5 dB 0.5 dB 0.5 dB
Body Loss 0 dB 0 dB 0 dB
Penetration Margin 21 dB 21 dB 21 dB
Limiting UL Cell Range 0.46 km 0.46 km 0.46 km
# DL Tx Paths 2 paths 2 paths 2 paths
Total DL eNode-B Tx Power / Path 30 W 30 W 30 W
% DL Power for PDSCH 80% 80% 80%
Max eNode-B Tx Power / Service 46.8 dBm 46.8 dBm 46.8 dBm
UE Antenna Gain 0 dBi 0 dBi 0 dBi
Adjacent Cell Loading 100% 100% 100%
UL Service Cell Range 0.46 km 0.37 km 0.30 km
DL Path Loss @ UL Cell Edge 129.1 dB 125.7 dB 122.4 dB
Total DL Losses @ UL Cell Edge 150.6 dB 147.2 dB 143.9 dB
DL Cell Area Coverage Probability 95% 61% 40%
Geometry at UL Service Cell Range -4.9 dB -0.1 dB 3.3 dB
Desired Signal -85.8 dBm -82.3 dBm -79.1 dBm
Adjacent Cell Signal -80.9 dBm -82.2 dBm -82.4 dBm
Noise -97.5 dBm -97.5 dBm -97.5 dBm
Cell Edge SINR -5.0 dB -0.2 dB 3.2 dB
Optimal MCS MCS 2 MCS 7 MCS 10
Data Rate at UL Service Cell Edge 1323 kbps 3921 kbps 8623 kbps
Summary
The downlink link budgets presented here are indicative of what rates are
achievable within the corresponding UL service coverage areas
LTE coverage is not considered to be limited by the DL for typical eNode-B
output powers and deployment scenarios with a 23dBm UE output power, link
budgets should remain uplink limited
It is important to understand that:
DL cell edge performances are strongly dependent upon scheduler parameters
(e.g. tuning of the fairness of the proportional fair scheduler algorithm) or the
available bandwidth (e.g. 10MHz vs 5MHz)
DL performances in the link budget are based only on long term average PDSCH
SINR values and do not account for dynamic channel variations that can be
addressed with frequency selective scheduling functionalities
Better estimates of DL performances can be achieved by means of:
System level simulations and/or Radio Network Planning (RNP) analysis
Required DL Output Power ?
A series of system simulation studies were performed to assess the required
Power Amplifier (PA) sizing for 3 different important cases
700 MHz (10 MHz), 2.1 GHz (10 MHz), 2.1 GHz/AWS (5 MHz) and 2.6 GHz (20
MHz)
All scenarios considered 2x2 MIMO on the DL and 2RxDiv on the UL
In principle, all studies concluded the following:
Spectrum efficiency for reasonable cell sizes is relatively invariant to
reasonable choices for PA sizes
Edge rates become much more sensitive to the choice of power at large cell
radiuses
Downlink PA Sizing for LTE Conclusions
Carrier Bandwidths PA Power
1.4 MHz 2 x 10 W
3.0 MHz 2 x 10 W
5.0 MHz 2 x 20 W
10.0 MHz 2 x 30 W
15.0 MHz 2 x 40 W
20.0 MHz 2 x 40 W
Recommendations
from study
(independent of
frequency)
RF Design
LTE eNode-B Dimensioning
Key Issues to be considered
Cell edge coverage expectations + depth of coverage
Target operating frequency band + propagation assumptions
Overlay versus Greenfield deployment
Antenna system sharing requirements (impact on coverage +
optimization constraints)
Radio features, e.g. TMA, RRH, ICIC
C
o
v
e
r
a
g
e

Subscriber usage profile
Subscriber forecast
Spectrum constraints
Peak throughput requirements
Radio features, e.g. ICIC
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
y


Rollout Phase
Site Field Positioning Principles
Based on Site Count (from RF dimensioning process)
Sites positioned to satisfy
RS coverage target (from LB for a target area reliability)
Capacity requirement
Placed either manually or utilizing Automatic Cell Planning (ACP) tools
Site Sharing Approach:
The first and quickest approach without RNP is to overlay existing sites with LTE
A 1:1 mapping is most appropriate where the overlaid network is at a
frequency band close to LTE band
Site overlay optimized with the aid of RNP predictions with an accurate propagation
model
Sites can be added or deleted where there is limited or excess coverage,
respectively
Analysis performed at the same time as antenna azimuth optimization (see
next slide)

Rollout Phase
RF Optimization Criteria
Azimuth optimization and tilt optimization are the main rules to optimize the
network in order to have the best radio environment before implementing any
features.

The aim are
Optimize coverage in order to reach RSRP targets
To reduce the number of servers covering the same area in order to avoid excessive
overlapping.
This minimize interference without impacting coverage, improve SINR so
network performances like
Throughput
Capacity
Frequency re-use efficiency

Rollout Phase
RSRP target
RS-RSSI: total power transmitted dedicated for Reference signal during one
OFDM symbol duration
Currently in Atoll it is more RS-RSSI is calculated, and the total power
dedicated to RS is 1/6 of Max power. This approach is not 100% of the time in
line wit power settings on the field
LA0.x for a 30W PA power energy per RE for RS is 14.9 dBm. Considering 10MHz
bandwidth 100 RE are used to calculate RS-RSSI, so total power dedicated to RS over
one OFDM symbol is 34.9dBm, but Atoll calculates 30W/6, so 37dBm, so to do the right
calculation for this configuration max power set in Atoll should be 43dBm instead of
45dBm.
Rollout Phase
RSRP target
LA1.0 for RRH 30W PA power energy per RE for RS is 16.2 dBm. Considering 10MHz
one OFDM symbol is 36.2dBm, but Atoll calculates 30W/6, so 37dBm, so to do the right
calculation for this configuration max power set in Atoll should be 44dBm instead of
45dBm.

LA1.0 for TRDU 40W PA power energy per RE for RS is 18.2 dBm. Considering 10MHz
one OFDM symbol is 38.2dBm, Atoll calculates 40W/6, so 38dBm, so it is ok

3GPP RSRP definition:
Reference signal received power (RSRP), is determined for a considered cell as the
linear average over the power contributions (in [W]) of the resource elements that
carry cell-specific reference signals within the considered measurement frequency
bandwidth.

Rollout Phase
Outdoor RSRP target depending on environment and frequencies for UL PS 128 service and
UL PS 256, considering 45dBm PA power and 14.9 dBm Reference signal Tx power per RE.
RSRP value does not depends on the number of transmit
DL RS EIRP per RE and per transmit:
30.9dBm @ 2600MHz/2100MHz/AWS/1900MHz/1800MHz with 18dBi antenna gain & 2dB
cable losses
30.9dBm @ 900MHz/850MHz with 17dBi antenna gain & 1dB cable losses
28.9dBm @700MHz with 15dBi antenna gain & 1 dB cable losses
Rollout Phase
Currently the calculation done in 9155 is the sum of all Reference signal
resource elements power transmitted in a same OFDM time period over all
the bandwidth. This approach is not in line with 3GPP as 3GPP specify the
linear average of reference signal resource elements.
To compensate this error the following work around must be followed and
based on the same analysis done for RS-RSSI calculation
LA0.x for RRH 30W PA power energy per RE for RS is 14.9 dBm.
For 5MHz bandwidth set in Cell table Max power column:
eNode-B PA power -19dB

Rollout Phase
LA1.0 for RRH 30W PA power energy per RE for RS is 16.2 dBm.

LA1.0 for TRDU 40W PA power energy per RE for RS is 18.2 dBm.

Rollout Phase
The method proposed is to:
Set indoor penetration losses in 9155 clutter table
Use the UL Link Budget Available Path loss with 0dB penetration losses set in the LB for the
dimensioning service selected,
Design RSRP = RS per RE EIRP+ ANT_GAIN Available Uplink Pathloss indoor losses
where:
RS per RE EIRP = Reference signal EIRP per resource element , it is automatically
calculated by 9155 when the work around specified above is followed
ANT_GAIN = Node-B antenna gain
Available Uplink Pathloss: UL available pathloss calculated with the link budget when
penetration loss is set to 0dB
The RSRP target values specified in slide , have been defined with this approach.
If the user apply this approach, the following recommendation must be respected
Select indoor loss icon in 9155 coverage study Do not select shadowing taken into
account icon as it is already done in RSRP target calculated below
All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2008, XXXXX 149 | Presentation Title | Month 2008 149 | Presentation Title | Month 2008
RF optimization criteria
Overlapping optimization
The following rules are not technology specifics, and their efficiency have already
been measured on GSM, W-CDMA networks.
Pollution and interference analysis
Within 4dB of the best server
number of servers should 4
% area with 4 servers should be < 2%.
% of area with 2 servers should be < 30%.

Within 10dB of the best server
number of servers should 7
% of area with 7 servers should be < 2%.

High signal level overlap analysis:
Increase the design threshold for the covered area by 10dB
% of 3 servers in the design area should not exceed 10%..
Example: if the RS design threshold is -85dBm, a number of servers
analysis is done with a threshold equal to -75dBm.

SINR target
This target can be used with 9155 RNP tool, but it is not 100% sure that it can be
measured on the field with high accuracy as it is not 3GPP measurement criteria.
In 9155 SINR can be calculated based on reference signal, or PDSCH, and for loaded
cases it provides the same results as power per RE RS= power per RE PDSCH
The SINR target value depends on the traffic load:
95% of the design area should have SINR -5dB, with 100% DL load
95% of the design area should have a SINR -2dB with 50% DL load
SINR does not depends on number of transmits


RSRQ target
RSRQ= N*RSRP/RSSI where RSSI is all the power received in the N resource blocks used
bandwidth during the same time period where RSRP is measured.
RSRQ depends on the number of transit, as RSSI value depends on it, and not RSRP
RSRQ target value depends on the traffic load:
1 transmit :
95% of the design area should have RSRQ -17dB, with 100% DL load
2 transmits :
4 transmits :

These targets are been obtained on several well known environments ; where a
very good optimization has been done in W-CDMA due to critical inter-site
distance : 400m. Same RNP environment has been re-used for LTE predictions
without changing anything to evaluate the best SINR & RSRQ reachable in
different full traffic load condition.
The RNP prediction and RF optimization done for the different trials in US and
Europe confirm that these targets can be reach and are a good way to optimize
throughput and reduce interferences.
Overlapping criteria, RSRQ target and SINR target defined above are in line to
provide the same RF design. They allow managing interferences in order to
obtain a RF network design able to support the best throughput .
10Mbps in cell center for mono-user when all surrounded cells have 100% load
1.5Mbps at cell edge in mono-user for 10MHz bandwidth when all surrounded cells have
100% load

Neighbors & Cell ID planning criteria
Cell id is required to identify each cell, a cell id is the combination of one of the 3
sequences supported by P-SCH and the group Id supported by S-SCH.
So Realizing a cell id planning = realizing P-SCH planning and S-SCH planning
The strategy recommended is to use the same S-CH per site which induces
that each sector uses a different P-SCH sequence
This distance depends on propagation path loss, the environment and the frequency.
The main criteria are the following one:
Considering two cells cell A and cell B, on the same frequency carrier using the same
cell ID, the distance between those must satisfy the following criterias:
RSRP criteria
At cell A edge (RSRPcellA -115dBm) : RSRPcellA : RSRPcellB + 10dB
At cell B edge (RSRPcellB -115dBm): RSRPcellB : RSRPcellA + 10dB

RSRQ criteria for 100% load case ( 2 transmits)
At cell A edge (RSRQcellA -20dB) : RSRQcellA : RSRQcellB + 10dB
At cell B edge (RSRQcellB -20dB): RSRQcellB : RSRQcellA + 10dB

Distance criteria
Dense urban/ urban
2km @ 2600MHz considering 600m cell radius
2,4km @ 1800MHz and 2100MHz considering 700m cell radius
5,5km @ 850MHz and 900MHz considering 1,7km cell radius
6Km @ 700MHz considering 1,9km cell radius
Suburban
6km @ 2600MHz considering 1,8km cell radius
7km @ 1800MHz and 2100MHz considering 2,2km cell radius
18km @ 850MHz and 900MHz considering 5,5km cell radius
20Km @ 700MHz considering 6km cell radius
Rural
17km @ 2600MHz considering 6km cell radius
21km @ 1800MHz and 2100MHz considering 7km cell radius
60km @ 850MHz and 900MHz considering 18km cell radius
65Km @ 700MHz considering 20km cell radius
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