TEXT TYPES IN ENGLISH

A. Narrative

Purpose : To amuse, To entertain, To instruct

General Structure :
1. Orientation
2. Complication
3. Resolution
4. Re-orientation

Example :

The Princess and The Pea
By Hans Christian Andersen

There was once a prince, and he wanted a princess, but then she
must be a real Princess. He travelled right around the world to find
one, but there was always something wrong. There were plenty of
princesses, but whether they were real princesses he had great
difficulty in discovering again, and he was so miserable because he
wanted a real princess so badly.
One evening there was a terrible storm; it thundered and
lightninged and the rain poured down in torrents; indeed it was a
fearful night. In the middle of the storm somebody knocked at the
town gate, and the old king himself sent to open it. It was a princess
who stood outside, but she was in a terrible state from the rain and the
storm. The water streamed out of her hair and her clothes; it rain in at
the top of her shoes and out at the heel, but she said that she was a real
princess.
Well she shall soon see if that is true thought the old Queen, but
she said nothing. She went into the bedroom, took all the bed clothes
off and laid a pea on the bedstead: then she took twenty mattresses
and piled them on top of the pea, and then twenty feather beds on top
of the mattresses. This was where the princess was to sleep that night.
In the morning they asked her how she slept.
Oh terribly bad! said the princess. I have hardly closed my eyes
the whole night! Heaven knows what was in the bed. I seemed to be
lying upon some hard thing, and my whole body is black and blue this
morning. It is terrible!
They saw at once that she must be a real princess when she had felt
the pea through twenty mattresses and twenty feather beds. Nobody
but a real princess could have such a delicate skin. So the prince took
her to be his wife, for now he was sure that he had found a real
princess, and the pea was put into the Museum, where it may still be
seen if no has stolen it.


No Orientation Complication Resolution Re-Orientation
1. The prince
who was
travelling
around the
world for
finding a real
princess.
She was
getting wet.
Her body feel
hard after
sleeping with
twenty
mattresses. The
pea and twenty
feather beds on
top the
mattresses.
The prince
asking hard
condition.
She
answered
she was
fine
Finally, the
prince married
her and live
happily ever
after.












B. News Item

Purpose : To inform readers

General Structure :
1. Newsworthy
2. Description
3. Identification
4. Source

Example

SINGAPORE: A supervisor was jailed for two months for
repeatedly striking his Indonesian maid on the head and back with a
television remote.
Muhammad Shafiq Woon Abdullah was brought to court in
Singapore because he had physically hurt. The woman on several
occasions between June and October 2002, the Straits Time said.
The magistrates court heard that Shafiq, 31, began striking
Winarti, 22, about a month after she started working for him.
He hit her on the head with the TV sets remote control because he
was unhappy with her work. On one occasion, he punched her on the
back after accusing her of daydreaming.
S.S. Dhilton, Shafiqs lawyer, said that his client had become mad
when he saw his daughters face covered as she was lying in bed. He
said his client thought the maid had put the child in danger.


No Newsworthy Description Identification Source
1. A supervisor
was jailed for
two months for
repeatedly
striking his
indonesian
Muhammad
Shafig Woon
Abdullah was
brought to
court in
Singapore.
He punched
her on the back
after accusing
her of day
dreaming
S.S Dhillon,
Shafiqs
lawyer, he
said his
client
thought the
maid had
put the
child.

C. Recount

Purpose : To retell a series of events

General structure :
1. Orientation
2. Events

Example :

MY HOLIDAY...... UNPREDICTABLE BUT FUN
By Christiyani

It was Sunday, the end of my holiday indeed, when friends of mine
suddenly came to my home and picked me up. They told me that we
were going to go out of town. That was unpredictable and really
surprised me because there was no any confirmation before.

At 9 oclock in the morning, we departed from my home and realized
that the road was very crowded. Then, we decided to take freeway to
save the time. For about thirty minutes later, we were out. But not
arrived yet. We tried to find a store to buy some food and drink as our
provisions. After we got them, we continued our trip to Boyolali.
Well, it took approximately two hours to get there.

In the afternoon, we arrived and came in to one of my friends house
first. There, we could take some rest and had lunch together. After
that, according to the plan, we had to continue our trip to go to Tlatar.
But, my friends mother asked us to take some fruit as gift. The fruit
such as mangoes, rambutans and guava. It was out of our meant, but
we accepted it. Of course, moreover, they could complete our
provisions, right?.

After we got a lot of gift, we went to Tlatar, a special nature park and
pond in Boyolali. The way to get there was really nice, we could see
the fields and woods around us with the beautiful mountain behind
them. Furthermore, we could feel the fresh air which was difficult to
be found in Semarang. In Tlatar, we could swim and fishing. While
some of us were swimming, the others were fishing or just enjoyed the
view. We also ordered some food and drink.
The other and the last place we visited was Badhe Dam. It was big
dam in Boyolali. We got there when it was getting afternoon around at
five oclock. Well, the situation there was really amazing. It was the
right place to calm our self and mind. The beautiful dam with the blue
sky were really a wonderful mixture of nature. We relaxed and felt
calm. And did not forget to take pictures together.

At six, we realized that it was getting to dark, we had to back to
Semarang. So, we decided to departed right away. We were very glad
and enjoyed our trip together. We would never forget it.


No Orientation Events
1. It was Sunday, the end of
my holiday indeed, when
friends of mine suddenly
came to my home and
picked me up
At 9 oclock in the morning, we
departed from my home and
realized that the road was very
crowded. Then about thirty
minutes later, we were out. But not
arrived yet










D. Procedure

Purpose : To instruct someone how to do something

General Structure :
1. Goal
2. Ingredients
3. Steps

Example :
1. Goal : How to make a cheese omelet

2. Ingredients :
- 1 egg
- 50 g cheese
- cup milk
- 3 tablespoons
cooking
- Oil
- a pinch of salt
- pepper
- Frying pan
- Fork
- Spatula
- cheese grater
- bowl
- plate

3. Steps :
1. Crack an egg into a bowl
2. Whisk the egg with a fork until it is smooth
3. Add milk and whisk well
4. Grate the cheese into the bowl and stir
5. Heat the oil in a frying pan
6. Pour the mixture into the frying pan
7. Turn the omelet with a spatula when it browns
8. Cook both sides
9. Place on a plate; season with salt and pepper
10. Eat while warm.



E. Explanation

Purpose : To explain how or why something occurs

General Structure :
1. General statement
2. Sequenced explanation

Example :
How Earthquakes Happen

Earthquake is one of the most destroying natural disasters. Unluckily
it often happens in several regions. Recently a horrible earthquake has
shaken West Sumatra. It has brought great damages. Why did it
occur? Do you know how an earthquake happens?

Earthquakes are usually caused when rock underground suddenly
breaks along a fault. This sudden release of energy causes the seismic
waves. It make the ground shake. When two blocks of rock or two
plates are rubbing against each other, they stick a little. They don't just
slide smoothly. The rocks are still pushing against each other, but not
moving. After a while, the rocks break because of all the pressure
that's built up. When the rocks break, the earthquake occurs.

During the earthquake and afterward, the plates or blocks of rock start
moving, and they continue to move until they get stuck again. The
spot underground where the rock breaks is called the focus of the
earthquake. The place right above the focus is called the epicenter of
the earthquake.








No General Statement Sequenced explanation
1. Earthquake is one of the
most destroying natural
disasters
Earthquake are ussualy caused
when rock underground suddenly
breaks along a fault. This sudden
release of energy causes the
seismic waves. It make the
ground shake. When two blocks
of rock or two plates are rubbing
against each other, they stick a
little. They dont just slide
smoothly. The rock are still
pushing against each other, but
not moving. After a while, The
rocks break because of all the
pressure thats built up. When the
rocks break, the earthquake
occurs















F. Hortatory

Purpose : To persuade the readers

General Structure :
1. Thesis
2. Argument
3. Recommendation

Example :
Corruption

I believe we should start at the earliest stages in school and I think
everyone should be involved in the effort to eradicate corruption. We
must not make any distinction.

The survey has made me sad, actually, because I stay and earn a living
here in the capital. As most people know, Tanjung Priok port
smuggling is not a new thing at all. Entrepreneurs who want to
minimize their tax payments tend to do such a thing more often. They
even bribe the officials.

Well, I think the measures taken so far to overcome the problem by
punishing the corruptors is still not far enough. We have to prevent the
younger generations from getting a bad mentality caused by
corruption.
Do you know what the meaning of corruption is? What is the relation
between money and corruption? Well, corruption is common
everywhere in the world, even in the United States. Its just a matter of
intensity. However, it is quite shocking when one reliable survey
claims Jakarta as the most corrupt place in Indonesia.






Thesis
Do you know what the meaning of corruption is? What is the relation
between money and corruption? Well, corruption is common
everywhere in the world, even in the United States. Its just a matter of
intensity. However, it is quite shocking when one reliable survey
claims Jakarta as the most corrupt place in Indonesia.

Argument 1
The survey has made me sad, actually, because I stay and earn a living
here in the capital. As most people know, Tanjung Priok port
smuggling is not a new thing at all. Entrepreneurs who want to
minimize their tax payments tend to do such a thing more often. They
even bribe the officials.

Argument 2
Well, I think the measures taken so far to overcome the problem by
punishing the corruptors is still not far enough. We have to prevent the
younger generations from getting a bad mentality caused by
corruption.

Recommendation
I believe we should start at the earliest stages in school and I think
everyone should be involved in the effort to eradicate corruption. We
must not make any distinction.

G. Review

Purpose : to critic the events or art works for the reader or listener,
such as movies, shows, book, and others.

General Structure :
1. Introduction
2. Evaluation
3. Interpretation
4. Summary

Example :

Harry Potter: Order of the Phoenix

Orientation
I absolutely love the Harry Potter series, and all of the books will
always hold a special place in my heart.

Evaluasi 1
I have to say that of all of the books, however, this was not my
favorite.

Evaluasi 2
When the series began it was as much of a "feel good" experience as
a huge mug of hot cocoa. The stories were bright, fast-paced,
intriguing, and ultimately satisfying.

Interpretation
Order of the Phoenix is a different kind of book. In some instances
this works...you feel a whole new level of intensity and excitement by
the time you get to the end. I was truly moved by the last page. Other
times the book just has a slightly dreary, depressing feel. The
galloping pace of the other books has slowed to a trot here, and parts
of it do seem long, as if we're reading all about Harry "just hanging
out" instead of having his usual adventures. Reading in detail about
Harry cleaning up an old house, for example - housekeeping is still
housekeeping, magical or no, and I'm not very interested in doing it or
reading about other people doing it.

A few other changes in this book - the "real" world comes much more
in to play rather than the fantasy universe of the previous books, and
Harry has apparently been taken off his meds. I know that he had a lot
to be grumpy in this book, especially with being a teenager and all, but
the sudden change in his character seemed too drastic. He goes from
being a warm-hearted, considerate person to someone who will bite
his best friend's heads off over nothing. It just seemed like it didn't fit
with his character, like he turned into a walking clich of the "angry
teen" overnight.

Summary
The "real" story seemed to happen in the last 1/3 of the book, and this
part I loved. I actually liked the ending (and yes, I cried!) as sad as it
was. It packed a punch and it made me care about the story even more.
Still a really good book, with some editing it would have been great.













H. Disscusion

Purpose : to present different opinions on a particular issue or topic ie
arguments for and against/positive and negative/good and bad.

General Structure :
1. Issue
2. Supporting points
3. Contrasting points
4. Conclusion or Recommendation

Example :

The Advantage and Disadvantage of Nuclear Power

Issue
Nuclear power is generated by using uranium which is a metal mined
in various part of the world. The first large scale of nuclear power
station was opened at Calder Hall in Cumbria, England in 1956.

Supporting Point
Some military ships and submarines have nuclear power plant for
engine. Nuclear power produces around 11% of the world's energy
needed, and produces huge amounts of energy. It cause no pollution as
we would get when burning fossil fuels. The advantages of nuclear
plant are as follow:

1. It costs about the same coal, so it is not expansive to make.
2. It does not produce smoke or carbon dioxide, so it does not
contribute to the greenhouse effect.
3. It produces huge amounts of energy from small amount of
uranium.
4. It produces small amount of waste. It is reliable.

Contrasting Point
On the other hand, nuclear power is very, very dangerous. It must be
sealed up and buried for many years to allow the radioactivity to die
away. Furthermore, although it is reliable, a lot of money has to be
spent on safety because if it does go wrong, a nuclear accident ca be a
major accident.

Conclusion or Recomendation
People are increasingly concerned about this matter. In the 1990's
nuclear power was the fastest growing source of power in many parts
of the world.





























I. Anecdote

Purpose : To entertain the readers

General Structure :
1. Abstract
2. Orientation
3. Crisis
4. Reaction/Incident
5. Coda

Example :

Snake in the Bath

Abstract
How would you like to find a snake in your bath? A nasty one too!

Orientation
We had just moved into a new house, which had been empty for so
long that everything was in a terrible mess. Anna and I decided we
would clean the bath first, so we set to, and turned on the tap.

Crisis
Suddenly to my horror, a snakes head appeared in the plug-hole.
Then out slithered the rest of his long thin body. He twisted and turned
on the slippery bottom of the bath, spitting and hissing at us.

Reaction/Incident
For an instant I stood there quite paralysed. Then I yelled for my
husband, who luckily came running and killed the snake with the
handle of a broom. Anna, who was only three at the time, was quite
interested in the whole business. Indeed I had to pull her out of the
way or shed probably have leant over the bath to get a better look!

Coda
Ever since then Ive always put the plug in firmly before running the
bath water.























J. Spoof

Purpose : To retells an event with a humorous twist

General Structure :
1. Orientation
2. Events
3. Twist

Example :

Penguin in the Park

1. Orientation
Once a man was walking in a park when he come across a
penguin.
2. Event
He took him to a policeman and said, "I have just found this
penguin. What should I do?" The policeman replied, "take him to
the zoo".
The next day the policeman saw the same man in the same park
and the man still carrying the penguin with him. The policeman
was rather supriseed and walked up to the man and asked "why are
you still carrying that penguin about? Didn't you take it to the
zoo?"
3. Twist
"I certainly did" replied the man.
"And it was a great idea because he really enjoyed it, so today I am
taking him to the moviest, and the next day I'll take it to the beach.
It'll be so much fun" said the man.





K. Descriptive

Purpose : To describe about a particular thing, person or place.

General Structure :
1. Identification
2. Description

Example :
MY HOUSE
I live in a small house. It has five rooms: there are two bedrooms, a living room,
a bathroom, and a kitchen. Indeed it is a small house; but I like living in here for
wasting my spare time.
When the door is open, I can see the living room. It is so small with only three
chairs and a table, nothing else. I prefer reading a novel in this room.
My bedroom is in the left side of the living room. In this room there is a night
table next to the bed, a TV, a radio, and a computer. When being bored of
reading, I usually play online games, chat with my friends via Facebook and so
on.
Next to my bedroom is my mother's. I do not know what is inside because I
never come in to see it. In the right side of the living room there is the kitchen.
In the kitchen I have everything I need when I get hungry. It is very pleasure
when my mother cooks, the smell fills my whole house.
I know it is a very small house; but it is the best place I have ever seen.
1. Identification :
I live in a small house. It has five rooms: there are two bedrooms, a living
room, a bathroom, and a kitchen
2. Description :
3. When the door is open, I can see the living room. It is so small with only
three chairs and a table, nothing else. I prefer reading a novel in this
room.



L. Report

Purpose : To classify or To describe

General structure :
1. Classification
2. Description

Example :

Giraffe

The giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) is an African even-toed ungulate
mammal, the tallest living terrestrial animal and the largest ruminant.
Its specific name refers to its camel-like face and patches of color on a
light background, which bear a vague resemblance to a leopard's
spots. The giraffe is also noted for its extremely long neck and legs
and prominent horns. It stands 56 m (1620 ft) tall and has an
average weight of 1,200 kg (2,600 lb) for males and 830 kg (1,800 lb)
for females. It is classified under the family Giraffidae, along with its
closest extant relative, the okapi. There are nine subspecies, which
differ in size, coloration, pattern, and range.

The giraffe's scattered range extends from Chad in the north to South
Africa in the south and from Niger in the west to Somalia in the east.
Giraffes usually inhabit savannas, grasslands, and open woodlands.
They prefer areas with plenty of acacia trees, which are important food
sources, and can browse at heights that most other herbivores cannot
reach. While adults are nearly invulnerable to predation, lions,
leopards, spotted hyenas and wild dogs prey on calves. Giraffes
commonly gather in aggregations that usually disband every few
hours. Males establish social hierarchies through "neckings", which
are combat bouts where the neck is used as a weapon. Dominant males
gain mating access to females, who bear the sole responsibility for
raising the young.

The giraffe has intrigued various cultures, both ancient and modern,
for its peculiar appearance, and has often been featured in paintings,
novels and cartoons. It is classified by the IUCN as Least Concern, but
has been extirpated from many parts of its former range, and some
subspecies are classified as Endangered. Nevertheless, giraffes are
found in numerous game reserves.

1. Classification :
The giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) is an African even-toed
ungulate mammal
2. Description :
The giraffe's scattered range extends from Chad in the north to
South Africa in the south and from Niger in the west to Somalia in
the east















M. Exposition

Purpose : To persuade the reader

General structure :
1. Thesis
2. Arguments
3. Recomendation

Example :
Why They Turn to the Sea

As the job opportunity is increasing limited on the land, more and
more young man are turning to the sea for a living. Some of them
choose to work on a ship only after they have failed to get a job.
However, many young men actually would rather work on the sea than
on land. In my opinion, there are several reasons that account for
increasing interest in persuing maritime professions.

Firstly,our country is made up of many lands. We are surrounded by
water. It is not surprising that many people have growm to love the
sea. In order to be able to spend more time near the sea, they decide to
work on it. Many of them spend their whole lives on the water.

Secondly, the many school dropouts in the country as well as those
young men who have just finished their education in school are
looking for jobs at the same time. Competition for jobs is therefore
great. Many fail to get work in offce or factories, so these people turn
to the sea as a last resort.

Thirdly, some young men face problem at home. They want to get as
far away from these problems as possible. The sea becomes a popular
means of escape.

Finally, young people are naturally advantageous. They love to
explore new places. They enjoy the excitement that comes with this.
By working on a ship, they are able to travel far and wide. Besides,
food and lodging on board the ship are free. Thus , many young men
are attracted to maritime profession.

1. Thesis :
As the job opportunity is increasing limited on the land,
more and more young man are turning to the sea for a
living.
2. Arguments 1 :
our country is made up of many lands. We are surrounded by
water
3. Arguments 2 :
the many school dropouts in the country as well as those
young men who have just finished their education in school
are looking for jobs at the same time
4. Arguments 3 :
some young men face problem at home. The sea becomes a
popular means of escape.
5. Recommendation :
young people are naturally advantageous. They love to
explore new places. Thus , many young men are attracted to
maritime profession.