Index

A
AAS 242, 443
ablation threshold 241
abrasion 212, 257
resistance 212, 309, 452
ABS 141, 220, 221, 256, 257, 378, 380, 477, 490,
512
absorption 380
carbonyl formation 380
color difference 172
degradation depth 168
double bonds 381
elongation 174
IR 378
yellowing 378
absolute viscosity detector 258
absorbing species 239
absorption
altitude 43
coefficient 499
maxima 234
spectra 227
acceleration 165
acid rain 57, 218, 222, 242, 247
acrylics 221, 228, 236, 300
chain scission 300
changes and properties 303
data 304
depolymerization 303
effect of temperature 303
effect of thermal history 303
elongation 304
mechanism of degradation 300
monomer concentration 304, 305
residual monomer 302
side groups 301
volatiles 302, 303
actinomycetes 523
activation spectrum 98, 239
additives 425
biodegradation 530
adhesion 470, 482
adhesive joints 258
adhesives 256, 469
adiabatic transformation 30
afterglow 17
agar medium 532
aging index 474
albedo
planetary and surface 45
seasonal variations 46
aluminum
oxidation 221
amide 228
amide IV 440
amorphous
phase 191, 243, 254
region 222, 242, 412
angle of incidence 143
anthracene 241
anthraquinone 240, 262
antioxidants 225, 256, 507, 512
aphelion 41
application standards 157
applications
fusion reactors 374
in space 374
aquatic environment 523
Arizona 65
Arrhenius plot 190
artificial weathering 165
equipment 95, 105
asphalt 472, 474
asphaltenes 473
asphaltic materials 238
ASTM standards 155
atmosphere
composition 47
density 47
mass 47
ozone 47
atomic oxygen
concentration in space 462
Index 545
fluence 459
ATR 228
automotive applications
coatings 443
dashboard 159
engineering polymers 477
helmets 477
materials 477
paints 477
upholstery fabrics 450
window encapsulation 256
auxochromic group 207
azo linkage 204
azo compounds 27, 31
B
backing material 182
bacteria 523
aerobic 526
anaerobic 526
bathochromic shift 15
beech wood 483
Beer-Lambert Law 6, 18, 25, 143, 498
benzophenone 29, 34, 212, 235, 238, 449, 452
benzotriazole 442
bimolecular reactions 525
binder
degradation 427
durability 219
binding energy 245
biocides 531
biocompatibility 488
biodegradation 250, 260, 523
blends 529
chloroparaffins 528
crystallinity 527
effect of branching 528
environment 523
hydrocarbons 528
important factors 529
materials 526
methods of testing 532
molecular weight effect 528
PE 528
polyacrylic acid 529
polyesters 527
PU 528
PVAl 528
biological studies 178
biomass burning 51
birefringence 207
bitumens 251
bituminous products 472
black-panel temperature 157
blends 97, 222, 240, 257, 385
changes 385
commercial 388
photofunctionalization 385
Bohrs Formula 7
bond
cleavage 27
compressed 26
dissociation 191
double 32
extended 26
interaction 14
scission 206
Born-Oppenheimer Approximation 8, 9, 10, 22
bottles 200, 480
crates 488
cups 479
Box-Jenkins Analysis 219
British Standards 159, 162
building materials 221, 223, 463
life expectancy 465
major problems 463
methods 464
burner 101
butyl lining 456
C
cables 199, 222, 239, 249, 479
cage escape efficiency 427
calcium carbonate 250, 485, 520
calibration curve 258
capacitors 249
546 G. Wypych
car upholstery 257
carbon arc 100, 219
carbon black 220, 505
carbon dioxide 48
carbon monoxide 55, 460
carbonyl
absorption 228, 233, 254, 255
formation 228, 240, 250
rate 132
group 440, 472, 485
index 257
carpets 490
catalysts 228
cavities 207
cellulose 208, 244, 447, 526
diacetate 208
fibers 243
regenerated 243, 420
chain
diffusion 220
flexibility 14
folds 412
mobility 182, 214, 242, 243
scission 96, 191, 227, 228, 250, 252, 258, 259,
260
chalk value 218, 246
chalking 447
charcoal filters 490
chelates 507
chemical
conversion 26
reactivity 181, 187, 194
shift 209
chemiluminescence 239
chlorinated rubber 244
chromatography, thin-layer 208
chromophores 8, 15, 17, 432
chromosphere 41
chymotrypsin 526
CIE
scale 224
standard radiation 62
clearcoats 246
cleavage
heterocyclic 28
photoreductive 204
climatic conditions 61
in Australia 91
in Austria 91
in Canada 67
in Great Britain 90
in Greece 83
in Hong Kong 85
in India 87
in Japan 84
in Kuwait 86
in Nigeria 88
in Singapore 85
in Sri Lanka 85
in Sudan 89
in Switzerland 86
in Trinidad 83
in Tunisia 89
in Turkey 90
in USA 70
climatological categories 149
clouds 39, 43, 45
transmittance 44
coated fabrics 453
coating 429
degradation depth 228
coatings 142, 178, 199, 223, 228, 235, 237, 256,
431, 437, 441
acrylic 241
automotive 235, 443
binder durability 441
chlorinated rubber 244
clearcoat 443
degradants 437
ESR 440
function 437
gloss 440, 443
internal stress 443
IR 438, 443
measurement methods 437
moisture effect 440
pollutants effect 443
protective 241
Index 547
spectral absorption 443
top coat 441
UV absorbers in 241
coil coating 157
collisions 506
color
change 170, 218, 223, 225
difference 171, 223, 224
fading 203
fastness 203
compatibilizer 222
composites 222, 226, 246, 256, 456, 458, 462
mass loss 246
compost 523
compounded products 437
concentrated natural daylight 157
condensation 181
conditions of weathering 160
configuration 411, 412
configurational changes 26
conformation 185, 412, 419, 420
conformational
energy 188
flexibility 526
conjugation number 226, 227
contact angle 247
cooling 243
rate 131
copolymer, graft 222
copper complex 212
corona 41
correlation 165, 175, 177, 224, 225, 228
corrosion 244
cotton 210, 211, 225, 228
cover plates 225
cracks 207, 243
formation 182, 222
growth 184
initiation 222
orientation 222
pre-existing 222
primary 222
speed effect 188, 253
tip 222
cracking 222, 470, 472, 476, 477, 483
creep 251, 257, 419
crosslink density 252
crosslinking 191, 252, 258, 260
cryogenical grinding 261
crystalline structure 183, 221
crystallinity 181, 200, 417, 480
change 242, 250
crystallite
monolayered 414
size 411, 418
crystallization 181
in amorphous phase 243
cyclic movement 470
D
damage 222
dark cycle 211
dashboard cracking 159
daylight
illumination 122
mean intensity 3
de Broglie Law 6
defect removal 513
defects 222
deformation, angular 184, 185
degradation
accelerators 275
depth 170, 220, 240
hydrothermal 257
initiators 275
layer thickness 220
principle 10
thermal history effect on 275
under stress 235, 238
degraded layer thickness 220
dehydrochlorination 262, 433
delayed fluorescence 12, 21
denitrification 51, 52
densification 182
density 181, 193, 246
change 246
optical 208
548 G. Wypych
depth profiling 232, 234, 360
depth profile 260
detector
photoelectron 122
photoionization 122
sensitivity 122
Diels-Adler reaction 30, 34
diffusion 181, 191, 246
coefficient 192, 248
constant 262
gas 248
path 37
rate 192
dilatometer 249
dimeric excited species 12
dipole
formation 4
moment 184
dipole-dipole transfer 19
dissipation factor 249
DMS 250
double bond formation 238, 250
dry/wet cycles 157
DSC 134, 190, 250, 415
DTA 250
DTG 250
dyes 223, 451
affinity 211
aggregation 208
alizarin 206, 208, 209
anthraquinone 205
azo 203, 207, 208
bonding 208
cation 206
classification 211
color 209, 212
disperse 203, 208
distribution 208
durability 203
excited 207
fading 227
fastness 212
lightfastness 208
loss 208
monodisperse 208
photodegradant 213
photofading 207
poly 212
premetallized 210, 451
protective 212, 213
quenching 211
reactive 208, 210, 211
retention 207
shade 207
trimethylmethane 206
vat 212
E
Earths axis tilt 41
Earths orbit 41
elastic properties 183
elasticity index 473
electron
ejection 206
transfer 207
electron energy 8
electronic state 25
elliptical orbit 41
elongation 135, 175, 228, 254, 430, 456, 479
retention 254
emission
intensity 239
spontaneous 26
spectra 6, 14, 415
emitting species 239
EMMAQUA 131
enamel 439
energy
absorption 1
conversion 1
dissipation 1, 500
distribution 143
elastic 222
excitation 2
flow rate 213
migration 18
sources 3
Index 549
enthalpy of fusion 250
environmental
conditions 39
stress cracking 251
enzymatic reactions 524
kinetics 525
enzymes 524
adaptation period 526
EP 429
EPDM 382, 383, 384
EPM 341
epoxidized soya bean oil 530
epoxy group
formation 235
epoxy resins 227, 228, 246, 250, 322, 439
amide growth 327
carbonyl growth 327
chain scission 323
effect of thermal history 326
functional groups 326
mechanism of degradation 322
products of corrosion 323
T
g
326, 327
water effect on 328
EPR 382, 384, 386
EPR/HDPE 386
equipment
control parameters 105
suitability 175, 177
erythema 487
ESCA 241, 243, 244, 439
ESR 26, 98, 191, 217, 218, 235, 236, 237, 276, 289,
295, 300, 343, 429, 432, 446, 474, 510
EVA 390
excimer 19
emission 12
fluorescence 12
exciplex emission 12
excitation
multiphoton 25
non-resonant 25
resonant 25
excited molecule 26
excited species, geometry of 31
excited states 4, 26
deactivation 506
density 14
quenchers 240
exciton 12
expansion coefficient 130
exposure
angle 144, 150
beginning 145
carbon arc 224
effect of latitude 65
EMMAQUA 257
in Alps 485
in Arizona 61, 62, 443, 478
in Australia 177, 468
in black box 439
in California 457
in Central Europe 175
in England 465
in Florida 61, 176, 210, 213, 252, 443, 478,
489, 516
in Hong Kong 455
in India 466
in Japan 141, 166, 243, 246, 253, 441, 475
in Jordan 479
in Middle East 465
in New Jersey 478
in Ohio 478
in Panama 395
in QUV 176, 177, 518
in Saudi Arabia 244, 472
in Slovakia 345
in South Africa 455
in space 459
in Thailand 479
in Weather-O-Meter 254, 356, 483, 484, 485,
518
in Xenotest 176, 208, 450, 511
mercury lamp 97, 220, 247, 251, 259, 262
month 213
outdoor 97, 141, 220, 224, 225, 226, 244, 251,
257
relative humidity 142
service providers 149
550 G. Wypych
site 149
special rack 443
standard 149
standards 152
sulfur dioxide 249
summer effect on 213
sun-tracking 152
temperature 142
tilt effect 62
winter 213
with spray 151
xenon lamp 97
extinction coefficient 499
extrusion reaction 27
F
fabric 210, 212, 258
jute 225
fading 225
time 213
units 223
fatigue properties 257
ferrocenes 238
fibers 129, 214, 221, 235, 244, 431, 450, 511
aramide 309
carbon 252
chalking 218
degradation 222
dimensions 222
dull 207
dyed 228
filament cracking 416
glass 226
mechanical properties 418
necking 222
reinforcing 222
tester 257
fiberglass 458
filament shrinkage 418
filaments 416, 417
fillers 235, 242, 443
film 207, 208, 211, 213, 244, 479
filters 103
transmittance 122
fire resistance 250
flexural
modulus 458
strength 255, 256
Florida 65
fluorescence 17, 239, 506
decay 415
emission 240
foam 433
Foerster transfer process 506
folds 413
surface 413
forbidden transition 9
Franck-Condon Principle 9, 22, 32
free monomer 19
free volume 181, 192
fringed-micelle model 411, 413
fungi 523
brown-rot 526
soft-rot 526
white-rot 526
fungicides 531
G
gas solubility 414
GC 241, 260
GC-IR 260
GC-MS 246, 260
gel
content 262
fraction 261
insoluble 261
geomembranes 455
geosynthetics 454
geotextiles 454, 455
German Standards 162
glazing 221, 225
global radiation 65
gloss 237, 431, 441, 442
illumination angle 219
measurement accuracy 219
retention 219
Index 551
standards 219
glycols 344
goniometer 247
GPC 217, 258
grating 122
greenhouse film 479, 488, 520
Grotthus-Draper Principle 1
H
HALS 235, 239, 261, 507, 509
basicity 508
free electron exchange 510
mechanism of action 508
molecular mobility 519
peroxide decomposition 510
stable radicals 510
HAN 237
hardness 257, 470
Barcol 257
Rockwell 257
Shore 257
Vicker 135, 257
hardwoods 481
HCl 261
HDPE 135, 228, 489
heat capacity 46
heat of combustion 184, 185
Heisenberg Principle 7
helmets 222
hemicelluloses 480
HIPS 235
holders 104
horizontal mixing 48
HPLC 260, 479, 516
humidity 65, 199
control 106
effect 170, 222
humus 526
hydrazo-compound 204
hydrogen
abstraction 28, 206, 238
bonding 411
tertiary 239
hydrolytic stability 246
hydroperoxides 206, 228, 238
concentration 235
deactivators 507
decomposition 512
dissociation 228
formation 214, 227
titration 261
hydrophilic 247
hydrophobic 247
hydroquinone 212
hydroxyl radicals 54
hypsochromic shift 15
I
ideal elastomer concept 253
image
acquisition 223
analysis 222, 447
capture 222
impact 222
strength 512
impedance 249
impurities 16, 228
luminescent 211
increased irradiance 178
initiator 431
injection molding 222, 242, 260
interface 221
intermolecular
collision 14
process 28
rearrangement 33
internal
conversion 22, 26
hydrogen transfer 502
marker 258
reflection 5
stress 159, 443
transmission 143
intersystem crossing 10, 15, 21, 211
intramolecular
abstraction 28
552 G. Wypych
collision 14
intrinsic viscosity 473
ionization 4
ionosphere 48
IR 217, 228, 235, 244, 246, 250, 262, 358, 480, 481
ATR 228
derivatization 100, 234
detector 258
micro 228
micro-ATR 234
photoacoustical 228
reference band 233
specimen preparation 234
time-lapse 228
iron oxide 236
ISO Standards 156
isomerization 27
isomers
structural 30
valence-bond 30
isorefractive system 499
J
Jablonski diagram 10, 22
jute 448
K
keratitis solaris 485
ketone 28
concentration 235
end-groups 235
Kevlar 222, 450, 458
L
lamellae 413
lamellar
thickness 413
width 413
lamp
cooling 101
energy 105
fluorescent 101
HPUV 101
metal halide 101
stability 102
landfill 523
lap shear 258
laser
ablation 220, 241
beam width 3
degradation 240
electric field 4
energy 3
etching 3
irradiance 3
monochromacity 3
latitudinal variations 121
LC 241, 260
LDPE 200, 222, 228, 254, 479, 520
LDPE/ABS 387
LDPE/EVA 390
leaching 213
Lewis-Calvin plot 226
lifetimes of excited species 13
light
concentrating devices 152
dosimeter 226
penetration
particle size effect on 504
pigment loading effect on 503
sources 95, 100
lightning 39, 51
lignins 241, 480
degradation 221
linear thermal expansion coefficient 249
LLDPE/LDPE 388
load 181, 183, 196, 287, 449
effect 458
luminescence 275
M
magnetic moment 26
Mark-Houwink constant 258
mass
Index 553
change 245
loss 218, 426, 445, 462
transfer 191
materials
selection 476
semicrystalline 222
Maxwell Theory 1
medical applications 443, 485
melamine 236, 244
membranes 472
osmometry 258
memory 415
mesomorphic structure 242
mesosphere 48, 49, 52
metal complexes 508
metals 228
Michaelis-Menten constant 524
Mie scattering 5, 42
Mies Theory 498
moisture
effect 147, 457
uptake 147
molar mass 250
molecular
collision 26
energy 8
fragments migration 182
mobility 14, 181, 188
size effect on extinction 499
weight 132, 145, 181, 234, 241, 252, 253, 258,
259, 260
depth profiling 260
monochromator 123
monoclinic form 418
Monte Carlo simulation 14
morphology 207, 411
motion picture film 479
movement 184
MS 241, 260
time-of-flight 241
multistress aging 479
museum textiles 452
N
n-hexane 238
NASA studies 459
nitrogen oxides 51
nitrous oxide 50, 244
nitroxide decay assay 237
NMR 189, 209, 217, 234, 235, 246, 250
magic angle 235
peak resonance 235
pulsed 235
solid state 235
Nomex 450
nonvalence interactions 184
Norrish I 26, 27, 187
Norrish II 26, 28, 187
Norrish I & II 418
nuclear distance 26
O
obliquity 41
orbitals 8
antibonding 10
bonding 9
symmetry 9, 30
variations 41
organotins 512
orientation 4, 181, 194, 222, 242, 257
distribution 242
oscillation energy 8
oxidation
degree 244
extent 251
plasma 244
oxygen
absorption range 52
analysis 243
atomic 245, 462
diffusion 192, 207, 240
diffusion coefficient 132
elemental 50, 52
elemental - absorption range 52
molecular 21, 36, 52, 244
554 G. Wypych
photodissociation 52
singlet 36, 52, 204, 211, 225, 277
singlet lifetime 36
spin change 36
triplet 36
uptake 262, 532
ozone 48, 50, 52, 206, 209, 394, 470, 486, 487
absorption range 52
concentration 51, 52
depletion 53
diffusion 414
ground level 53
holes 52
layer 47
resistance 208
seasonal concentration 53
WHO guidelines 53
P
PA 33, 193, 196, 208, 213, 214, 222, 225, 228, 236,
239, 305, 507
acid rain effect on 310
carbonyl groups 310
chain scission 306
changes and properties 310
conjugated structures 310
crosslinking 307
crystalline structure 307
data 312
diffusion coefficient 311
effect of thermal history 310
emission spectra 306
fibers 452
gas diffusion 310
hydroperoxides 307, 310
mechanical properties 310, 311
mechanism of degradation 305
models 305
molecular weight 311
oxidation 307
photo-Fries rearrangement 309
radicals 306
tensile strength 311
thermal degradation 310
yellowing 308
PA-6 98, 212, 213, 417
cracking 416
PA-66 210, 211, 212, 252
packing density 412
paints 130, 218, 219, 223, 242, 247, 249, 256, 444,
445
adhesion 218, 484
chalking 218
chlorinated rubber 447
corrosion effect 245
cracking 218, 446
degradants 445
deposition of chemicals 477
erosion 218
ESR 446
flaking 218
gloss 219
image analysis 447
mass loss 245
mechanism of degradation 444
pigments 444
pitting 218
testing 446
titanium dioxide 444
UV absorbers 446
white rusting 218
PAN 299
conjugated double bonds 299
hydroperoxides 300
mechanism of degradation 299
radicals 299
volatiles 299
paper 485, 489
particles 58
Pauli Exclusion Principle 10, 26
PB 235, 471
PBT 357, 362
PC 96, 97, 146, 226, 227, 228, 241, 244, 253, 257,
351, 430, 477, 518
absorbance 355
bisphenol A 351
chain scission 355
Index 555
effect of thermal history 354
elongation 356
hydrolysis 351
mechanism of degradation 351
models 351
molecular weight 355
photo-Fries rearrangement 351, 354
yellowness index 356
PC/PMMA 386
PCTFE 257
PDMS 188, 235, 241
PE 132, 135, 175, 188, 194, 221, 222, 227, 228,
235, 238, 240, 244, 246, 249, 257, 258, 261,
262, 328, 432, 471, 479
biodegradation 528
carbonyl formation 335, 419
chain scission 331
color difference 173
crosslinking 331
crystallinity 328, 333, 419
degradation depth 169
degree of branching 330
density 328, 334
effect of thermal history 333
functional groups 335
gas solubility 414
mechanism of degradation 329
models 329
molecular oxygen complexes 330
Norrish I and II 329, 332
optical density 336
oxidation 335, 419
oxygen diffusion 334
ozone 414
products of photolysis 333
tensile strength 336
titanium dioxide 419
unsaturations 331
peak response shift 123
PEG, biodegradation 527
penetrometer 257
PEO 250
perfect black body 1
perihelion 41
periodic structures 221
permeability 181
peroxidase 528
peroxide decomposition 212
Perrins Equation 506
Perrins Model 20
PEST 128, 210, 225, 226, 235, 357, 454
biodegradation 527
chain scission 357
degradation depth 360
effect of thermal history 360
enzymatic degradation 360
hydroperoxides 359
mechanism of degradation 357
Norrish I and II 358
optical density 362
structure 129
volatiles 358
weight change 362
PET 200, 207, 208, 227, 243, 262, 357, 363, 420,
480
biodegradation 527
phenoxy resins 363
phosphites 236, 512, 513
phosphorescence 17, 21, 211, 239
photo-Fries rearrangement 32, 96, 415
photoaddition 30
photochemical reaction probability 3
photochemical rearrangement 30
photochemistry 25
photodimerization 34
photographic paper 218
photographic standards 218
photoinitiators 240, 262
photoionization 44
photoisomerism 30
photolysis products of 275
photomultiplier 123
photon energy 95
photooxidation products of 275
photophysics 1
photoreactions 35
primary 26
secondary 35
556 G. Wypych
photoreduction 240
photosensitizer 29
photosphere 41
phototendering 203, 209
PI 374
ablation 375
models 374
volatiles 375
weight loss 376
pigments 228, 235, 242, 245, 426, 429, 430
artists 223
flocculation 428
light shielding 504
load 428
photocatalytic activity 445
screening 502
pipes 222, 471
Plancks constant 1
Plancks Law 1, 6, 39
plastic deformation 183
plasticizers 433, 530
PMMA 97, 188, 191, 194, 220, 221, 227, 238, 240,
241, 245, 246, 251, 252, 257, 259, 303, 431,
466, 468, 488, 518
biodegradation 530
degradation depth 168
molecular weight 304
pollutants 43, 196, 248, 455, 458
ammonia 50, 52
carbon dioxide 55
carbon monoxide 55
chlorinated fluorocarbons 57
fuel combustion 51
hydrogen chloride 58
hydrogen species 53
methane 55
nitric oxide 51
nitrogen oxide 51
nitrous oxide 50
oxides of nitrogen 50
particulate 39
particulate materials 58
sulfur dioxide 56
polyacetylene 244
polyacrylic acid 529
polyacrylophenone 235, 241
polyalkilsilane 226, 227
polybutadiene 394
polybutene 472
polydispersity 132
polyene formation 226
polyethers, biodegradation 527
polyisoprene 235, 393
polymer
absorptivity 502
amorphous 208
lifetime 145
morphology 208, 213
packing 207
polymerization 181
polyol 432, 433
polyolefins 128, 193, 511
polyorganosilanes 227
polysulfide 469
POM 221, 228, 235, 257, 343
cage reaction 344
carbonyl groups 344
color difference 172
crystallinity 242
degradation depth 169
effect of thermal history 345
elongation 346
hydroperoxides 344
impurities 343
mechanism of degradation 343
radicals 343
tensile strength 345
volatiles 343
weight loss 345
pop-in 183, 253
positive holes 425
PP 183, 192, 194, 220, 228, 236, 239, 242, 249,
260, 261, 338, 431, 454, 455, 511, 520
atactic 240
carbonyl groups 342
crystalline structure 239
crystallinity 419
effect of thermal history 340
Index 557
EPM 338
fiber 511
functional groups 341
hydroperoxides 338, 341
ketones 341
mechanical properties 339
mechanism of degradation 338
models 338
nonwoven fabric 448
orientation 422
texture 420
X-ray 421
PP/PE 390
PPE 244, 346
chain scission 347
crosslinking 347
effect of thermal degradation 349
electron transfer mechanism 348
mechanism of degradation 346
models 346
molecular weight 349
oxygen uptake 349
PPS 366, 369
primer 481, 482
printing inks 489
properties, mechanical 222
proton migration 27
PS 19, 132, 133, 200, 221, 227, 228, 234, 235, 236,
238, 239, 241, 244, 247, 250, 253, 255, 257,
258, 259, 288, 490, 499, 507, 518
anthracene 295
benzene formation 288
biodegradation 530
carbonyl groups 294, 295, 297
chain scission 290, 294
changes and properties 294
color difference 171
crosslinking 290, 294
degradation depth 167
effect of wavelength 288
elongation 294
gel fraction 296
hydroperoxides 290, 295
impact modifiers 295
impurities 291
initiation 291
mechanism of degradation 288
models 288
molecular weight 296, 297
Norrish I and II 293
Norrish II 288
oxidation 297
radical decay 294
radicals 289
reprocessing 294
temperature effect 294, 295
tensile strength 298
tetroxide 292
volatiles 292
yellowing 292, 295, 297
PS/PMMA 385, 386
PS/PPE 387
PS/PVME 387
PSF 227, 235, 239, 244, 366, 369, 370
PTFE 239, 245, 377
atomic oxygen 377
mechanism of degradation 377
PTMG, biodegradation 528
PU 27, 33, 99, 199, 222, 225, 226, 227, 228, 235,
239, 244, 246, 247, 250, 261, 312, 416, 433,
440, 442, 506, 520
absorption 317
aliphatic 99
automotive clearcoats 252
biodegradation 318, 528, 532
chain flexibility 320, 321
change of mechanical properties 315
changes and properties 319
color change 316
crystalline structure 319
crystallinity 318
data 319
discoloration 314
effect of thermal history 318
flexibility 319
fluorescence 317, 415, 416
gel formation 321
hard block 319
558 G. Wypych
hydrolysis rate 320
hydrolytic stability 320
mechanism of degradation 313
metals 319, 321
models 313
Norrish I 316
photo-Fries rearrangement 313, 319
photooxidation 313
polyol 318, 319
polyols 322
radicals 319
soft block 416
spectral sensitivity 322
volatiles 318
PU-acrylate 246
PVAl 194, 226, 236, 284
biodegradation 285, 528
carbonyl 285
changes and properties 286
data 286
effect of thermal history 286
initiators 286
load 287
mechanism of degradation 284
oxidation 287
photobleaching 285, 286
polyenes 285, 286
radicals 284
UV absorption 287
PVC 99, 132, 148, 221, 226, 236, 246, 257, 261,
275, 420, 429, 430, 433, 453, 467, 472, 478,
513
benzene formation 279
biodegradation 530, 532
branching 276
carbonyl group 282, 283
changes and properties 281
chlorine radical 278
color difference 171
conformation 280
crosslinking 279
crystalline structure 280
cyclohexadiene formation 280
data 284
degradation depth 167
dehydrochlorination 146, 177, 279
effect of solvent 283
effect of temperature 281, 282
effect of thermal history 283
elongation 174
head-to-head structures 276
hydrogen abstraction 278
hydroperoxide 282
hydroxyl radical 278
initiation 280
models 276
molecular weight 283
oxygen effect 280
polyene migration 279
polyene sequences 279
polyenes 282
radical concentration 281
radicals 276
sample thickness 282
solvent effect 276
stabilizers 512
thermal degradation 282
unsaturations 277
PVC/SAN 387
PVDF 245
PVME/PS 387
pyranometer 121
Q
quantum yield 18, 20, 96
quenchers 13, 497, 507
singlet oxygen 225
quenching 227
quinone 212
QUV 157, 237
R
racks 104
for dry exposure 151
standard 150
temperature distribution 148
Index 559
under glass 150
with black box 150
radiation
absorbed 144
absorption 6
angle of incidence 5
at 340 nm 63
consumption 238
cosmic 459
daily global 145, 146
decay 236
electromagnetic 1
energy 4, 141
flux 39, 42
daily variation 45
density 122
geographic variation 45
latitudinal variations 45
seasonal 45
seasonal variation 45
frequency 1
global solar 64, 121, 122
intensity 3, 102
lifetime 26
measurement 121
net 122
reflected 122
reflection 4
scattering 4, 42
seasonal distribution 144, 145
seasonal variations 41
sky 122
terrestrial 44
wavelength 40, 213, 221
wavelength shift 44
radicals 26
concentration 238
formation 235
rate 181, 237
hydroperoxyl 54
hydroxyl 53, 54
concentration 54
in EPD 238
in PS 238
in wood 238
lifetime 236
mobility 239
nitroxide 237
paramagnetic property 26
peroxide 238
peroxy 238
phenoxyl 237
polystyryl 236
recombination 15, 27, 242
secondary recombination 29
short-lived 238
stability 26
stable 237
tropospheric 50
type 236
radiometer 121
detector 124
Eppley 123
narrow band 122, 124
spectral response 122
spectral sensitivity 123
wide band 123
rain control 106
random walk 14
ranking 166, 170
Rayleighs Law 42
Rayleighs scattering 5
reflectance spectra 209
refractive index 5, 143, 258
reinforcement 222
residence time 48
residual
absorption 505
monomer 238
stress 443
rheology 251
RIM 256, 489
roofing 249, 472, 473, 474
rotational state 8
rubber 391
mechanism of degradation 391
natural 396
560 G. Wypych
Rydbergs Law 40
Rydbergs state 30
S
sample
choice 125
color 131
composition 126
contamination removal 137
dust elimination 137
effect of heat on 128
evaluation 125
morphology of 129
preparation 125, 126
solvent effect on 127
state 127
storage 137
substrates for 129
surface contamination 130, 137, 460
surface erosion 137
thickness 131, 240
SAN 379, 490
SAXS 242, 243
SBS 251, 473
Schrdingers Equation 8
sealants 218, 253, 256, 468
adhesion 219
polysulfide 257
pores 221
silicone 221
sealed vials 261
seasonal variations 121, 213
selection rules 9
SEM 221, 451, 482
sensitizer 13
sensitizer-quencher collision 14
shear strength 256, 458
sheets 226
shopping bags 479
SI 371, 383
bond strength 371
mechanism of degradation 371
phenyl group effect 373
tensile strength 373
siding 478
silica gel 208, 209
silicon photodiode 123, 124
silicone 469
siloxane copolymers 245
SIMS 241, 244
time-of-flight 241
singlet oxygen 448
energy 13
singlet state 10
skin layer 242
skylights 221
Snells Law 4
softwoods 480
soil 523
burial test 532
solar collectors 225, 475
solar radiative emission 39
solvent 238, 432
evaporation 181
radical formation 239
sorption 181, 193
sources, acceleration factor 103
space
conditions of exposure 459
cracking 243
environment 222, 245
space applications 459
composites 459, 461
metal laminates 461
paints 460
polymers 460
space program 137
space transfer 14
specimen
thickness 254
spectroradiometer 123
spectrum
carbon arc 109
enclosed carbon arc 110
fluorescent lamp 117
indoor actinic lamp 119
metal halide lamp 118
Index 561
window glass daylight 112
xenon arc 109
spherulites 243
spin multiplicity 9
spin overlap integral 9
spin-orbit coupling 9
spruce 483
stabilization 497
stabilizers 275
starch 527
Stefan-Boltzmann Law 40
steric exclusion chromatography 260
steric hindrance 28, 411
steric repulsion 188
Stern-Volmer Equation 506
stimulated emission 7
strain, critical 228
stratosphere 47, 48, 52
composition 48
stress 130, 181
direction 182
distribution 182, 184, 222
energy 184
excess energy 185
formation 181
in surface layers 182
internal 181, 182, 222
measurement 199
moisture effect 147
molecular 184, 187
relaxation 181, 257
residual 443
structural stress 181
styrene monomer 241
sulfur-containing compounds 56
sun
composition 40
emission distribution 41
formation 40
temperature 40
thermonuclear fusion 40
zenith angle 45
sun tracking 144
sunspots 41
surface
albedo 45
composition 247
contamination 241
crystallinity 242
depth profile 219
deterioration 166, 255
energy 247
erosion 222
etching 3
layer thickness 244
layers 228
modification 244
molecular reorientation 245
oxidation 244
permissivity 249
photoreduction 244
resistivity 249
roughness 219, 220, 221, 224, 228
temperature 46
swelling 214
T
tacticity 188, 413
talc 220
tapes 188, 258, 479, 511
tautomeric forms 500
Taylor-Hobson Profilometer 220
tear strength 256
TEM 222, 450, 451
temperature 181, 188
altitude 44
black panel 65
color effect on 46, 47
control 106
distribution 148, 182
effect 178, 214, 222, 238, 259
effect of latitude 46
exposure angle 147
gradient 182
horizontal variations 41
seasonal variations 46
562 G. Wypych
tensile strength 142, 210, 213, 249, 252, 253, 260,
449
textile materials 447
dye-sensitization 447
IR 448, 450
nonwoven 448
photobleaching 448
temperature effect 448
UV absorbers 448
wool 448
yellowing 448
textiles 203, 223, 309
museum 223, 225
texture 413
T
g
182, 188, 192, 250, 457
change 182
TGRG 250
thermal
conductivity 46
diffusivity 46
expansion 181
expansion coefficient 188
thermojunction 122
thermopile 122
thermosphere 48, 49
thickness of degraded layer 502
thickness of protective layer 248
Tinuvin 327 446
Tinuvin 770 516
Tinuvin 900 237
TiO
2
207, 425, 426, 429, 444
testing method 446
titration 235
conductometric 261
potentiometric 261
TMA 250, 417
torsional stress 184
total energy
absorbed 499
emitted 40
transition
forbidden 26
moment 9
triazine 449
triplet 21
energy 13, 506
formation 211
lifetime 240
sensitizer 227
state 10
tristimulus values 224
tropopause 48
troposphere 43, 44, 48, 52
U
ultrasonic degradation 432
universal calibration 258
upholstery fabrics 450, 451
UV
absorbers 212, 225, 238, 241, 500
chemical structure 501
effect of concentration 502
effect of pigment 503
excitation 502
molar absorptivity 503
protective efficiency 505
retention 227
absorption 226
detector 258
effect of ozone 47
emission 41
laser 221
spectrophotometry 217, 226
stabilizers 260
UV radiation, temperature effect 2
UV stabilizers 453
loss 517
loss kinetics 517
retention 517
stability 514
UV spectra 514
vapor pressures 515
V
valence angles 184
vertical mixing 48
Index 563
vibrational energy 8, 28
vibrational energy level 25
vibrational mode 25
vibrational overlap 9
viscosity 211, 238
intrinsic 250, 251, 252
number 211
relative 212
visible spectrophotometry 225
visual evaluation 218
volatile components 239, 261
volcanoes 39, 58
voltage breakdown 249
W
water
diffusion coefficient 248
effect 214
evaporation 47
latitudinal difference 47
lifetime 47
sorption 248
uptake 246
vapor concentration 48
vapor transmission 248
wavelength
absorption 45
control 105
cut-off 95
effect on scattering 43
shift 27
summer 95
temperature effect on 40
winter 95
WAXS 242, 420, 421
Weather-O-Meter 4
weathering
choice of parameters 160
cycles 155
weight loss 451, 467
wet period 147
Wiens Law 40
wind 39, 147, 183
wood 130, 218, 238, 480
chromic acid 221
coatings 256
erosion 256
ferric chloride 221
finishes 218
middle lamellae 221
pits 221
pulp 243
Woodward-Hoffmann Rule 30
wool 210, 225, 256, 448, 449, 452
X
X-ray analysis 415
X-ray diffraction 411
xenon arc 100
XPS 142, 222, 243
Y
yellowness index 223, 224, 448, 449
Young modulus 257
Z
ZnO 429, 430
564 G. Wypych