J oukowski Mapping

2
The Problem of the Airfoil
Consider the ideal flow past a given airfoil at a fixed angle of attack
These flows differ only by
To choose the realistic flow solution we employ what is know as the Kutta
condition, that the flow leave smoothly from the trailing edge. The Kutta condition
is an empirical observation that results from the tendency of the viscous boundary
layer to separate at a salient edge.
u
u
3
The Problem of the Airfoil
Terminology
Chord c

Lift l per unit span

c V
l
C
l
2
2
1

=

V l
Lift coefficient
Kutta J oukowski Thm.
Invariance of Circulation under Mapping
z-plane -plane

d
dz
z W W ) ( ) (
~
=

=
~
L
o
o
p
L
o
o
p
q i
d W
dz
dz
d
W
dz z W iq
loop
loop
loop
~
~
) (
~
) (
~
) (
+ =
=
=
= +

4
Symbol Conventions
x
i

=(z)
iy
z-plane
dz
dF
z W
z F
= ) (
) (
-plane

d
dz
W
d
F d
W
z F F
= =
=
~
) (
~
)) ( ( ) (
~
Initial Flow Mapped Flow Mapping
Critical at
0 =
dz
d
i

z= z()
-plane

d
F d
W
F
~
) (
~
) (
~
= Critical at
0 =
d
dz
x
iy
z-plane
dz
d
W
dz
dF
z W
z F z F

~
) (
)) ( (
~
) (
= =
=
Our
Mappings
to this
Point
The
Joukowski
Mapping
5
J oukowski Mapping
/
2
C z + =
0 > = real C
-plane z-plane
-C C
-2C
2C
Effects on Space
Critical Points?

C z
C z
C
C
2
2
2

Behavior at ?
6
Consider a Series of Circles Cutting
the Right-Hand Critical Point
1.
1
=0
2. Re{
1
}=0, Im{
1
}>0
3. Re{
1
}<0, Im{
1
}=0
4. Re{
1
}<0, Im{
1
}>0
-plane
C

1
a
a adjusted so circle always
cuts right-hand critical point
7
1
2
) (
~

+ =

i
i
e a V
e V F
/
2
C z + =
1.
1
=0
-plane
z-plane
Circle coincident
with mapping circle
The Flat Plate
8
/
2
C z + =
2. Re{
1
}=0, Im{
1
}>0
Circle centered on
imaginary axis
The Circular Arc
Im{
1
} controls camber
-plane
z-plane
-plane
z-plane
9
/
2
C z + =
3. Re{
1
}<0, Im{
1
}=0
Circle centered on
negative real axis
The Symmetric Airfoil
Re{
1
} controls thickness
-plane
z-plane
-plane
z-plane
10
/
2
C z + =
4. Re{
1
}<0, Im{
1
}>0
Circle centered in
2
nd
quadrant
The Cambered Airfoil
Re{
1
} controls thickness.
Im{
1
} controls camber
-plane
z-plane
-plane
z-plane
11
Mapping an Airfoil Flow
-plane
C

1
a

m
>0

i
i
ae C
me

=
=
1
1
z-plane
dz
d
W
dz
dF
z W
z F z F

~
) (
)) ( (
~
) (
= =
=
2C

) ( 2 ) (
) (
~
) ( log
2
) (
~
1
2
1
2
1
1
2

+ =

i e a V
e V W
i e a V
e V F
i
i
e
i
i
z
=

+
C
2
/

?
12
Results for Lift
-plane
C
z-plane
2C

z=+C
2
/
c
2
2
1

C
d
dz
=

1
a

) sin(
8
) sin( 4
2
2
1
2

+ = =
+ = =

c
a
c V
l
C
a V V l
l
4 /
4
c C a
C c
C a

Where
and a and c increase
slowly with camber and
thickness
and
1. The lift on an airfoil varies as the sine
of the angle of attack or, for small
angles, linearly with angle of attack
2. The primary (and almost exclusive)
influence of camber in controlling the
zero lift angle of attack -
3. The lift curve slope at zero angle of
attack is 2 for a flat plate, and
increases weakly with increasing
thickness and camber
for a thin airfoil
13
Obtaining the Pressure Distribution
-plane
C
z-plane
2C

z=+C
2
/
c
2
2
1

C
d
dz
=
) ( 2 ) (
) (
~
1
2
1
2

i e a V
e V W
i
i
dz
d
W z W

) (
~
) ( =

1
a
1. Choose a set of points on the circle
2. For these points determine
Velocity on the circle
Derivative of mapping
Airfoil coordinates
3. Evaluate C
p
on the airfoil using
Bernoulli
4. Plot C
p
vs x, i.e C
p
|
airfoil
vs Re{z
airfoil
}

i
circ
ae + =
1
|
) | (
~
circ
W
2
2
|
1
circ
circ
C
d
dz

=
circ
circ airfoil
C
z
|
| |
2

+ =
2
2
2 2 2
/ ) | ( 1 / ) ( 1 |

= = V
dz
d
W V z W C
circ
circ airfoil p

) sin( 4 + =

aV
with