Half Wave

Rectifier
Copyright 2014 Kitszone.com
Copyright notice
Thank you for downloading this eBook. This ook remains the
copyrighted property of the author! and may not e redistriuted to others
for commercial or non"commercial purposes. #f you en$oyed this ook!
please encourage your friends to download their own copy from their
fa%orite authorized retailer. Thank you for your support.
Tale &f Contents
'ectifier
(alf )a%e 'ectifier
*athematical +nalysis
,C %alue of current
'*- %alue of current
.fficiency
'ipple factor
/eak #n%erse 0oltage
'ectifier1
'ectification is the process of con%erting +C to ,C. The circuit which is
used for this purpose is known as rectifier. 'ectifiers are of two types1
1. (alf wa%e rectifier
2. 2ull wa%e rectifier
#n a half wa%e rectifier! ,C is a%ailale at its output terminals during one
half cycle of the +C input! whereas in a full wa%e rectifier ,C is otained
during oth half cycles of the +C input.
(alf wa%e rectifier using diode1
+ssemle the half wa%e rectifier circuit using /"3 $unction diode as shown
in image415. Terminal + in the secondary is connected to the / section of
the diode and the other end 3 is connected to B terminal through load '
6
.
#mage415
#mage425
The +C is supplied across the primary of a transformer.
,uring one half of the cycle! + is positi%e with respect to B. This
makes the /"3 $unction diode to conduct as it is forward iased and
the current flows through the load '
6
as shown in the image425.
,uring the ne7t half cycle the point + is negati%e with respect to B.
#n this state! the diode does not conducts ecause it is re%erse iased
and hence no current passes through '
6
.
Thus current passes through the '
6
only during positi%e cycles.
(ence this circuit is known as half wa%e rectifier.
#mage485
*athematical +nalysis1
6et
0
i
=0
p
sint (1)
e the input %oltage to the rectifier! where V
p
is the peak input %oltage. )hile the diode is conducting! let i
d
e the
current flowing through the circuit and V
d
e the %oltage across the diode.
6et us consider the ohmic resistance of the secondary of transformer as
negligile and applying Kirchoff9s %oltage law to the closed circuit! we
ha%e1
0
i
: 0
d
; i
d
'
6

: i
d
'
f
; i
d
'
6
where '
f
is the forward resistance of the diode.
0
i
=i
d
('
f
+'
6
)(2)
Comparing 415 and 425! we get1
0
p
sin t=i
d
('
f
+'
6
)
i
d
=#
m
sin(t )
where #
m
=
0
p
'
f
+'
6
is the peak current.
#f the resistance of the diode is negligile compared to
'
6
! then
#
m
=
0
'
6
2or a half wa%e rectifier! we ha%e
#
d
=
{
#
m
sin t for 0 < t <
0 for < t < 2
}
,C %alue of current4I
dc
51
2rom the image485! it is seen that the output current is not steady ut
contains fluctuations despite of eing a ,C current. The a%erage %alue of
this fluctuating ,C current can e calculated as follows1
#
dc
=
1
2

0
2
#
d
d(t )
=
1
2
[

i
d
d (t )+

2
i
d
d(t )
]
=
1
2

i
d
d(t )
=
(
1
2
)

#
m
sint d(t )
=
#
m
2
[cos (t )]
0

#
dc
=
#
m

< id:0 in the range to 2]

'*- %alue of output current4I
rms
51
#
rms
=

1
2

0
2
i
d
2
d(t )
=

1
2
[

i
d
2
d(t )+

2
i
d
2
d(t)]
=

1
2

i
d
2
d(t)
=

1
2

#
m
2
sin
2
t d(t )
=

#
m
2
2
[
t
2

sin2t
4
]
0

#
m
2
2

2
=

#
m
2
4
#
rms
=
#
m
2
#
rms
>#
dc
< id:0 in the range to 2]
.fficiency of a half wa%e rectifier451
=
&utput ,Cpower
#nput +Cpower
7
100=
#nput +C power /
iac
:
1
2

0
2
(instantaneous power)d(t)
/
iac
=
1
2

0
2
e 7 i
d
d(t )
=
1
2

0
2
i
d
('
f
+'
6
) 7 i
d
d(t )
=
'
f
+'
6
2

0
2
i
d
2
d(t )
=('
f
+'
6
) #
rms
2
/
iac
=
('
f
+'
6
)#
m
2
4
&utput ,C power /
odc
=#
dc
2
'
6
/
odc
=
#
m
2
'
6

2
'ectifier efficiency :
/
odc
/
iac
7 100=
=
#
m
2
'
6

2
7
4
('
f
+'
6
)#
m
2
7 100=
=
40.> '
6
'
f
+'
6
=
#f '
f
?? '
6
! : 40.>=
#f '
f
: '
6
! : 20.8=
'ipple factor4r51
+t the output of half wa%e rectifier! periodically %arying components are
still present e%en though we ha%e achie%ed a unidirectional current. 2ilters
are used in the rectifier to reduce the %arying components. + measure of
the %arying component is gi%en y the ripple factor as follows1
r=
#
rms
9
#
dc
=
.
rms
9
.
dc
where #
9
rms
and .
9
rms
represent the '*- %alue of ripple current and %oltage
respecti%ely.
#nstantaneous %alue of ripple current #
9
: i
d
@ #
dc
#
rms
9
=

1
2

0
2
i
d
9 2
(t )
=

1
2

0
2
(i
d
#
dc
)
2
d(t )
=

1
2

0
2
(i
d
2
2i
d
#
dc
+#
dc
2
)d (t )
Asing eBuations
#
dc
=
1
2

0
2
#
d
d (t ) C
#
rms
=

1
2

0
2
i
d
2
d(t )
we ha%e!
#
rms
9
=

(#
rms
2
2#
dc
2
+#
dc
2
)
=

(#
rms
2
#
dc
2
)
'ipple factor is gi%en y

r=
#
rms
9
#
dc
=

(#
rms
2
#
dc
2
)
#
dc
2
=

(
#
rms
#
dc
)
2
1
=

(
#
m
/ 2
#
m
/
)
2
1
r=

2
)
2
1
r=1.21
The ao%e calculation shows that the '*- %alue of the ripple e7ceeds that
of the ,C potential of the output. This shows that the half wa%e rectifier
without a filter is relati%ely a poor de%ice for con%erting +C into ,C.
/eak #n%erse 0oltage1
#t is defined as the ma7imum %oltage applied across the diode when the
diode is re%erse iased. #n the case of half wa%e rectifier! the ma7imum
%oltage across the diode when it is not conducting is eBual to 0
p
! the peak
input %oltage.
www.kitszone.com