ME 2307 DYNAMICS LABORATORY

Class : V Semester Mecha!cal Sect!"s : A # B

LIST O$ E%&ERIMENTS
1. Free Transverse Vibration I Determination of Natural Frequency
2. Cam Analysis Cam Profile an !um"#s"ee C$aracteristics
%. Free Transverse Vibration II Determination of Natural Frequency
&. Free Vibration of '"rin( )ass 'ystem Determination of Natural Frequency
*. Com"oun Penulum Determination of +aius of ,yration an )oment of Inertia
-. .ifilar 'us"ension Determination of +aius of ,yration an )oment of Inertia
/. Trifilar 'us"ension Determination of +aius of ,yration an )oment of Inertia
0. 1$irlin( of '$aft Determination of Critical '"ee
2. .alancin( of +otatin( )asses
13. Determination of ,yrosco"ic Cou"le
11. Turn Table
12. 4artnell ,overnor
1%. Free Vibration of '"rin( )ass 'ystem Determination of Natural Frequency
Be'"( the S'lla)*s
1&. '"ee +atio of 5"i#cyclic ,ear Train
1*. '"ee +atio of 1orm an 1orm 1$eel
E% NO:+: TRANSVERSE VIBRATION , I
A!m: To fin t$e natural frequency of transverse vibration of t$e cantilever beam.
A--arat*s re.*!re(: Dis"lacement measurin( system 6strain (au(e7 an 1ei($ts
Descr!-t!":
'train (au(e is boun on t$e beam in t$e form of a bri(e. 8ne en of t$e beam is fi9e an t$e
ot$er en is $an(in( free for :ee"in( t$e ;ei($ts to fin t$e natural frequency ;$ile a""lyin(
t$e loa on t$e beam. T$is is"lacement causes strain (au(e bri(e to (ive t$e out"ut in milli#
volts. +eain( of t$e i(ital inicator ;ill be in mm.
$"rm*lae *se(:
1. Natural frequency < 1=26(=7 4>
;$ere (< acceleration ue to (ravity in m=s
2
an < eflection in m.
2. T$eoretical eflection < 1l
%
=%5I
1$ere? 1< a""lie loa in Ne;ton? @< len(t$ of t$e beam in mm
5< youn(As moules of material in N=mm
2
? I< moment of inertia in mm
&
<b$
%
=12
%. 59"erimental stiffness < 1= N#mm an T$eoretical stiffness < 1= <%5I=l
%
N=mm
&r"ce(*re:
1. Connect t$e sensors to instrument usin( connection cable.
2. Plu( t$e main cor to 2%3v= *3$> su""ly
%. ';itc$ on t$e instrument
&. Bee" t$e s;itc$ in t$e rea "osition an turn t$e "otentiometer till is"lays reas C3D
*. Bee" t$e s;itc$ at cal "osition an turn t$e "otentiometer till is"lay reas *
-. Bee" t$e s;itc$ a(ain in rea "osition an ensure at t$e is"lay s$o;s C3D
/. A""ly t$e loa (raually in (rams
0. +ea t$e eflection in mm
/ra-h:
Dra; t$e c$aracteristics curves of loa vs is"lacement? natural frequency
Dra; t$e c$aracteristics curves of is"lacement vs natural frequency
Res*lt:
O)ser0at!": Cantilever beam imensions: @en(t$<%3cm1 .reat$<-.*cm a( 4ei($t<3.&cm
Ta)*lat!":
'l.
No.
A""lie
mass
m 6:(7
Deflection
6mm7
T$eoretical
eflection
T 6mm7
59"erimental
'tiffness
: 6N=mm7
T$eoretical
'tiffness
: 6N=mm7
Natural
frequency
fn 64>7
E% NO:2 CAM ANALYSIS
A!m:
To stuy t$e "rofile of (iven can usin( cam analysis system an to ra; t$e is"lacement
ia(ram for t$e follo;er an t$e cam "rofile. Also to stuy t$e Eum"#s"ee c$aracteristics of t$e
cam F follo;er mec$anism.
A--arat*s re.*!re(: Cam analysis system an Dial (au(e
Descr!-t!":
A cam is a mac$ine element suc$ as a cyliner or any ot$er soli ;it$ a surface of contact so
esi(ne as to (ive a "reetermine motion to anot$er element calle t$e follo;er.A cam is a
rotatin( boy im"ortin( oscillatin( motor to t$e follo;er. All cam mec$anisms are com"ose of at
least t$ere lin:s vi>G 1.Cam? 2. Follo;er an %. Frame ;$ic$ (uies follo;er an cam.
S-ec!2!cat!" :
Diameter of base circle <1*3mm? @ift < 10mm? Diameter of cam s$aft < 2*mm
Diameter of follo;er s$aft < 23 mm? Diameter of roller < %2mm? D;ell "erio < 103
Ty"e of follo;er motion < '4) 6urin( ascent F escent7
&r"ce(*re:
Cam analysis system consists of cam roller follo;er? "ull ro an (uie of "ull ro.
1. 'et t$e cam at 3H an note o;n t$e "roEecte len(t$ of t$e "ull ro
2. +otate t$e can t$rou($ 13H an note o;n t$e "roEecte len(t$ of t$e "ull ro above t$e
(uie
%. Calculate t$e lift by subtractin( eac$ reain( ;it$ t$e initial reain(.
3*m-,s-ee(:
1. T$e cam is run at (raually increasin( s"ees? an t$e s"ee at ;$ic$ t$e follo;er Eum"s off
is observe.
2. T$is Eum"#s"ee is observe for ifferent loas on t$e follo;er.
/ra-h:
Dis"lacement ia(ram an also t$e cam "rofile is ra;n usin( a "olar (ra"$ c$art.
T$e Force Vs !um"#s"ee curve is ra;n.
Res*lt4
Ta)*lat!":
+4Cam -r"2!le
'l.
No.
An(le of
rotation
6e(rees7
@ift in mm @ift I base circle raius 6mm7
24 3*m-,s-ee(4
'l.
No.
@oa on t$e
Follo;er? F 6N7
!um"#s"ee
N 6+P)7
E% NO:3 TRANSVERSE VIBRATIONS , II
A!m: To stuy t$e transverse vibrations of a sim"ly su""orte beam subEecte to central or offset
concentrate loa or uniformly istribute loa.
A--arat*s Re.*!re(: Trunnion bearin(s? beams? ;ei($ts.
Set,*-:
&r"ce(*re:
1. Fi9 t$e beam into t$e slots of trunnion bearin(s an ti($ten.
2. A t$e concentrate loa centrally or offset? or uniformly istribute.
%. Determine t$e eflection of t$e beam for various ;ei($ts ae.
$"rm*lae *se(:
Defection at t$e center? T< 1l
%
=&05I for central concentrate loa.
Defection at t$e loa "oint? T< 1a
2
b
2
=%5Il for offset concentrate loa.
Defection at t$e center? T< *;l
&
=%0&5I for uniformly istribute loa.
I < b
%
=12J b < ;it$ of t$e beam? < e"t$ of t$e beam? l < len(t$ of t$e beam.
Natural frequency of transverse vibrations? fn

< 1=26(=7 4>
;$ere (< acceleration ue to (ravity in m=s
2
an < eflection in m.
O)ser0at!"s: b < ? < ? l < ? 5 <
Ta)*lar c"l*m:
'l.
No.
)ass ae
m ? :(
59"erimental
Deflection
? m
T$eoretical
Deflection
T? m
T$eoretical
Nat. freq.
fn ? 4>
59"erimental
'tiffness
B? N=m
T$eoretical
'tiffness
B? N=m
/ra-hs:
1. Deflection Vs. loa 6N7 from t$is (et stiffness 6(ra"$7
2. Deflection Vs. Natural frequency
%. @oa in N Vs. natural frequency
'tiffness e9"erimental? B < loa=eflection <1=K < m(=K N=mm
'tiffness t$eoretical? B < 1= KT < &05I=l
%
for center loa?
< %5Il=a
2
b
2
for offset loa?
< %0&5I=*l
%
for uniformly istribute loa?
D!a5rams: 'im"ly 'u""orte beam ;it$ t$e (iven loa an "arameter.
E% NO:6 $REE VIBRATION O$ S&RIN/,MASS SYSTEM
A!mG To calculate t$e unam"e natural frequency of a s"rin( mass system
A--arat*s re.*!re(G 1ei($ts? T$rea? +uler? 'to";atc$
Descr!-t!":
T$e setu" is esi(ne to stuy t$e free or force vibration of a s"rin( mass system eit$er
am"e or unam"e conition. It consists of a mil steel flat firmly fi9e at one en t$rou($ a
trunnion an in t$e ot$er en sus"ene by a $elical s"rin(? t$e trunnion $as (ot its bearin(s fi9e
to a sie member of t$e frame an allo;s t$e "ivotal motion of t$e flat an $ence t$e vertical
motion of a mass ;$ic$ can be mounte at any "osition alon( t$e lon(ituinal a9es of t$e flat. T$e
mass unit is also calle t$e e9citer? an its unbalance mass can create an e9citational force urin(
t$e stuy of force vibration e9"eriment. T$e e9"eriment consists of t;o freely rotatin( unbalance
iscs. T$e ma(nitue of t$e mass of t$e e9citer can be varie by ain( e9tra ;ei($t? ;$ic$ can be
scre;e at t$e en of t$e e9citer.
$"rm*la *se(
'tiffness? : < loa=eflection N=m
59"erimental natural frequency? fn6e9"7 <1=t 4>
T$eoretical natural frequency? fn6t$e7 < 1=2L6(=7 4>
&r"ce(*re
Determ!at!" "2 s-r!5 st!22ess
1. Fi9 t$e to" brac:et at t$e sie of t$e scale an Insert one en of t$e s"rin( on t$e $oo:.
2. At t$e bottom of t$e s"rin( fi9 t$e ot$er "lat form
%. Note o;n t$e reain( corres"onin( to t$e "lat form
&. A t$e ;ei($t an observe t$e c$an(e in eflection
*. 1it$ t$is etermine s"rin( stiffness
Determ!at!" "2 at*ral 2re.*ec'
1. A t$e ;ei($t an ma:e t$e s"rin( to oscillate for 13 times
2. Note t$e corres"onin( time ta:en for 13 oscillations an calculate time "erio
%. From t$e time "erio calculate e9"erimental natural frequency
Calc*lat!":
/ra-h:
@oa vs Deflection
@oa vs T$eoretical natural frequency
@oa vs 59"erimental natural frequency
Res*lt:
Ta)*lat!":
'l
no
1ei($t
ae m
6:(7
Deflection
6mm7
'tiffness
: 6N=m7
Time for 13
oscillation
t 6sec7
Time "erio
T 6sec7
59"erimental
natural
frequency?
fn6e9"7? 4>
T$eoretical
natural
frequency
fn6t$e7? 4>
E% NO:7 COM&O8ND &END8L8M
A!m: To etermine t$e raius of (yration an mass moment of inertia of t$e (iven rectan(ular ro
e9"erimentally.
A--arat*s re.*!re(: 1. Vertical frame? 2. +ectan(ular ro? %. 'to" ;atc$ an &. 'teel rule etc
&r"ce(*re:
1. 'us"en t$e ro t$rou($ any one of t$e $oles
2. ,ive a small an(ular is"lacement to t$e ro F note t$e time ta:en for * oscillations
%. +e"eat t$e ste" by sus"enin( t$rou($ all t$e $oles.
$"rm*lae *se(:
Time "erio T< t=N sec an also 59"erimental time "erio T < 266B
2
I@1
2
7=(@17
1$ere B< e9"erimental raius of (yration an B < 66(@1T
2
=&
2
7#@1
2
7?
@1< istance from "oint of sus"ension to centre of (ravity of ro an @< total len(t$ of t$e ro
T$eoretical raius of (yration? Bt < @=12<3.20--@
Natural frequency fn < 1=T 64>7 an )oment of inertia Im < m:
2
:(#m
2
Res*lt:
Ta)*lat!":
'l.
No.
Distance
@1 6m7
Time for *
oscillations
t 6sec7
Time "erio T
6sec7
Natural
frequency
fn 64>7
59"erimental raius
of (yration
6Be9"7
Calc*lat!":
E% NO:9 BI$ILAR S8S&ENSION
A!m: To etermine t$e raius of (yration an t$e moment of Inertia of a (iven rectan(ular "late.
A--arat*s re.*!re(: )ain frame? bifilar "late? ;ei($ts? sto";atc$? t$rea
$"rm*la *se(:
Time "erio T<t=N
Natural frequency fn < 1=T $>
+aius of (yration : <6Tb=276(=@7 6mm7
1$ere? b<istance of strin( from centre of (ravity? T< time "erio
@< len(t$ of t$e strin(? N< number of oscillations
t< time ta:en for N oscillations
&r"ce(*re:
1. 'elect t$e bifilar "late
2. 1it$ t$e $el" of c$uc: ti($ten t$e strin( at t$e to".
%. AEust t$e len(t$ of strin( to esire value.
&. ,ive a small $ori>ontal is"lacement about vertical a9is.
*. 'tart t$e sto" ;atc$ an note o;n t$e time require for MNA oscillation.
-. +e"eat t$e e9"eriment by ain( ;ei($ts an also by c$an(in( t$e len(t$ of t$e strin(s.
/. Do t$e moel calculation
/ra-h:
A (ra"$ is "lotte bet;een ;ei($ts ae an raius of (yration
Calc*lat!"s:
Res*lt:
O)ser0at!":
Ty"e of sus"ension < bifilar sus"ension
Number of oscillation n<13
b <13.1* cm < &.* cm b1<21.* cm
Ta)*lat!":
'l.
No.
1ei($t
ae
m 6:(7
@en(t$ of
strin(
@ 6m7
Time ta:en
for N osc.
T sec
Natural
frequency
fn 64>7
+aius of
(yration
: 6mm7
E%4 NO4 7 TRI$ILAR S8S&ENSION
A!m: To etermine t$e raius of (yration of t$e circular "late an $ence its )ass )oment of
Inertia.
A--arat*s re.*!re(: )ain frame? c$uc:s - mm iameter? circular "late? strin(s? sto" ;atc$.
&r"ce(*re:
1. 4an( t$e "late from c$uc:s ;it$ % strin(s of equal len(t$s at equal an(ular intervals 6123
3
eac$7
2. ,ive t$e "late a small t;ist about its "olar a9is
%. )easure t$e time ta:en? for * or 13 oscillations.
&. +e"eat t$e e9"eriment by c$an(in( t$e len(t$s of strin(s an ain( ;ei($ts.
$"rm*lae *se( :
Time "erio? T < t=N? Natural frequency? fn < 1=T 4>
+aius of (yration? B < 6bT=2N7 6(=l7 m.
1$ere b#istance of a strin( from center of (ravity of t$e "late?
l# @en(t$ of strin( from c$uc: to "late surface.
)oment of inertia of t$e "late only? I"<6+
2
9 117 = 6&O
2
fn
2
9 l7
)oment of inertia ;it$ ;ei($t ae ?It<+
2
9 611 I 17 = &O
2
fn
2
9 l7
1$ere? +# +aius of t$e circular "late an 11#1ei($t of t$e circular "late < m1( in N m1 < %.* :(
1# 1ei($t of t$e ae masses < m( in N
M"met "2 !ert!a "2 :e!5ht1 I: ; It , I-
Res*lt: T$e raius of (yration of t$e "late an moment of inertia of t$e ;ei($ts ;ere etermine
an tabulate.
/ra-hs:
1ei($t ae vs raius of (yration
1ei($t ae vs moment of inertia
O)ser0at!"s:
Ty"e of sus"ensionGPPPPPPP? No. of oscillations PPPPPPPP.
+aius of circular "late? +<PP.m? mass of t$e "late? m1 < PP..:(
'l.
No.
@en(t$
of strin(
l? m
Ae?
mass?
m? :(
Time for N
oscillations?
t? sec
Time
"erio
T? sec
+aius of
(yration?
:? m
Natural
frequency
fn? 4>
)oment of
inertia of
;ei($t
I;?:(m
E% NO: < =>IRLIN/ O$ S>A$T
A!m: To etermine t$eoretically t$e critical s"ee of t$e (iven s$aft ;it$ t$e (iven en conitions
Descr!-t!"G
T$e s"ee at ;$ic$ t$e s$aft runs so t$at aitional eflection of t$e s$aft from t$e a9is of
rotation becomes infinite is :no;n as critical s"ee.
Normally t$e centre of (ravity of a loae s$aft ;ill al;ays is"lace from t$e a9is of
rotation alt$ou($ t$e amount of is"lacement may be very small. As a result of t$is is"lacement?
t$e centre of (ravity is subEecte to a centri"etal acceleration as soon as t$e '$aft be(ins to rotate.
T$e inertia force acts raially out;ars an ben t$e s$aft. T$e benin( of s$aft not only e"ens
u"on t$e value of eccentricity? but also e"ens u"on t$e s"ee at ;$ic$ t$e s$aft rotates.
$"rm*la *se(:
fn <BL65(I=;l
&
7 an N< fn Q -3
1$ere? fn< natural frequency of vibration in 4>
(< acceleration ue to (ravity? 62.01m=s
2
7? 5< moules of elasticity of t$e s$aft
I<moment of inertia of s$aft in m
&
? ;< ;ei($t =unit len(t$ in N=m
l<effective len(t$ of t$e s$aft bet;een su""orts in m. an N< s"ee of t$e s$aft in +P)
B< constant 62.&*7
Res*lt:
Calc*lat!":
1. )oment of inertia
2. 1ei($t of soli s$aft
%. Natural frequency
&. Critical s"ee
E% NO:? BALANCIN/ O$ ROTATIN/ MASSES
A!m: To balance t$e (iven rotor system ynamically ;it$ t$e ai o t$e force "oly(on an t$e
cou"le "oly(on.
A--arat*s re.*!re(: rotor system? ;ei($ts? steel rule? etc.
&r"ce(*re:
1. Fi9 t$e unbalance masses as "er t$e (iven conitionsG raius? an(ular "osition an "lane of
masses.
2. Fin out t$ee balancin( masses an an(ular "ositions usin( force "oly(on? an cou"le
"oly(on
%. Fi9 t$e balancin( masses 6calculate masses7 at t$e res"ective raii an an(ular "osition.
&. +un t$e system at certain s"ees an c$ec: t$at t$e balancin( is one effectively.
*. If t$e rotor system rotates smoot$ly? ;it$out consierable vibrations? means t$e system is
ynamically balance.
Res*lt: T$e (iven rotor system $as been ynamically balance ;it$ t$e ai of force "oly(on an
cou"le "oly(on.
'l.
No.
Planes
of mass
)ass
m? :(
+aius
r? m
C.Force = R
2
mr? :(#m
Distance from
+ef. Plane
l? m
Cou"le = R
2
mrl? :(#m
2
1
2
%
&
A
.
C
D
D!a5rams:
1 Plane of t$e masses 2. An(ular "osition of t$e masses %. Force "oly(on
& Cou"le "oly(on
E% NO:+0 DETERMINATION O$ /YROSCO&IC CO8&LE
A!m: To etermine t$e active an reactive (yrosco"ic cou"les an com"are t$em.
A--arat*s re.*!re(: ,yrosco"e? tac$ometer? or strobosco"e? variable volta(e transformer? rotatin(
isc ;it$ a li($t reflectin( stic:er for strobosco"e s"ee measurement
&r"ce(*re:
1. T$e isc as mae to rotate at a constant s"ee at a s"ecific time usin( variable volta(e
transformer.
2. T$e s"ee of t$e 6N7 isc is measure usin( a tac$ometer or a strobosco"e.
%. A ;ei($t =mass is ae on t$e e9tenin( "latform attac$e to t$e isc.
&. T$is causes an active (yrosco"ic cou"le an t$e ;$ole assembly 6rotatin( isc? rotor an
;ei($t "latform ;it$ ;ei($t7 is stanin( to move in a "er"enicular "lane to t$at of "lane of
rotatin( of isc. T$is is calle (yrosco"ic motion.
*. T$e time ta:en 6t7 to traverse a s"ecific an(ular is"lacement 6S <-3H7 is note.
Formula useG
)ass moment of inertia of t$e isc? I < m
2
=0? :(#m
2
? m#mass of t$e isc an #ia of t$e isc.
An(ular velocity of t$e isc? R < 2ON = -3? ra=s? N#s"ee of isc in r"m
An(ular velocity of "recession? R" < 6S = t7 9 6O=1037 ra=s
+eactive (yrosco"ic cou"le? Cr<I.R.R" Nm an Active (yrosco"ic cou"le? Ca<1 9 @?
1#;ei($t ae < m(? N an @#istance bet;een centers of ;ei($t to center "lane of isc.
'l
no
'"ee of
isc?
N? r"m
1ei($t
ae
m? :(
Time ta:en for
-3H "recision
t? sec
Active cou"le
Ca<1 9 @
Nm
+eactive cou"le
Cr<I.R.R"
Nm
/ra-h:
1. Active cou"le Vs. +eactive cou"le
2. 1ei($t ae Vs. +eactive cou"le
E% NO :++ T8RN TABLE
A!m: To etermine an(ular velocity ? an(ular acceleration? mass moment of inertia an centrifu(al
force of reci"rocatin( masses
A--arat*s re.*!re(: Turn table? masses? steel rule
De2!!t!"s: velocity? acceleration? an(ular velocity? an(ular acceleration? centrifu(al force an
mass moment of inertia.
&r"ce(*re:
1. Fi9 t$e mass to t$e sliin( arm an measure t$e initial raius +1
2. )a:e t$e turn table to rotate at 6%3#&3 r"m7 lo; s"ees an measure t$e final raial "osition
of t$e mass? +2 an t$e time ta:en by t$e mass to travel from initial raial "osition to final
"osition? t in secons.
%. +e"eat t$e ste"s for ifferent amounts of masses.
$"rm*lae *se(:
Initial velocity? V1<2O+1N = -3? m=s
Final velocity? V2< 2O+2N = -3
@inear acceleration? a< 6V2 # V17 = t? m=s
2
Normal acceleration? an< V2
2
=+2 m=s
2
Tan(ential acceleration? at < L 6a
2
#an
2
7? m=s
2
An(ular acceleration ? T < at = +2 ra=s
2
An(ular velocity ?R< 2ON = -3? ra=s
Centrifu(al force? F < mV2
2
=+2? N
)ass moment of inertia? Im < m +2
2
:(#m
2
Ta)*lat!":
'
l
.

N
o
.
)
a
s
s
m
?




:
(
I
n
i
t
i
a
l

r
a

i
u
s
+
1
?





m
F
i
n
a
l

r
a

i
u
s
+
2
?



m
'
"
e
e

N
?



r
"
m
I
n
i
t
i
a
l

v
e
l
o
c
i
t
y
V
1
?



m
=
s
F
i
n
a
l

v
e
l
o
c
i
t
y
V
2
?

m
=
s
A
n
(
u
l
a
r

v
e
l
o
c
i
t
y
R
?




r
a

=
s
A
n
(
u
l
a
r

a
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
T





r
a

=
s
2
T
i
m
e

t
a
:
e
n
t
?




s
e
c
C
e
n
t
r
i
f
u
(
a
l

f
o
r
c
e
F
?





N
)
a
s
s

)
o
m
e
n
t

o
f

I
n
e
r
t
i
a
I
m
?




:
(
#
m
2
Calc*lat!"s:

Res*lt: T$e an(ular velocity? an(ular acceleration? centrifu(al force an mass moment of inertia
;ere etermine an tabulate.
E% NO:+2 >ARTNELL /OVERNOR
A!m: To fin t$e stiffness? sensitivity an effort of t$e s"rin( usin( 4artnell (overnor
A--arat*s re.*!re(: 4artnell (overnor setu" an Tac$ometer
Descr!-t!":
4artnell (overnor is a centrifu(al ty"e s"rin( controlle (overnor ;$ere t$e "ivot of t$e ball
cran: lever is carrie by t$e movin( sleeve. T$e s"rin( is com"resse bet;een t$e sleeve an t$e
ca" is fi9e to t$e en of t$e (overnor s$aft. T$e ball cran: is mounte ;it$ its bell an t$e vertical
arm "ressin( a(ainst t$e ca".
$"rm*la *se(:
Fc1<m R1
2
r1 6N7 an Fc2<m R2
2
r2 6N7
R1<2N1=-3 ra=s an R2<2N2=-3 ra=s
'1<2Fc1 69=y7 N an '2<2Fc2 69=y7 N
r2< r#+69=y7 6mm7
'ensitivity< 6ma9imum s"ee#minimum s"ee7=mean s"ee <6N1#N27=N
5ffort < 6s"rin( force at ma9imum s"ee# s"rin( force at minimum s"ee7=2
'"rin( stiffness < 6'1#'27=+ N=mm
1$ere? m< mass of t$e ball is 6m<3.10 :(7
R1 F R2 <an(ular s"ee of (overnor at ma9imum raius an minimum raius res"ectively in
ra=sec
r1F r2 <ma9imum an minimum raius of rotation
Fc1 F Fc2 <centrifu(al forces at R1 an R2 in N
Q< len(t$ of t$e vertical ball arm of lever in m
U< len(t$ of t$e $ori>ontal ball arm of lever in m
'1F '2 < s"rin( forces at R1 F R2 in N
&r"ce(*re:
1. Bee" t$e s"ee re(ulation in 3 "osition before startin( t$e motor.
2. Increase t$e re(ulate out"ut (raually till t$e motor ta:es t$e critical s"ee an
immeiately control t$e s"ee of t$e (overnor
%. )aintain t$e s"ee for eac$ an every (rauation as require to ta:e t$e irect reain(
Res*lt:
Ta)*lar c"l*m: Q<2* mm1 U<2*mm1 r1<r <2*mm
'l.
No.
'"ee? N 6r"m7 'ensitivity 5ffort 6N7 'tiffness 6N=mm7
)in ma9 mean
Calc*lat!":
/ra-h:
1. )ean s"ee Vs. 'ensitivity
2. )ean s"ee Vs. 5ffort
E%4 NO: +3 E@IVALENT SRIN/ MASS SYSTEM
A!m : to etermine t$e unam"e natural frequency of an equivalent s"rin( mass system.
A--arat*s re.*!re( : '"rin(? trunnion? beam? e9tra mass? steel rule.
&r"ce(*re:
1. Attac$ t$e beam to t$e trunnion brac:et
2. )easure t$e istance bet;een "ivot an s"rin(6@17 m
%. )ount t$e e9citer assembly over t$e beam at suitable len(t$ after alterin( t$e s"rin( at t$e
ot$er en 6@27 m
&. 59cite t$e beam by a sim"le Eer: an measure t$e time ta:en for N oscillations 6t7 sec
*. +e"eat t$e e9"eriment by c$an(in( t$e e9citer "osition or mass or bot$.
$"rm*lae *se(:
'"rin( stiffness? B < loa=eflection < 1= K < m(= K N=m in 6"art I7
m# )ass ae to s"rin( in :(
5quivalent mass? )eq <) 6@2=@17 :(? )# mass of t$e e9citer assembly in :(
Time "erio? 6T$eoretical7 Tt$e <2V )eq=B sec.
@1# Distance bet;een "ivot an s"rin(? m an @2# Distance bet;een "ivot an e9citer assembly? m
T$eoretical natural frequency? fn6t$e7 <1=Tt$e 4> ?
59"erimental natural frequency? fn6e9"7 <1=Te9"
59"erimental time "erio? Te9" < t=N sec.
O)ser0at!"s: )ass of t$e e9citer assembly? ) <PPPP..:(
'l
no
)ass of
e9citer
assembly
)? 6:(7
@en(t$s

Time for N
oscillations
6t7 sec
59"erimental
time "erio?
Te9"? sec
T$eoretical
time
"erio?
Tt$e? sec
59"erimental
Natural
frequency?
fn6e9"7
T$eoretical
Natural
frequency?
fn6t$e7
@1
m
@2
m
1
2
%
&
*
/ra-hs: @2 Vs Te9"? Tt$e
@2 Vs fn6e9"7? fn6t$e7
D!a5rams: s"rin(#mass system? equivalent s"rin( mass system