Chapter 1 - 3G Technology Funamentals

Copyright All rights reserved TA -TC 6250 E01 TECHCOMConsulting
Content
3G Technology Fundamentals
Parameter Optimization Overview
3G Optimization Technique
Drive Test Post Processing & issue Analysis
3G Drive-test and Optimization
Content
WCDMA Basic Theory
Radio Resource Management
HSPA Overview
3G Technology Fundamental
Content
WCDMA Basic Theory
HSPA Overview
Copyright All rights reserved TA -TC 6120 01/2005 TECHCOMConsulting Copyright All rights reserved TA -TC 6250 E01 TECHCOMConsulting
TECHCOMConsulting UMTS Air interface is built based on two technological
solutions:
1. WCDMA- FDD
2. WCDMA- TDD
WCDMA FDD is more widely used solution
FDD: Separate UL & DL Frequency band
WCDMA TDD technology is used in limited number of
Networks
TDD: UL & DL separated by time, utilizing
same frequency
Both technologies have own dedicated frequency bands.
This Course concentrate on design principles of WCDMA-
FDD solution.
WCDMA Basic Theory
UMTS FDD
Uplink 1920MHz-1980MHz
Downlink 2110MHz-2170MHz
WCDMA Modes
TECHCOMConsulting
Multiple access technology is Wideband
CDMA (WCDMA):
All cells at same carrier frequency
Spreading Codes used to separate cells and
users
Signal Bandwidth 3.84MHz
Multiple Carrier can be used to increase the
capacity:
Inter-Frequency functionality to support mobility
between frequencies
Compatibility with GSM Technology:
Inter-System Functionality to support mobility
between GSM and UMTS
WCDMA FDD Technology
WCDMA FDD frame Structure
f
t
Middlepoint of
WCDMA carrier
WCDMA frame 10 ms
15 slots, each of them 2/3 ms
Differences between WCDMA & GSM
WCDMA GSM
Carrier spacing 5 MHz 200 kHz
Frequency reuse factor 1 118
Power control
frequency
1500 Hz 2 Hz or lower
Quality control Radio resource
management algorithms
Network planning
(frequency planning)
Frequency diversity 5 MHz bandwidth gives
multipath diversity with
Rake receiver
Frequency hopping
Packet data Load-based packet
scheduling
Timeslot based
scheduling with GPRS
Downlink transmit
diversity
Supported for
improving downlink
capacity
Not supported by the
standard, but can be
applied
UMTS & GSM Network Planning
GSM900/1800: 3G (WCDMA):

WCDMA basic Theory
Frequency
Band
Spreading
Factor
Power
WCDMA
Originating Bit Received Bit
Transmission Power
Frequency
5MHz
Power density
Time
High bit rate user
Low bit rate user
Capacity/Interference/Load/Power
WCDMA Technology
5 MHz
3.84 MHz
f
5+5 MHz in FDD mode
5 MHz in TDD mode
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Time
Direct Sequence (DS) CDMA
WCDMA
Carrier
WCDMA
5 MHz, 1 carrier
TDMA (GSM)
5 MHz, 25 carriers
Users share same time and frequency
CDMA Principle- Chip, Bits & Symbol
Spreading Code
Spread Signal
Data
Air Interface
Bits (In this drawing, 1 bit = 8 Chips SF=8)
Baseband Data
-1
+1
+1
+1
+1
+1
-1
-1
-1
-1
Chip Chip
Spreading Principle
Direct Sequence Spreading - Code Division Multiple Access (DS-CDMA)
Separates users through different codes
Codes are used for two purposes:
Differentiate channels/users
Spreading the data over the entire bandwidth
f
Code
t
MS 1
MS 2
MS 3
5 MHz
WCDMA (5 MHz)
IS-95 (1.25 MHz)
CDMA2000 (1.25, 3.75 MHz)
TECHCOMConsulting
Spreading code = Scrambling code + Channelization
code
Scrambling codes (Repeat period 10 ms=38400 chips)
Separates different mobiles (in uplink)
Separates different cells (in downlink)
Channelization codes
Separates different channels that are transmitted on the
same scrambling code
Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) codes
Period depends on data rate
512 DL Primary SCs: separates cells in same carrier
frequency
16.7 million UL SCs: separates users
Spreading Principle
Scrambling and Channelization Codes
DL Spreading and Multiplexing in WCDMA
User 3
User 2
User 1
BCCH
Pilot
X
CODE 1
X
CODE 2
X
CODE 3
X
CODE 4
X
CODE 5
+
X
SCRAMBLING
CODE
RF
SUM
User 2
User 1
BCCH
Pilot
Radio frame = 15 time slots
Time
User 3
3.84 MHz
RF carrier
3.84 MHz bandwidth
CHANNELISATION codes:
TECHCOMConsulting Walsh-Hadamard codes: orthogonal variable spreading
factor codes (OVSF codes)
SF for the DL transmission in FDD mode = {4, 8, 16,
32, 64, 128, 256, 512}
SF for the UL transmission in FDD mode = {4, 8, 16,
32, 64, 128, 256}
Good orthogonality properties: cross correlation
value for each code pair in the code set equals 0
In theoretical environment users of one cell do not
interfere each other in DL
In practical multipath environment orthogonality is
partly lost Interference between users of same cell
DL & UL Channelization Codes
Orthogonal codes are suited for channel separation,
where synchronisation between different channels
can be guaranteed
Downlink channels under one cell
Uplink channels from a single user
Orthogonal codes have bad auto correlation
properties and thus not suited in an asynchronous
environment
Scrambling code required to separate signals between
cells in DL and users in UL
Channelisation Code Tree
Spreading Factors in a subtree
Channelization Codes (CC
n,m
) = Orthogonal variable SF Codes OVSF (for UL & DL)
CC
1,0
= (1)
CC
2,1
= (1,-1)
CC
2,0
= (1,1)
CC
4,0
= (1,1,1,1)
CC
4,1
= (1,1,-1,-1)
CC
4,2
= (1,-1,1,-1)
CC
4,3
= (1,-1,-1,1)
CC
256,0
CC
256,1
CC
256,2
CC
256,255
CC
256,254

SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4 SF = 256

CC
1
= (1) CC
2
=
1 1
1 -1
CC
n
=
CC
n/2
CC
n/2
CC
n/2
-CC
n/2
CC
n,m
generation:
(SF = 512)
Walsh
Matrix
TECHCOMConsulting DL Scrambling Codes:
Pseudo noise codes used for cell separation
512 Primary Scrambling Codes
UL Scrambling Codes
Two different types of UL scrambling codes are
generated
Long scrambling codes of length of 38 400 chips = 10
ms radio frame
Short scrambling codes of length of 256 chips are
periodically repeated to get the scrambling code of
the frame length
Short codes enable advanced receiver structures in
future
DL & UL Scrambling Codes
Scrambling Code Set
Channelisation & Scrambling Codes
Channelisation & Scrambling Codes
Channelisation code Scrambling code
Usage Uplink: Separation of physical data
(DPDCH) and control channels
(DPCCH) from same terminal
Downlink: Separation of downlink
connections to different users within one
cell
Uplink: Separation of mobile
Downlink: Separation of sectors (cells)
Length 4256 chips (1.066.7 s)
Downlink also 512 chips
Different bit rates by changing the length
of the code
Uplink: (1) 10 ms = 38400 chips or (2)
66.7 s = 256 chips
Option (2) can be used with advanced
base station receivers
Downlink: 10 ms = 38400 chips
Number of codes Number of codes under one scrambling
code = spreading factor
Uplink: 16.8 million
Downlink: 512
Code family Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor Long 10 ms code: Gold code
Short code: Extended S(2) code family
Spreading Yes, increases transmission bandwidth No, does not affect transmission
bandwidth

Spreading & Processing Gain
Frequency
P
o
w
e
r

d
e
n
s
i
t
y

(
W
a
t
t
s
/
H
z
)
Unspread narrowband signal
Spread wideband signal
Bandwidth W(3.84 Mchip/sec)
User bit
rate
R
sec
84 . 3
Mchip
const W
Processing gain:
R
W
dB G
p
Processing Gain Example
Voice user (R=12,2 kbit/s)
Packet data user (R=384 kbit/s)
P
o
w
e
r

d
e
n
s
i
t
y

(
W
/
H
z
)
R
Frequency (Hz)
G
p
=W/R=24.98
dB
P
o
w
e
r

d
e
n
s
i
t
y

(
W
/
H
z
)
R
G
p
=W/R=10
dB
Spreading sequences
have a different length
Processing gain
depends on the user
data rate
QPSK Modulation
The basic idea with QPSK modulation, which is used in WCDMA
UMTS Protocol Stack
Layer-1
Layer-2L
Layer-2U
Layer-3
OSI
TECHCOMConsulting Physical Layer Functions (Layer-1)
-Forward error correction, coding, interleaving
-Measurements
-Soft handover execution
-Multiplexing/mapping of services on dedicated physical
code channels
-Modulation, spreading, demodulation, dispreading of
physical channels
-Frequency and time synchronization
-Fast closed-loop power control
-RF processing
MAC Layer Function (Layer-2L)
-Selection of appropriate transport format
-Service multiplexing on RACH, FACH and dedicated
channels
-Scheduling
-Access resolution on RACH
-Contention resolution on RACH etc..
Radio Protocol Stack Functions
RLC Functions (Layer-2U):
-Segmentation and assembly
-Transfer of user data
-Error correction through retransmission optimized for
physical layer
-Sequence integrity
-Flow control
PDCP Function (Layer-2U)
-Service specific. Exists only in the User Plane and only
for services from PS domain. Contains compression
methods needed for better spectral efficiency
RRC Functions:
-Broadcast of system information
-Radio Resource handling
-Control of requested QOS
-UE measurements reporting and control of the reporting
Channels Overview
Channels Overview
UMTS Radio interface Channels
TECHCOMConsulting Traffic Channels
Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH)
Common Traffic Channel (CTCH)
Control Channels
Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)
Common Control Channel (CCCH)
Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)
Paging Control Channel (PCCH)
Logical Channels
TECHCOMConsulting Dedicated Channels
Dedicated Channel (DCH)
Common Channels
Random Access Channel (RACH)
Forward Access Channel (FACH)
Broadcast Channel (BCH)
Paging Channel (PCH)
Common Packet Channel (CPCH)
Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH)
Transport Channel
TECHCOMConsulting Dedicated Channel
DPDCH (Dedicated Physical Data Channel)
PDSCH ( Physical Downlink Shared Channel)
Common Channel
DPCCH (Dedicated Physical Control Channel)
PRACH (Physical Random Access Channel)
PCPCH (Physical Common Packet Channel )
DPCCH (Dedicated Physical Control Channel)
PCCPCH (Primary Common Control Physical Channel)
SCCPCH (Secondary Common Control Physical
Channel)
CPICH (Common Pilot Channel )
Physical Channel
PICH (Paging Indicator Channel)
AICH (Acquisition Indicator Channel)
CSICH (CPICH Status Indicator Channel)
UMTS Radio Channel Mapping
BCCH
PCCH
CCCH
DCCH
DTCH
CTCH
BCH
CPCH
DSCH
DCH
RACH
FACH
PCH
P-CCPCH
S-CCPCH
P-CPICH
PRACH
DPDCH
DPCCH
PDSCH
PICH
P-SCH
S-SCH
AICH
S-CPICH
PCPCH
Logical Channels Transport Channels Physical Channels
DPCH
Key: Uplink
Downlink
Bidirectional
Data Transfer
Association
Control Ch
Traffic Ch
Common Ch (no FPC)
Common Ch (FPC)
Dedicated Ch (FPC)
Info Channels
Assoc Channels
Fixed Channels
Cell Breathing
NodeB 1 NodeB 2
Fully loaded system
Unloaded system
The more traffic, the more interference and the shorter the distance must be between the NodeB and the UE
The traffic load changes in the system causes the cells to grow and shrink with time.
UL/DL Capacity Limitation
Scenario 1: Capacity limitation due to UL interference
The cell cant serve UE1 because the increase in UL interference by adding the new user would
be too high, resulting in a high risk of drops
Scenario 2: Capacity limitation due to DL power
The cell cant serve UE2 because its using all its available power to maintain the connections to
the other UEs
UE2
Scenario 1 Scenario 2
UE1
Code Blocking
Base band processing units general
Base band units of Flexi and Ultra BTS product line:
Flexi WCDMA System Module (FSM)
Used in Flexi Node B
2 FSMs are allowed in maximum in the NodeB
Consists of FSP cards (Functional Signal Processing unit)
CE (Channel Element) is basic processing capacity unit
Wideband Signal Processing unit (WSP)
Used in UltraSite and MetroSite NodeB
Max No of WSPs per NodeB depends on its type (18 WSPs in maximum)
CE is basic processing capacity unit
Both base band units provide Rx and Tx channel processing (scrambling and descrambling,
interleaving UL/DL, spreading and despreading, channel coding and decoding)
Channel Element & Spreading Factor Requirement
Rel1 HW (FSMB)
User data
CE UL/min
SF
CE DL/min
SF
AMR (voice) 1/ SF64 1/ SF128
WB-AMR 1 / SF64 1 / SF128
PS 16 kbps 1 / SF64 1 / SF128
PS 32 kbps 2 / SF32 2 / SF64
PS 64 kbps 4 / SF16 4 / SF32
PS 128 kbps 4 / SF8 4 / SF16
PS 256 kbps 8 / SF4 8 / SF8
PS 384 kbps 16 / SF4 16 / SF8
CS 64 kbps 4 / SF16 4 / SF32
CS 14.4 kbps 1 / SF64 1 / SF128
Maximum Ratio Combining
Multiple paths possibly cause destructive interference between different replica of the desired signal
Multiple path should be at 1 chip delay to make it usable
Multipath Propagation
Time Dispersion
1
0 2 3
TECHCOMConsulting Concept :
Each Multipath component is called a Finger
Estimation of radio channel properties (Dealy, Amplitude
& Phase) for each finger
The RAKE receiver combines multi path components by
coherent combining of multi patch components belonging
to respective user.
The RAKE Receiver
Maximum Ratio Combining- RAKE
Each finger tracks a different multipath component and other cells during Soft Handover
A maximum ratio combining produces the output
Search Finger is used to determine whne to perform handovers
C
O
M
B
I
N
E
R
Power measurements of
neighbouring NodeBs
Sum of individual multipath
components
Finger #1
Finger #2
Finger #3
Finger #N
Buffer/delay
Correlators
Channel
Searcher Finger
Power Control- Introduction
Signal is blocked by signal
from UE near base station
One UE can block
the whole cell
Near & Far Effect in Uplink
In the downlink, the capacity is determined by the transmit code power for each
connection. Therefore, it is essential to keep the transmission power at a minimum level
while ensuring adequate signal quality at the receiving end.
TECHCOMConsulting Concept :
Power is a common resource in WCDMA
Goal :
Ensure sufficient received energy per information bit for
all communication links
Strategy :
Power control on COMMON CHANNELS ensures there is
sufficient coverage to establish connections and transfer
date on common transport channels
Power control on DEDICATED CHANNELS (DCH)
ensures sufficient connection quality while minimizing
impact on other connections.
Power Control or Rate Control
Power control strategy (R99): adjust transmitted power
while keeping the data rate constant
Rate control strategy (HSDPA): adjust the data rate while
keeping the transmitted power constant
Power Control
Power Control
Open loop power Control
Initial power setting
Outer Loop (RNC)
Adjust quality target dependent on
performance
Inner Loop (fast power control-
Node B)
compensates for fading channels
needs dedicated control channel
for power control commands
Without power control
P
TX
t
fading
channel
t
P
RX
fading
channel
t
P
TX
t
P
RX
With power control
Power Control
Quality
New SIR target
Quality(BLER)
target
Send TPC
(up/down)
to UE
Adjust power
According to
Received TPC
Measure
received SIR
Measure quality
e.g. CRC Error
RNC Node-B UE
Outer loop Inner loop
Soft/Softer Handover
Soft/softer handover is important for efficient power control. Without soft/softer handover there would be near- far
scenarios of a UE penetrating from one cell deeply into an adjacent cell without being power controlled by the latter.
Soft Handover: UE connected to two or more NodeB at the same time
Softer Handover: UE connected to two or more sector of the same NodeB
Soft/Softer Handover & Power Control
Uplink Power is based on information (TPC bits) from both RBSs to which the UE is connected. The UE will
decrease its output power in all cases except when both RBSs send increase power commands.
Downlink Power control for both RBSs is based on one signal (TPC bits) from the UE (it does not distinguish
between RBSs and the decision is base on the combined output from the RAKE receiver
UL Power control DL Power control
Soft/Softer Handover & Power Control
Neighbour list Combination procedure
Active Set may contain cells, which are not necessary adjacencies with each other.
The list of cells to be measured is send by the RNC in a MEASUREMENT CONTROL
message and is changed at every Active Set Update. The RNC then combines the
Neighbour lists according to the following rules:
1. Active set cells are included
2. Neighbour cells which are common to three active set cells are included
3. Neighbours which are common to the controlling cell and a second active set cell are included.
(cell, other than the controlling cell, which has the highest CPICH Ec/Io)
4. Neighbour cells which are common to two active set cells are included
5. Neighbour cells which are defined for only one active set cell are included
6. Neighbours which are defined only for the second ranked cell are included
7. Neighbours which are defined only for the third ranked cell are included
If the total number of cells to be measured exceeds the maximum value of 32 during any
step then handover control stops the Neighbour list generation
Neighbour list Combination procedure
Because of the combination explained in the previous slide, it is possible to measure
handover activity between 2 cells which do not have an adjacency defined between them.
In this example intra-frequency adjacencies exist between cells 2-6 and 6-7, but not between
2-7. Activity is measured when the lists of cells 2 and 6 are combined and 7 can be added,
while 2 is still the best cell in the Active Set. The same effect applies for Inter-System list
combining
Neighboured
Not neighboured
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
UE path
Neighboured
Not neighboured
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
UE path
Hard Handover
UE move
Target BS
Source BS
time
Data UE
received/
sent
GAP of communication
Features of hard handover:
HHO causes a temporary disconnection for RT radio access bearer and is lossless for Non Real
Time bearers (NRT).
The UE must either be equipped with a second receiver or support compressed mode to execute
inter-system/inter-RAT measurement.
Content
WCDMA Basic Theory
HSPA Overview
TECHCOMConsulting RRM is responsible for optimal utilisation of the radio
resources:
Transmission power and interference
Logical codes
The trade-off between capacity, coverage & quality is
done all the time
Minimum required quality for each user (nothing less
and nothing more)
Maximum number of users
The radio resources are continuously monitored and
optimised by several RRM functionalities
RRM Functionality
PC
HC
For each connection/user
LC
AC
For each cell
PS
RM
LC Load Control
AC Admission Control
PS Packet Scheduler
RM Resource Manager
PC Power Control
HC HO Control
TECHCOMConsulting Admission Control checks that admitting a new user
will not sacrifice planned coverage or quality of
existing connections
Admission control handles main tasks
-Admission decision of new connections
-Take into account current load conditions (from LC)
and load increase by the new connection
-Real-time higher priority than non-real time
-In overload conditions no new connections admitted
Connection QoS definition
-Bit rate, BER target etc.
-Connection specific power allocation (Initial,
maximum and minimum power)
Admission Control (AC)
AC is used to decide whether a new RAB can be
admitted or a current RAB can be modified.
Admission control is done in uplink and downlink
separately.
The strategy is that a new bearer is admitted only if the
total load after admittance stays below the thresholds
defined by RNP.
Admission Control Strategy
Ltotal old + I < L threshold
P totalold + Ptotal < P threshold
TECHCOMConsulting Technical classification of load control:
-Call Admission Control
-Load Balance between cells
- Congestion Control
Classification of Load Control
Definition of Air interface Load:
-Wideband power-based uplink loading:
-Wideband power-based downlink loading:
rxTotal
oth own
UL
P
I I
max tx
txTotal
DL
P
P
TECHCOMConsulting PS allocates available capacity after real-time (RT)
connections to non-real time (NRT) connections
-Each cell separately
-In overload conditions bit rates of NRT connections
decreased
PS selects allocated channel type (common or
dedicated)
PS relies on up-to-date information from AC and LC
Capacity allocated on a needs basis using best effort
approach
-RT higher priority
Packet Scheduler (PS)
Resource Manager (RM)
Responsible for managing the logical radio resources of the RNC in co-operation with
AC and PS
On request for resources, from either AC(RT) or PS(NRT), RM allocates:
DL Channelization code
UL Scrambling code
Code Type Uplink Downlink
Scrambling codes
Spreading codes
User separation Cell separation
Data & control channels from same UE Users within one cell
Code Tree Management:
Code selection
Code Tree re-arrangement
TECHCOMConsulting Fast, accurate power control is of utmost importance
particularly in UL
-UEs transmit continuously on same frequency
Always interference between users
-Poor PC leads to increased interference reduced
capacity
Every UE accessing network increase
interference
-PC target to minimise the interference Minimize
transmit power of each link while still maintaining the
link quality (BER)
Mitigates 'near far effect in UL by providing
minimum required power for each connection
Power control has to be fast enough to follow
changes in propagation conditions (Slow & Fast
Fading)
-Step up/down 1500 times/second
Power Control in WCDMA (PC)
In HSDPA transmit the power is constant
Channel conditions are taken into account by changing the
signal modulation and coding (Link Adaptation) Higher
bit rates in better conditions
Classification of Power Control
Power Control
Uplink power control
Open loop power control
Inner loop power control
Outer loop power control
Downlink power control
Open loop power control
Inner loop power control
Outer loop power control
Compared with open loop
power control, inner loop and
outer loop power control are
called closed loop power
control
TECHCOMConsulting The uplink and downlink frequencies of WCDMA are
within the same frequency band.
Uplink open-loop power control
-Based on the calculation of the open-loop power control,
the UE sets the initial powers for the first PRACH
preamble and for the uplink DPCCH before starting the
inner-loop power control.
Downlink open-loop power control
In the down link, the open-loop power control is used to
set the initial power of the downlink channels based on the
downlink measurement reports from the UE.
Open Loop Power Control
Open Loop Power Control
Convergence of inner loop
power control
time
power
time
power
Accurately calculate initial
transmitting power of inner
loop needed to minimize the
time of convergence
Reduce the impact on
system load
Inner Loop Power Control
Objective of power control:
balance the received energy
per bit of different UEs at base
station
NodeB UE
Power Control
Measure and compare SIR of received signal
Inner loop
Set SIRtar
1500Hz
Each UE has its
own power control
loop
BLER-SIR
The aim of the outer-loop PC algorithm is to maintain the quality of the
connection at the level defined by the quality requirements of the bearer
service.
According to principles of wireless communication, BLER may change
with the wireless environment under fixed SIR.
B
L
E
R
BLER
Different curves
correspond with
different multi-path
environment.
SIR
Outer Loop Power Control
NodeB UE
Power Control
Measure & compare
SIR of received signal
Inner loop
Set SIRtar
Traffic data with
steady BLER can
be acquired
Measure BLER of
transport channel
Outer loop
RNC
Measure & compare
BLER of received data
Set BLERtar
10-100Hz
Downlink Power Control
NodeB
Set SIRtar
Power Control
Measure and compare SIR
Measure and compare BLER
Outer
loop
Inner loop
UE physical layer
UE Layer 3
Downlink inner loop and outer loop power control
10-100Hz 1500Hz
TECHCOMConsulting HC is responsible for:
-Managing the mobility aspects of an RRC
connection as UE moves around the network
coverage area
-Maintaining high capacity by ensuring UE is always
served by strongest cell
Handover Control
Classification of Handover:
-Softer Handover
-Soft Handover
-Hard Handover
-Intra-Frequency hard handover
-Inter-Frequency hard handover
- Inter RAT handover (Between WCDMA & GSM
Intra-frequency hard handover includes two instances:
(1)handover between two RNCs without IUR interface
(2)code handover in the cell
TECHCOMConsulting For soft handover, the combination of multiple RL uses
maximum ratio combination (RAKE combination) in
downlink and selection combination in uplink.
When the two cells in soft handover belong to the
same NodeB, maximum ratio combination could be
used in uplink. In this case the handover is softer
handover.
Softer handover has higher priority in handover
schemes because maximum ratio combination has
larger gain than selection combination.
For soft handover, selection combination in uplink
completes in RNC.
Soft/Softer Handover
Soft Handover Measurement:
Active Set: Including all cells currently participating in a
SHO connection of a terminal.
Neighbour Set/Monitored Set: This set includes all cells
being continuously monitored/measured by the UE and
which are not currently included in the active set.
Soft Handover Measurement
TECHCOMConsulting Features of hard handover:
-HHO causes a temporary disconnection for RT radio
access bearer and is lossless for Non Real Time bearers
(NRT).
-The UE must either be equipped with a second receiver
or support compressed mode to execute inter-
system/inter-RAT measurement.
Application of Hard Handover in 3G:
Intra-frequency hard handover: When inter-RNC SHO
cant be executed or is not allowed.
Inter-frequency hard handover: Load balance between
frequencies
Inter-RAT handover
-2G-3G smooth evolution
-The finite coverage range of initial phase of 3G
Hard handover
Selection of Handover Scheme
Handover scheme should be selected based on the traffic
QoS
-Soft handover can provide better service quality.
-Soft handover uses more system resource.
-Different sizes of active set and soft handover area use
different system resource and provide different QoSs.
-Hard handover would bring gap during calls.
-Hard handover uses less system resource.
Consider both the QoS requirement and the occupation of
system resource by handover.
Make a tradeoff between occupation of system resource
and QoS
Compressed Mode
Objective of compressed mode: for UE to realize measurement and
synchronization to target cell when inter-frequency handover and
inter-RAT handover is required.
TECHCOMConsulting Compressed Mode:
Intra-frequency neighbors can be measured
simultaneously with normal transmission by UE using a
RAKE receiver.
Inter-frequency or inter-RAT neighbors measurements
require the UE measuring on a different frequency, this
has either to be done with multiple receivers in the UE or
in the compressed mode (CM).
CM is to stop the normal transmission and reception for a
certain period of time, enable the UE to measure on the
other frequency.
The usage of compressed mode would reduce the system
performance
Complex algorithm is needed to decide when to enter
compressed mode.
Compressed Mode
Content
WCDMA Basic Theory
HSPA Overview
TECHCOMConsulting Provide telecommunication professionals with the
basic understanding of HSPA, the high speed packet
access technologies (HSDPA, HSUPA), and related
applications, network architecture, and deployments.
The talk will present:
-the market drivers for UMTS HSPA
-the basic enabling techniques and terminology associated
with HSPA
- the basic operations of HSPA
- the HSPA implementation and performances
HSPA Objective
3G Enables Wider Options of Services
3G Enables Advanced Data Services
HSPA for Higher Speed
UMTS Data Rate Evolution
ApplicationsBenefiting from HSPA
Release 99 Principles
DCH/FACH Comparison Summary
What will HSDPA Address?
HSDPA Enabling Technologies
Physical Layer Bit Rates (DL) - HSDPA
3GPP Release 5 standards introduced enhanced DL bit rates with High Speed
Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) technology
Shared high bit rate channel between users High peak bit rates
Simultaneous usage of up to 15 DL channelisation codes (In HSDPA SF=16)
Higher order modulation scheme (16-QAM) Higher bit rate in same band
16-QAM provides 4 bits per symbol 960 kbit/s / code physical channel peak rate
Coding rate
QPSK
Coding rate
1/4
2/4
3/4
5 codes 10 codes 15 codes
600 kbps 1.2 Mbps 1.8 Mbps
1.2 Mbps 2.4 Mbps 3.6 Mbps
16QAM
2/4
3/4
4/4
HSDPA
Common Channel for Data
Multi-Code Operation
Adaptive Modulation and Coding
Link Adaptation versus Power Control
Scheduling Comparison
HSDPA Scheduling and Retransmissions
Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ)
HARQ Illustration
Comparison Summary
HSDPA Protocol Stack
HSDPA Channels
HSDPA Channels (continued)
HSDPA Operation Overview
HSDPA Channel Operation Timeline
HS-PDSCH
HS-DPCCH
HS-SCCH
Data Rate Example
Theoretical HSDPA Maximum Data Rate
Multi-code Transmission
Consecutive Assignments
Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ)
Lower Coding Gain
Lower Coding Gain (continued)
16-QAM
Theoretical HSDPA Maximum Data Rate
Inter-TTI Interval
Retransmissions
ACK/NAK Repetitions
Node B Implementation Considerations
OVSF Allocation
Node B Transmit Power Allocation
CQI Report Processing
Node B Scheduler
HSDPA Cell Re-pointing Procedure
HSUPA Performance
Physical Layer Bit Rates (UL) - HSUPA
3GPP Release 6 standards introduced enhanced UL bit rates with High Speed
Downlink Packet Access (HSUPA) technology
Fast allocation of available UL capacity for users High peak bit rates
Simultaneous usage of up to 2+2 UL channelisation codes (In HSUPA SF=2 4)
Coding rate
1/2
3/4
4/4
1 x SF4 2 x SF4 2 x SF2
2 x SF2 +
2 x SF4
480 kbps 960 kbps 1.92 Mbps 2.88 Mbps
720 kbps 1.46 Mbps 2.88 Mbps 4.32 Mbps
960 kbps 1.92 Mbps 3.84 Mbps 5.76 Mbps
Release 99 Uplink Packet Data
Release 99 Uplink Limitations
High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA)
Enhancements Provided by HSUPA
How are Enhancements Achieved?
HSUPA vs. HSDPA
Rise-over-Thermal Noise
Node B Scheduler for HSUPA
Rise-over-Thermal Loading
HSUPA Channel Operation
HSUPA Channel Operation (continued)
HSUPA Protocol Stack
HSUPA Uplink Channels
HSUPA Downlink Channels
HSUPA Channel Mapping
Uplink Channels
Downlink Channels
HSUPA Channel Timing
HSUPA Features (continued)
E-DCH Active Set and Mobility Support
HSUPA Serving Cell Change
Active Set Composition with HSUPA
Theoretical HSUPA Maximum Data Rate
E-DPDCH with SF4 and Puncturing
Lower Spreading Factor SF2
Multi-code Transmission
HSUPA UE Capabilities
HSPA Technology
HSPA technology
Channel types
Physical Channels
Principle of HSPA
HSxPA Motivation and General Principle
Improved performance and spectral efficiency in DL and UL by introducing a shared
channel principle:
Significant enhancement with peak rates up to 14.4 Mbps (28 Mbps in Rel7) in DL, and 2 Mbps
(11.5 Mbps with 16QAM) in UL
Huge capacity increase per site; no site pre-planning necessary
Improved end user experience: reduced delay/latency, high response time
HSDPA (3GPP Rel5)
Fast pipe is shared among UEs
HSUPA (3GPP Rel6)
Dedicated pipe for every UE in UL
Pipe (codes and grants) changing
with time
E-DCH scheduling
Rel. 99
Dedicated pipe for every UE
HSDPA Overview
15 Code
Shared
transmission
16QAM
Modulation
TTI = 2 ms Hybrid ARQ
with incr. redundancy
Fast Link
Adaptation
Advanced
Scheduling
Benefit
Higher Downlink Peak rates: 14 Mbps
Higher Capacity: +100-200%
Reduced Latency: ~75 ms
HSDPA power is limited
by the PtxMaxHSDPA
parameter
Cell maximum TX
power
Common chs
HSDPA
Maximum
HSDPA power
(PtxMaxHSDPA)
Non-
HSDPA
power
Ptx
Time
Cell maximum TX power
Common chs
HSDPA
Non-HSDPA
power
Ptx
Time
HSDPA power is not limited, all available
power can be allocated to HSDPA
Still PtxMaxHSDPA can be used to limit
HS-PDSCH Transmit power
The Packet Scheduler is responsible for determining the transmission power on the HS-PDSCH channels
Dynamic HSDPA power allocation is always used in BTS
HSDPA power can be limited with PtxMaxHSDPA
HSDPA Dynamic Resource Allocation feature is activated with RNC parameter HSDPADynamicResourceAllocation
Disabled: PtxMaxHSDPA sent to BTS and used to limit the maximum HSDPA power
Enabled: No power limitation sent to BTS, all available power allocated to HSDPA
Maximum code allocation for HSDPA
SF=1
SF=2
SF=4
SF=8
SF=16
SF=32
SF=64
SF=128
SF=256
15 HS-PDSCH codes
Up to three HS-SCCH codes
Codes for common
channels in the cell
Codes for associated DCHs and
non-HSDPA users
Used by 2 HSDPA UEs no SF256
available for the 3
rd
UE for
associated DCH
Used by AMR user only one
SF128 code remains for associated
DCH
Used by HSDPA UE as associated DCH and HS-SCCH
Case1:
Case2:
Case1+2:
Code tree limitation makes it hard to have 15 codes allocated for HSDPA
Still commonly 14 or 12 or lower amounts are easily available
Note that current terminals support only 10 codes so 15 codes means more than 1 users per TTI
15 codes is available but not commonly for cells where has reasonable high traffic (noticing terminal limitation 10
codes, thus fully utilise 15 codes needs minimum 2 HSDPA users)
Case 1: Allocation of 15 is not possible when more than 2 HSDPA users are active (i.e. 3 HSDPA users)
Case 2: Allocation of 15 is not possible (with two HSDPA users) when 1 AMR12.2 user exists in the cell
HSDPA - UE Categories
QPSK and 16QAM modulation with multi code transmission used to achieve high data rates
12 different UE categories defined, categories are characterized by
Number of parallel codes supported
Minimum inter-TTI interval
Theoretical peak bit rate up to 14.4 Mbps for category 10 UE using 15 codes and 16QAM
HSDPA Code Multiplexing
With Code Multiplexing, maximum of three UEs
can be scheduled during one TTI from single
cell
Multiple HS-SCCH channels (max 3 in RAS06)
One for each simultaneously receiving UE
Available HS-PDSCH codes and HS-PDSCH
power of cell are divided between UEs
HS-PDSCH codes actually used depends on
the channel conditions of a UE
Important when cell supports more codes than
UEs do
Cell supports 15 HS-PDSCH codes, Cat6
and Cat8 UEs => 3 users can be
scheduled on TTI
BTS must also be capable of 10/15 codes in
order to dynamically adjust HS-PDSCH codes
HS-PDSCH
HS-PDSCH
HS-PDSCH
HS-PDSCH
HS-PDSCH
cat 6
HS-PDSCH
HS-PDSCH
HS-PDSCH
HS-PDSCH
HS-PDSCH
HS-SCCH
HS-SCCH
cat 6 cat 6 cat 6 cat 8
HS-SCCH
HS-PDSCH
HS-PDSCH
HS-PDSCH
HS-PDSCH
HS-PDSCH
HSUPA Overview
TTI = 10 ms 1-4 Code
Multi-Code
transmission
Fast
Power Control
Hybrid ARQ
with incr. redundancy
NodeB
Controlled
Scheduling
Benefit
Higher Uplink Peak rates: 2.0 Mbps
Higher Capacity: +50-100%
Reduced Latency: ~50-75 ms
HSUPA - UE Categories
BPSK modulation with multi-code transmission used to achieve high data rates
6 different UE categories defined, categories are characterized by
Number of parallel codes supported
Support of 2ms TTI - 10ms TTI supported by all the HSUPA UEs
Theoretical peak bit rate up to 5.74 Mbps for category 6 UE using 2 ms TTI
No coding and no retransmissions - all bits must be delivered correctly over the air
11484
20000
20000
5772
20000
14484
2798
14484
7110
Transport
Block size
2 Mbps 10 2 x SF2 4
2.89 Mbps
2 2 x SF2
4
1.45 Mbps 10 2 x SF4 2
1.40 Mbps 2 2 x SF4 2
2 Mbps
10 2xSF2 + 2xSF4
6
6
5
3
1
HSUPA
Category
2
10
10
10
TTI
2xSF2 + 2xSF4
2 x SF2
2 x SF4
1 x SF4
Codes x Spreading
5.74 Mbps
2 Mbps
1.45 Mbps
0.71 Mbps
Data rate
Thank You

Chapter 1 - 3G Technology Funamentals

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Chapter 1 - 3G Technology Funamentals

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Copyright All rights reserved TA -TC 6250 E01 TECHCOMConsulting

Вам также может понравиться