Engineering Mathematics 2

INTEGRAL CALCULUS OF ONE VARIABLE

Definite Integral and Fundamental

Theorem of Calculus

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REMARKS
ALL MATERIALS ARE PREPARED WITH MATHCAD; CERTAIN DIFFERENCES FROM WRITTEN FORM ARE
EXPECTED BUT CORRECT WITHIN THE MATHEMATICAL CONTEXT.

QA 2.2.A1(i)
Step 1 Given

8
⌠ ;definite integral
I =  8 dt
⌡
5

Step 2 Consider a definite integral

⌠ ⌠


G( t) = 8 dt use formula  α dt = α ⋅ t + K

⌡ ⌡

G( t) = 8 ⋅ t + K

Step 3 Evaluate G(t) at t = 5 and t = 8

G( 8 ) = 8 ( 8 ) + K

G( 5 ) = 8 ( 5 ) + K

Step 4 To find I

I = G ( 8 ) − G( 5 ) ;use fundamental theorem of calculus

I = ( 64 + K) − ( 40 + K)
;in subsequent example, K will be ignored

I = 64 − 40 = 24 ;ans (i)

QA 2.2.A1(ii)
Step 1 Given

1
⌠ ;definite integral
I= 3x + 2 dx
⌡
−1

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 Engineering Mathematics 2

Step 2 Consider a definite integral

⌠ ⌠
  n n−1
G( x) =  3x + 2 dx use formula  α ⋅ x dx = α ⋅ n⋅ t +K
⌡ ⌡

 x2 
G( t) = 3   + 2⋅ x + K
2
Step 3 Evaluate G(t) at t = 1 and t = -1
;K will be ignored as of now onward
3 2 7
G( 1 ) = ⋅ ( 1) + 2⋅ ( 1) =
2 2
3 2 −1
⋅ ( −1 ) + 2 ⋅ ( − 1 ) →
3 2 1 2 2
G( − 1 ) = ⋅ ( − 1 ) + 2 ⋅ ( − 1 ) = −
2 2

Step 4 To find I

I = G ( 1 ) − G( − 1 )

7  1
I= − − 
2  2
I=4 ;ans (ii)

QA 2.2.A1(ii)

Step 1 Given

1
⌠ ;definite integral
I =  3x + 2 dx
⌡− 1

Step 2 Consider a definite integral

⌠ ⌠
  n n− 1
G( x) =  3x + 2 dx use formula  α ⋅ x dx = α ⋅ n⋅ x +K
⌡ ⌡

 x2 
G( x) = 3  + 2⋅ x + K
2
Step 3 Evaluate G(t) at t = 1 and t = -1
;K will be ignored as of now onward
3 2 7
G( 1 ) = ⋅ ( 1 ) + 2 ⋅ ( 1 ) =
2 2

3 2 1
G( − 1 ) = ⋅ ( − 1) + 2 ⋅ ( −1 ) = −
2 2
Step 4 To find I

I = G ( 1 ) − G( − 1 )

7  1
I= − − 
2  2
I=4 ;ans (ii)

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 Engineering Mathematics 2

QA 2.2.A1(iii)

Step 1 Given

2
⌠ 1 ;definite integral
I= 1+ dx
 x
2
⌡1

Step 2 Consider a definite integral

⌠ ⌠
 1  n−1
G( x) =  1 + dx use formula α ⋅ x dx = α ⋅ n⋅ x +K
2 
⌡
 x
⌡
⌠

x
− 2+ 1  α dx = α ⋅ x + K
G( x) = x + +K ⌡
−2 + 1
1
G( x) = x − +K
x

Step 3 Evaluate G(x) at x = 1 and x = 2

1 3
G( 2 ) = ( 2 ) − → G( 2 ) =
2 2 here the mathcad right arrow is "=" in written form

1
G( 1 ) = ( 1 ) − → G( 1 ) = 0
1

Step 4 To find I

I = G ( 2 ) − G( 1 ) ;use fundamental theorem of calculus

3
I= − ( 0)
2 ;the detail is not recommended

3
I= ;ans (i)
2

QA 2.2A1(iv)
1
⌠ 1
I= dt
 6t + 1 Our basic formula does not prepared us
⌡ for this -- we shall do this on completing topic
0
1.3 (substitution method).
Likewise A1(vi)

QA 2.2A1(v)

Step 1 Given
2
⌠
I =  3 − 2⋅ t dt
⌡1
Let

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 Engineering Mathematics 2

⌠
 2
H( t) = 3 − 2 ⋅ t dt = 3t − t + K

⌡ ;Use formula #1
Then
2
H( 2 ) = 3 ( 2 ) − ( 2 ) = 2

2
H( 1 ) = 3 ( 1 ) − ( 1 ) = 2

where

I = H( 2) − H( 1)

I=0

QA 2.2A1(vii)

Step 1 Let
1
⌠ 1
I= dx ;formula #16
 x +1
2
⌡0

Let
⌠
 1
H( x) =  dx = atan( x) + K
2
 x +1
⌡

π
I = H( 1) − H( 0) = atan( 1 ) − atan( 0) =
4

;ans (vii)

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