Journal of Environmental Management 92 (2011) 407e 418

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Journal of Environmental Management
journal homepage: www . elsevier . com/locate/jenvman
Review
Removal of heavy metal ions from wastewaters ! review
"englian "u
a#

*
# $i %ang
&
1 "a'ulty of Environmental ('ien'e an) Engineering# *uang)ong +niversity of ,e'hnology# *uang-hou .1000/# 0R 1hina
2 "a'ulty of !22lie) Mathemati's# *uang)ong +niversity of ,e'hnology# *uang-hou .1000/# 0R 1hina
a r t i ' l e i n f o
!rti'le history
Re'eive) 4 Mar'h 2010 Re'eive) in revise) form 1/
3'to&er 2010
!''e2te) 9 4ovem&er 2010 !vaila&le online 8 5e'em&er 2010
6eywor)s
7eavy metal wastewater
,reatment te'hnology
Review
a & s t r
a ' t
7eavy
metal
2ollution
has
&e'ome
one of
the most
serious
environm
ental
2ro&lems
to)ay8
,he treat9
ment of
heavy
metals is of s2e'ial 'on'ern )ue to their
re'al'itran'e an) 2ersisten'e in the
environment8 :n re'ent years# various metho)s
for heavy metal removal from wastewater have
&een e;tensively stu)ie)8 ,his 2a2er reviews the
'urrent metho)s that have &een use) to treat
heavy metal wastewater an) evaluates these
te'hni<ues8 ,hese te'hnologies in'lu)e
'hemi'al 2re'i2itation# ion9e;'hange#
a)sor2tion# mem&rane filtration#
'oagulationeflo''ulation# flotation an)
ele'tro'hemi'al metho)s8 !&out 18. 2u&lishe)
stu)ies (1988e2010) are reviewe) in this 2a2er8
:t is evi)ent from the literature survey arti'les
that ion9e;'hange# a)sor2tion an) mem&rane
filtration are the most fre<uently stu)ie) for the
treatment of heavy metal wastewater8
2010 Elsevier =t)8 !ll rights reserve)8
1. Introduction
7eavy metals are elements
having atomi' weights &etween
/>8. an) 2008/# an) a s2e'ifi'
gravity greater than .80 (
(rivastava an) Ma?um)er#
2008)8 %ith the ra2i)
)evelo2ment of in)ustries su'h
as metal 2lating fa'ilities# mining
o2erations# fertili-er in)ustries#
tanneries# &atteries# 2a2er
in)ustries an) 2esti'i)es# et'8#
heavy metals wastewaters are
)ire'tly or in)ire'tly )is'harge)
into the environment
in'reasingly# es2e'ially in
)evelo2ing 'ountries8 +nli@e
organi' 'ontaminants# heavy
metals are not &io)egra)a&le an)
ten) to a''umulate in living
organisms an) many heavy metal
ions are @nown to &e to;i' or
'ar'inogeni'8 ,o;i' heavy metals
of 2arti'ular 'on'ern in treatment
o
f
in
)
u
st
ri
al
w
a
st
e
w
at
er
s
in
'l
u
)
e
-i
n
'#
'
o
2
2
er
# ni'@el# mer'ury#
'a)mium# lea) an)
'hromium8
Ain' is a tra'e
element that is
essential for human
health8 :t is im2ortant
for the 2hysiologi'al
fun'tions of living
tissue an) regulates
many &io'hemi'al
2ro'esses8 7owever#
too mu'h -in' 'an
'ause eminent health
2ro&lems# su'h as
stoma'h 'ram2s# s@in
irritations# vomiting#
nausea an) anemia (
3yaro et al8# 2007)8
1o22er )oes essential
wor@ in animal
meta&olism8 But the
e;'es9sive ingestion of
'o22er &rings a&out
serious to;i'ologi'al
'on'erns# su'h as
vomiting# 'ram2s#
'onvulsions# or
even )eath (
0aulino et al8#
200/)8
4i'@el
e;'ee)ing its
'riti'al level might
&ring a&out serious
lung an) @i)ney
2ro&lems asi)e
from
gastrointestinal
)istress# 2ulmo9
nary fi&rosis an)
s@in )ermatitis (
Bor&a et al8# 200/)8
!n) it is @nown
that ni'@el is
human 'ar'inogen8
Mer'ury is a
neuroto;in
1* 1orres2o
n)ing author8
E9mail a))ress
fufenglian200/C1
/>8'om ("8 "u)8
0>019
4797DE e
see front
matter 2010
Elsevier
=t)8 !ll
rights
reserve)8
)oi
108101/D?8?e
nvman8201
08118011
that 'an 'ause )amage to the
'entral nervous system8 7igh
'on'entrations of mer'ury 'ause
im2airment of 2ulmonary an)
@i)ney fun'tion# 'hest 2ain an)
)ys2noea ( 4amasivayam an)
6a)irvelu# 1999)8 ,he 'lassi'
e;am2le of mer'ury 2oisoning is
Minamata Bay8 1a)mium has
&een 'lassifie) &y +8(8
Environmental 0rote'tion
!gen'y as a 2ro&a&le human
'ar'inogen8 1a)mium e;2oses
human health to severe ris@s8
1hroni' e;2osure of 'a)mium
results in @i)ney )ysfun'tion an)
high levels of e;2osure will
result in )eath8
=ea) 'an 'ause 'entral
nervous system )amage8 =ea)
'
a
n
al
s
o
)
a
m
a
g
e
th
e
@i
)
n
e
y#
li
v
er
a
n
) re2ro)u'tive system#
&asi' 'ellular 2ro'esses
an) &rain fun'tions8
,he to;i' sym2toms
are anemia# insomnia#
hea)a'he# )i--iness#
irrita&ility# wea@ness of
mus'les# hallu'ination
an) renal )amages (
4aseem an) ,ahir#
2001)8 1hro9mium
e;its in the a<uati'
environment mainly in
two states 1r(:::) an)
1r(F:)8 :n general#
1r(F:) is more to;i'
than 1r(:::)8 1r(F:)
affe'ts human
2hysiology#
a''umulates in the
foo) 'hain an) 'auses
severe health 2ro&lems
ranging from sim2le
s@in irritation to
lung 'ar'i9noma (
6he-ami an)
1a2art# 200.)8
"a'e) with
more an) more
stringent
regulations#
nowa)ays heavy
metals are the
environmental
2riority 2ollutants
an) are &e'oming
one of the most
serious
environmental
2ro&lems8 (o these
to;i' heavy metals
shoul) &e remove)
from the
wastewater to
2rote't the 2eo2le
an) the
environment8
Many metho)s that
are &eing use) to
remove heavy
metal ions in'lu)e
'hemi'al 2re'i2i9
tation# ion9
e;'hange#
a)sor2tion#
mem&rane
filtration# ele'tro9
'hemi'al treatment
te'hnologies# et'8
,he 2resent review
arti'le )eals with
the 'urrent
te'hni<ues for the
removal of heavy
metal ions from
wastewater8 ,heir
a)vantages an)
limitations in
a22li9'ation are
also evaluate)8
408 "8 "u# $8 %ang D Journal of Environmental Management 92 (2011) 407e418
. !eav" metal wastewater treatment
techni#ues
2818 1hemi'al 2re'i2itation
1hemi'al 2re'i2itation is effe'tive an) &y
far the most wi)ely use) 2ro'ess in in)ustry (
6u an) Jung# 2001) &e'ause it is relatively
sim2le an) ine;2ensive to o2erate8
:n2re'i2itation 2ro'esses# 'hemi'als rea't with
heavy metal ions to form insolu&le
2re'i2itates8 ,he forming 2re'i2itates 'an &e
se2arate) from the water &y se)imentation or
filtration8 !n) the treate) water is then
)e'ante) an) a22ro2riately )is'harge) or
reuse)8 ,he 'onventional 'hemi'al
2re'i2itation 2ro'esses in'lu)e hy)ro;i)e
2re'i2itation an) sulfi)e 2re'i2itation8
281818 7y)ro;i)e 2re'i2itation
,he most wi)ely use) 'hemi'al
2re'i2itation te'hni<ue is hy)ro;i)e
2re'i2itation )ue to its relative sim2li'ity# low
'ost an) ease of 27 'ontrol ( 7uisman et al8#
200/)8 ,he solu&ilities of the various metal
hy)ro;i)es are minimi-e) in the 27 range of
880e11808 ,he metal hy)ro;i)es 'an &e
remove) &y flo''ulation an) se)imentation8 !
variety of hy)ro;i)es has &een use) to
2re'i2itate metals from wastewater# &ase) on
the low 'ost an) ease of han)ling# lime is the
2referre) 'hoi'e of &ase use) in hy)ro;i)e
2re'i2itation at in)ustrial settings (
Balt2urvins et al8# 1997) ( ,a&le 1)8
7y)ro;i)e 2re'i2itation 2ro'ess using
1a(37)
2
an) 4a37 in removing 1u(::) an)
1r(F:) ions from wastewater was evaluate) &y
Mir&agheri an) 7osseini (200.)8 ,he 1r(F:)
was 'onverte) to 1r(:::) using ferrous sulfate8
Ma;imum 2re'i2itation of 1r(:::) o''urre) at
27 887 with the a))ition of 1a(37)
2
an) the
'on'entration of 'hromate was re)u'e) from
>0 mgD= to 0801 mgD=8 ,he 'u2ro9ammonia
was re)u'e) &y aeration an) the o2timum 27
for ma;imum 'o22er 2re'i2itation was a&out
1280 for &oth 1a(37)
2
an) 4a37 an) the
'on'entration of 'o22er was re)u'e) from
488.1 mgD= to 08/94 mgD=8 ,o enhan'e lime
2re'i2itation# fly ash was use) as a see)
material ( 1hen et al8# 2009&)8 ,he fly
ashelime9'ar&onation treatment in'rease) the
2arti'le si-e of the 2re'i2itate an) signifi'antly
im2rove) the effi'ien'y of heavy metal
removal8 ,he 'on'entrations of 'hromium#
'o22er# lea) an) -in' in effluents 'an &e
re)u'e) from initial 'on'entration of 10080
mgD= to 0808# 0814# 080> an) 084. mgD=#
res2e'tively8
:n hy)ro;i)e 2re'i2itation 2ro'ess# the
a))ition of 'oagulants su'h as alum# iron salts#
an) organi' 2olymers 'an
enhan'e the removal of heavy
metals from wastewater8
1harerntanyara@ (1999)
em2loye) 'hemi'al
'oagulation an) 2re'i2itation
&y lime to treat syntheti'
wastewater 'onsisting of An#
1)# Mn an) Mg at the
'on'entration of 4.0# 1.0#
108. an) >1.4 mgD=#
res2e'tively8 7e foun) that the
o2timum 27 was more than
98. an) the treate) wastewater
'oul) meet the %astewater
(tan)ar) of the Ministry of
:n)ustry8 Moreover# if
'oagulant was a))e)# the
resi)ual 'on'en9tration of
heavy metal 'an &e )e'rease)
further8
!lthough wi)ely use)#
hy)ro;i)e 2re'i2itation also
has some limitations8 "irstly#
hy)ro;i)e 2re'i2itation
generates large volumes of
relatively low )ensity slu)ge#
whi'h 'an 2resent )ew9atering
an) )is2osal 2ro&lems (
6ongsri'haroern an)
0ol2rasert# 199.)8 (e'on)ly#
some metal hy)ro;i)es are
am2hoteri'# an) the
$able 1
7eavy metal removal using 'hemi'al
2re'i2itation8
mi;e) metals 'reate a 2ro&lem
using hy)ro;i)e 2re'i2itation
sin'e the i)eal 27 for one
metal may 2ut another metal
&a'@ into solu9tion8 ,hir)ly#
when 'om2le;ing agents are
in the wastewater# they will
inhi&it metal hy)ro;i)e
2re'i2itation8
281828 (ulfi)e 2re'i2itation
(ulfi)e 2re'i2itation is
also an effe'tive 2ro'ess for
the treat9ment of to;i' heavy
metals ions8 3ne of the
2rimary a)vantages of using
sulfi)es is that the solu&ilities
of the metal sulfi)e 2re'i2i9
tates are )ramati'ally lower
than hy)ro;i)e 2re'i2itates
an) sulfi)e 2re'i2itates are not
am2hoteri'8 !n) hen'e# the
sulfi)e 2re'i2ita9tion 2ro'ess
'an a'hieve a high )egree of
metal removal over a &roa)
27 range 'om2are) with
hy)ro;i)e 2re'i2itation8 Metal
sulfi)e slu)ges also e;hi&it
&etter thi'@ening an)
)ewatering 'hara'teristi's
than the 'orres2on)ing metal
hy)ro;i)e slu)ges8
G-ver)i an) Er)em
(200/) investigate) 2yrite an)
syntheti' iron sulfi)e to
remove 1u
2

%
# 1)
2%
an) 0&
2%
8 ,he me'hanism gov9
erning the metal removal
2ro'esses was )etermine) as
'hemi'al 2re'i2itation at low
27 (&>) )ue to 7
2
(
generation (E<s8 (1) an) (2))
an) a)sor2tion at high 27 (in
the range of >e/)
"e(
's(
% 27
'
%
a<(
/7
2
(
'g(
% "e
'
2
a<
%
( (1)
M
2%
%
7(
'g(
/M( )
%
27
%
(2)
'a<( 2 's( 'a<(
Re'ently# new sulfi)e
2re'i2itation 2ro'ess has &een
)evelo2e) &ase) on sulfate9
re)u'ing &a'teria ((RB)8 (RB
o;i)i-e sim2le organi'
'om2oun)s un)er anaero&i'
'on)itions an) the (RB
transform the sulfates into
hy)rogen sulfi)e
>(3
2
%
217
>
17 37 1337/>7 (
%
/713
(>)
4 ' ( 2 >
where 17
>
17(37)1337
stan)s for sim2le organi'
'om2oun)s8 7y)rogen sulfi)e
rea'ts with )ivalent solu&le
metals to form insolu&le metal
sulfi)es (E<8 (2))8
(ome attra'tive fin)ings were re2orte) &y
6ousi et al8 (2007) who )evelo2e) an u2flow
fi;e)9&e) (RB to monitor for the treat9ment of
-in'9&earing wastewater8 ,hey foun) that the
rea'tor has a 'onsi)era&le 'a2a'ity of
'om2letely re)u'ing sulfates for initial
'on'entrations u2 to /000 mgD=# 'om2letely
removing solu&le -in' for initial
'on'entrations u2 to 400 mgD= an) 'om2letely
removing ,31 for initial 'on'entrations u2 to
1.00 mgD=8 ,he 2ossi&ility of using (RB for
the treatment of an a'i) mine )rainage was
also stu)ie) ( !lvare- et al8#
2007)8
7owever# there are
2otential )angers in the use of
sulfi)e 2re'i2itation 2ro'ess8
!s we @now# heavy metal ions
often in a'i) 'on)itions an)
sulfi)e 2re'i2itants in a'i)i'
'on)itions 'an result in the
evolution of to;i' 7
2
( fumes8
:t is essential that this
2re'i2itation 2ro'ess &e
2erforme) in a neutral or &asi'
me)ium8 Moreover# metal
sulfi)e 2re'i2itation ten)s to
form 'olloi)al 2re'i2itates that
'ause some se2aration
2ro&lems in either settling or
filtration 2ro'esses8
2818>8 1hemi'al 2re'i2itation
'om&ine) with other metho)s
1hemi'al 2re'i2itation has
&een shown to &e su''essful
in 'om&ination with other
metho)s8 *on-Hle-9MuIo- et
al8 (200/)
(2e'ies :nitial metal 'on'8 0re'i2itant 32timum 27 Removal effi'ien'y (J) Ref8
An
2%
>2 mgD= 1a3 9e10 99e998>
*hosh et al8# in 2ress
1u
2%
# An
2%
# 1r
>%
# 0&
2%
100 mgD= 1a3 7e11 998>7e998/
1hen et al8# 2009&
1u
2%
# An
2%
# 0&
2%
08018# 18>4# 28> mM 72( >80 100# *94# *92
!lvare- et al8# 2007
1r>% .>/> mgD= 1a3 an) Mg3 880 *99
*uo et al8# 200/
7g
2%
/.8/# 188 mgD= 1#>9&en-ene)iami)oethanethiolate 487 an) /84 *9989
Blue et al8# 2008
1uE5,! 2.# .0#100 mgD= 1#>#.9he;ahy)rotria-ine)ithio'ar&amate >80 9980# 998># 998/
"u et al8# 2007
"8 "u# $8 %ang D Journal of Environmental Management 92 (2011) 407e418 409
re2orte) sulfi)e 2re'i2itation to reuse an)
re'over heavy metal ions an) em2loye)
nanofiltration as a se'on) ste28 Results in)i9
'ate) sulfi)e 2re'i2itation was su''essful in
re)u'ing the metal 'ontent an) nanofiltration
yiel)e) solutions 'a2a&le to &eing )ire'tly
reuse) in the 2lant8 *hosh et al8 (in 2ress)
use) ele'tro9"enton 2ro'ess an) 'hemi'al
2re'i2itation to treat rayon in)ustry wastewater
to re)u'e its 135 (2400 mgD=) an) An
2%
(>2
mgD=)8 Results reveale) that a22ro;imately
88J 135 was re)u'e) using ele'tro9"enton
metho) an) -in' removal (99e998>J) was
attaine) in the range of 27 9e10 using lime
2re'i2itation8
,here are some re2orts on 'hemi'al
2re'i2itation in 'om&ina9tion with ion9
e;'hange treatments8 0a2a)o2oulos et al8
(2004) re2orte) using ion9e;'hange 2ro'esses
in)ivi)ually an) then 'om&ining with 'hemi'al
2re'i2itation in removing ni'@el from
wastewater streams from a rinse &ath of
aluminum 2arts8 ,hey foun) that the in)ivi)ual
a22li'ation of ion e;'hange le) to the removal
of ni'@el u2 to 7488J# while using the
'om&ination of ion9e;'hange an) 2re'i2itation
2ro'esses# higher removal from 9482J to
988>J was o&taine)8 Besi)es# treating a'i)
mine water &y the 2re'i2itation of heavy
metals with lime an) sulfi)es# followe) &y ion
e;'hange was also re2orte) ( "eng et al8#
2000)8
281848 7eavy metal 'helating 2re'i2itation
!s is @nown# 'onventional 'hemi'al
2re'i2itation 2ro'esses have many limitations
an) it is )iffi'ult to meet the in'reasingly
stringent environmental regulations &y
a22li'ation of 'onventional 2re'i2itation
2ro'esses to treat the heavy metal wastewaters
es2e'ially 'ontaining 'oor)inate) agents8 !s
an alternative# many 'om2anies use 'helating
2re'i2itants to 2re'i2itate heavy metals from
a<ueous systems8 Matlo'@ et al8 (2002a)
reviewe) an) e;amine) the effe'tiveness of
three wi)ely use) 'ommer'ial heavy metal
2re'i2itants# trimer'a2totria-ine#
2otassiumDso)iumthio'ar9&onate an)
so)ium)imethyl)ithio'ar&amate8 (in'e
'ommer'ial heavy metal 2re'i2itants to)ay
either la'@ the ne'essary &in)ing sites or 2ose
t
o

M

2
8
:
o
n
R
n
,
h
B
e
R
e
,
h
2
8
!
)
treatment8 ,he a)sor2tion 2ro'ess offers
in )esign an) o2eration an) in many 'ases will
2ro)u'e high9<uality treate) ef
&e'ause a)sor2tion is sometimes reversi&le#
a)sor&ents 'an &e regenerate) &y suita&le
)esor2tion 2ro'ess8
410 "8 "u# $8 %ang D Journal of Environmental Management 92 (2011) 407e418
$able
(ele'tive heavy metal u2ta@e using 'lino2tilolite ion9e;'hange resin8
(2e'ies 32eration styles :nitial metal 32timum 27 !)sor2tion Removal 1lino2tilolite (gD=) Ref8
'on'8 (mgD=) 'a2a'ity (me<Dg) effi'ien'y (J)
0&2% "i;e)9&e) an) &at'h 2072 480 0821e1 4! 20e40
:ngle-a@is an) *rigoro2oulou# 200>
0&
2%
o2eration
Bat'h e;2eriments 10>/ 480 4! .. 20
:ngle-a@is et al8# 2007
4i
2%
"lui)i-e) &e) 2ro'ess 2900 4! 08.e1877 4! .0
Ro)rKgue-9:-naga et al8# 2002
4i
2%
Bat'h e;2eriments 2. 780 0811 9>8/ 1.
!rgun# 2008
An
2%
Bat'h e;2eriments /.84e/.4 .80 282>7 081. 100 2.
!thanasia)is an) 7elmrei'h# 200.
0&
2% Bat'h e;2eriments 1/28/.e400 480 18>/1# 18>72 4! 08.2e4817
Ber&er9Men)o-a et al8# 200/
4! not availa&le8
28>818 !'tivate) 'ar&on a)sor&ents
!'tivate) 'ar&on (!1) a)sor&ents are wi)ely use) in the removal of heavy
metal 'ontaminants8 :ts usefulness )erives mainly from its large mi'ro2ore an)
meso2ore volumes an) the resulting high surfa'e area8 ! large num&er of
resear'hers are stu)ying the use of !1 for removing heavy metals ( Jusoh et al8#
2007L 6ang et al8# 2008)8
4owa)ays# the )e2lete) sour'e of 'ommer'ial 'oal9&ase) !1 results in the
in'rease of 2ri'e8 ,o ma@e 2rogress in heavy metals a)sor2tion to !1 without the
e;2ense of )e'line in the 2ollutants a)sor2tion# a))itives an) !1 'om2osite
'oul) &e an o2tion8 !))i9tives of alginate ( 0ar@ et al8# 2007)# tanni' a'i) ( MNer
et al8# 200/)# magnesium ( Oanagisawa et al8# 2010)# surfa'tants ( !hn et al8#
2009) an) !1 'om2osite 'oul) &e effe'tive a)sor&ents for heavy metals8
!n) sear'hing for alternative !1 from a&un)ant an) ine;2en9sive sour'es is
of 'on'ern8 1onverting 'ar&ona'eous materials into !1 for heavy metals
reme)iation have &een re2orte)8 5ias et al8 (2007) reviewe) the waste
materials for !1 2re2aration8 6ongsuwan et al8 (2009) e;2lore) the use of !1
from eu'aly2tus &ar@ in the &inary 'om2onent sor2tion of 1u
2%
an) 0&
2%
8 ,he
ma;imum sor2tion 'a2a'ities for 1u
2%
an) 0&
2%
were 084. an) 08.> mmolDg8 !
ma?or me'hanism for the u2ta@e of &oth heavy metals was 2roven to &e
a)sor2tion8 0oultry litter to manufa'ture !1 for treating heavy metal9
'ontaminate) water was e;2lore) &y *uo et al8 (2010)8 ,hey reveale) that
2oultry litter9&ase) !1 2ossesse) signifi'antly higher a)sor2tion affinity an)
'a2a'ity for heavy metals than 'ommer'ial !1 )erive) from &ituminous 'oal an)
'o'onut shell8
28>828 1ar&on nanotu&es a)sor&ents
1ar&on nanotu&es (14,s) )is'overe) &y :i?ima (1991) in 1991# have &een
wi)ely stu)ie) for their e;'ellent 2ro2erties an) a22li9'ations8 !s relatively new
a)sor&ents# 14,s have &een 2roven to 2ossess great 2otential for removing
heavy metal ions su'h as lea) ( %ang et al8# 2007aL 6a&&ashi et al8# 2009)#
'a)mium ( 6uo an) =in# 2009)# 'hromium ( 0illay et al8# 2009)# 'o22er ( =i et
al8# 2010)# an) ni'@el ( 6an)ah an) Meunier# 2007) from wastewater8 ,he results
of these stu)ies show that 14,s are 2romising 'an)i)ates for a)sor2tion of
heavy metal ( ,a&le >)8
$able +
Ma;imum sor2tion 'a2a'ities of metal ions on 14,s8
14,s are )ivi)e) into two ty2es
(1) single9walle) 14,s ((%14,s)
an) (2) multi9walle) 14,s
(M%14,s) ( 3)om et al8# 1998)8
,he me'hanisms &y whi'h the metal
ions are sor&e) onto 14,s are very
'om2li'ate) an) a22ear attri&uta&le
to ele'trostati' attra'tion#
sor2tione2re'i2itation an) 'hemi'al
intera'tion &etween the metal ions
an) the surfa'e fun'tional grou2s of
14,s ( Rao et al8# 2007)8
,he sor2tion 'a2a'ities of metal
ions &y raw 14,s are very low &ut
signifi'antly in'rease after o;i)i-e)
&y 743
>
# 4a1l3 an) 6Mn3
4
solutions8 %ang et al8 (2007a)
re2orte) the a)sor2tion of 0& (::)
using a'i)ifie) M%14,s an) foun)
the o;ygenous fun'tional grou2s on
M%14,s 2lay an im2ortant role in
0&(::) a)sor2tion to form 'hemi'al
'om2le; a)sor2tion# whi'h a''ounts
for 7.8>J of all the 0&(::) a)sor2tion
'a2a'ity8 0illay et al8 (2009)
investigate) the a)sor2tion
'a2a&ilities for the removal of 2arts
2er &illion levels (22&) of 1r(F:) &y
three a)sor&ents# namely !1#
fun'tionalise) M%14,s an)
unfun'tionalise) M%14,s8 ,he
unfun'tionalise) M%14,s showe)
the highest a)sor2tion 'a2a&ility with
u2 to 98J of a 100 22& 1r(F:)
solution &eing a)sor&e)8 Both
fun'tionalise) an) non9fun'tionalise)
M%14,s showe) a su2erior
a)sor2tion 'a2a&ility to that of !18
%i)es2rea) usage of 14,s will
eventually &e )is'harge) to the water
environment an) 2oses a ris@ to
humans8 ,o resolve this 2ro&lem# an
environmental frien)ly a)sor&ent#
14,s immo&ili-e) &y 'al'ium
alginate (14,sD1!) was 2re2are)
an) teste) to remove 'o22er ( =i et
al8# 2010)8 ,he 'o22er a)sor2tion
'a2a'ity &y 14,sD1! 'an attain /789
mgDg at 'o22er e<uili&rium
'on'entration of . mgD=8
28>8>8 =ow9'ost a)sor&ents
!1 has &een the most use)
a)sor&ent# nevertheless it is rela9
tively e;2ensive8 (ear'hing for low9
'ost an) easily availa&le a)sor&ents
to remove heavy metal ions have
&e'ome a main resear'h fo'us8 ,o
)ate# hun)re)s of stu)ies on the use
of low9'ost a)sor&ents have &een
2u&lishe)8 !gri'ultural wastes#
in)ustrial &y92ro)u'ts an) wastes an)
natural su&stan'es have &een stu)ie)
as a)sor&ents for the heavy metal
wastewater treatment8 (everal
reviews are availa&le that )is'uss the
use of low9'ost a)sor&ents for the
treatment of heavy metals
wastewater8 Bhatta'haryya an)
14,s 7eavy metal $m (mgDg) 1on)itions Ref8
!'i)ifie) M%14,s 0&2% 8. P0&
2%
Qinitial , .0 mgD= with / h a'i)ifie) M%14,s
%ang et al8# 2007a
M%14,sDiron o;i)e 4i
2%
# (r
2%
4i
2%
9818 P4i
2%
Qinitial , /80 mgD=# mDF , 087. gD= 1hen et al8# 2009a
0&
2%
(r
2%
4!
14,s 102804 27 .# 40 mgD= of 14,s# 'onta't time 80 min# agitation s2ee) .0 rDmin
6a&&ashi et al8# 2009
3;i)i-e) M%14,s 1)
2%
2.87 +ltrasoni'ally 4. min at 4. 1 Fu@ovi' et al8# 2010
3;i)i-e) M%14,s 1r(F:) 482/2 mDF , 180 gD=# , , 20 2 1# 27 , 280.# 'onta't time , 1/. h
7u et al8# 2009
14,s immo&ili-e) &y 1u
2% /789 5ose of a)sor&ents 080. g# 27 , .80# , , 2. 1 =i et al8# 2010
'al'ium alginate
4i
2%
mDF , 082 gD=# 27 / M%14,sDo;i)i-e) 14,s M%14,s 18808#
6an)ah an) Meunier# 2007
3;i)i-e) 14,s 4982/
4! not availa&le8
"8 "u# $8 %ang D Journal of Environmental Management 92 (2011) 407e418 411
*u2ta (2008) reviewe) the a)sor2tion of a few heavy metals on
natural an) mo)ifie) @aolinite an) montmorillonite8 (u) et al8
(2008) reviewe) agri'ultural waste material as 2otential a)sor9&ent
for se<uestering heavy metal ions from a<ueous solutions8 %an
4gah an) 7ana fi ah (2008) reviewe) the removal of heavy metal
ions from wastewater &y 'hemi'ally mo)ifie) 2lant wastes as
a)sor&ents8 Ba&el an) 6urniawan (200>) reviewe) the use of low9
'ost a)sor&ents for heavy metals u2ta@e from 'ontaminate) water8
Resear'hers investigate) in)ustrial &y92ro)u'ts su'h as lignin (
Betan'ur et al8# 2009L Reyes et al8# 2009)# )iatomite ( (heng et al8#
2009)# 'lino92yrrhotite ( =u et al8# 200/)# lignite ( Mohan an)
1han)er# 200/)# aragonite shells ( 6ohler et al8# 2007)# natural
-eolites ( !2irati@ul an) 0avasant# 2008a)# 'lay ( !l9Jlil an)
!lsewailem# 2009)# @aolinite ( *u an) Evans# 2008) an) 2eat (
=iu et al8# 2008a)# et'8
Jiang et al8 (2010) investigate) the @aolinite 'lay o&taine)
from =ongyan# 1hina to remove heavy metal ions 0&(::)# 1)(::)#
4i(::) an) 1u(::) from wastewater8 ,he u2ta@e is ra2i) with
ma;imum a)sor2tion &eing o&serve) within >0 min8 !n) @aolinite
'lay was use) for removing metal ions from real wastewater
'ontaining 0& (::)# where its 'on'entration was re)u'e) from
1/0800 mgD= to 8800 mgD=8 !gou&or)ea an) 4avia (2009)
re2orte) -in' an) 'o22er removal from a<ueous solutions using
&rine se)iments# saw)ust an) the mi;ture of &oth materials8 ,he
ma;imum a)sor2tion 'a2a'ity was foun) to &e 488.# 28.8 an) .8.9
mgDg for -in' an) 48/9# 28>1 an) 48>> mgDg for 'o22er#
res2e'tively# using an a)sor&entD solution ratio of 1D408
28>848 Bioa)sor&ents
Biosor2tion of heavy metals from a<ueous solutions is a rela9
tively new 2ro'ess that has &een 'onfirme) a very 2romising
2ro'ess in the removal of heavy metal 'ontaminants8 ,he ma?or
a)vantages of &iosor2tion are its high effe'tiveness in re)u'ing the
heavy metal ions an) the use of ine;2ensive &iosor&ents8 Bio9
sor2tion 2ro'esses are 2arti'ularly suita&le to treat )ilute heavy
metal wastewater8 ,y2i'al &iosor&ents 'an &e )erive) from three
sour'es as follows ( !2irati@ul an) 0avasant# 2008&) (1) non9
living &iomass su'h as &ar@# lignin# shrim2# @rill# s<ui)# 'ra& shell#
et'8L
(2) algal &iomassL (>) mi'ro&ial &iomass# e8g8 &a'teria# fungi an)
yeast8 5ifferent forms of ine;2ensive# non9living 2lant material
su'h as 2otato 2eels ( !man et al8# 2008)# saw)ust ( 6a'-ala et al8#
2009)# &la'@ gram hus@ ( (aee) et al8#
200.)# eggshell ( Jai et al8# 2007)# see)
shells ( !mu)aa et al8# 2009)# 'offee hus@s (
3liveira et al8# 2008)# sugar9&eet 2e'tin gels
( Mata et al8# 2009) an) 'itrus 2eels (
('hiewer an) 0atil# 2008)# et'8# have &een
wi)ely investigate) as 2otential
&iosor&ents for heavy metals8
!lgae# a renewa&le natural &iomass
2roliferates u&i<uitously an) a&un)antly in
the littoral -ones of worl) has attra'te) the
attention of many investigators as organisms
to &e teste) an) use) as new a)sor&ents to
a)sor& metal ions8 (everal a)vantages in
a22lying algae as &iosor&ent in'lu)e the
wi)e availa&ility# low 'ost# high metal
sor2tion 'a2a'ity an) reasona&ly regular
<uality ( !2irati@ul an) 0avasant# 2008&)8
,here are a large num&er of resear'h wor@s
on the metal &iosor2tion using algal
&iomass8 E;am2les of re'ent re2orts in'lu)e
the &iosor2tion of 1u
2

%
an) An
2%
using
)rie) marine green ma'roalga
1haetomor2ha linum ( !??a&i an) 1hou&a#
2009)# the &iosor2tion of 1u
2%
# 1)
2%
# 0&
2%
#
an) An
2%
using )rie) marine green
ma'roalga 1auler2a lentillifera ( 0avasant et
al8# 200/)# the &iosor2tion of 'hromium
from waste9water using green alga +lva
la'tu'a ( El9(i@aily et al8# 2007)# an) the
&iosor2tion of lea) (::) from wastewater &y
green algae 1la)o2hora fas'i'ularis ( 5eng
et al8# 2007)8 ,he &iosor2tion of 1u
2%
an)
An
2%
&y )rie) marine green ma'roalga (18
linum) was investigate) &y !??a&i an)
1hou&a (2009)8 !t the o2timum 2arti'le si-e
(100e>1. mm)# &iosor&ent )osage (20 gD=)
an) initial solution 27 .# the )rie) alga
2ro)u'e) ma;imum 1u
2%
an) An
2%
u2ta@e
values of 184/ an) 1897 mmolDg#
res2e'tively8
Mi'ro&ial removal of metal ions from
wastewater has &een in)i'ate) as &eing
highly effe'tive8 Biosor2tion of heavy
metals in a<ueous solutions &y &a'teria
in'lu)es Ba'illus 'ereus ( 0an et al8# 2007)#
Es'heri'hia 'oli ( (ouiri et al8# 2009L
$uintelas et al8# 2009)# 0seu)omonas
aeruginosa ( *a&r et al8# 2008L ,u-en et al8#
2008)# et'8
"ungi an) yeasts are easy to grow#
2ro)u'e high yiel)s of &iomass an) at the
same time 'an &e mani2ulate) geneti'ally
an) mor2hologi'ally8 "ungi &iosor&ents
in'lu)e !s2ergillus niger ( !mini et al8#
2009L ,se@ova et al8# 2010)# Rhi-o2us
arrhi-us ( !@su an) Bali&e@# 2007L Baha)ir
et al8# 2007)# (a''haromy'es 'erevisiae (
1hen an) %ang# 2008L 1o?o'aru et al8#
2009)# =entinus e)o)es ( Bayramoglu an)
!rR 'a# 2008)# et'8 ,here are a num&er of
re2orts involving removal of heavy metals
using Rhi-o2us &iomass8 Bhainsa an)
5 -(ou-a (2008) investigate) the removal of
'o22er ion using 4a37 treate) Rhi-o2us
ory-ae &iomass in a &at'h rea'tor8 ,he
ma;imum 'o22er loa)ing 'a2a'ity of the
via&le an) 2retreate) &iomass was 1984 an)
4>87 mgDg# res2e'tively8
Biosor&ents were 'hara'teristi' of &roa)
sour'es# low9'ost an) ra2i) a)sor2tion8
+nfavora&ly# these resear'hes were still in
the theoreti' an) e;2erimental 2hase8
Moreover# the se2aration of &iosor&ents
woul) &e )iffi'ult after a)sor2tion8
2848 Mem&rane filtration
Mem&rane filtration te'hnologies with
)ifferent ty2es of mem&ranes show great
2romise for heavy metal removal for their
high effi'ien'y# easy o2eration an) s2a'e
saving8 ,he mem&rane 2ro'esses use) to
remove metals from the wastewater are
ultra9filtration# reverse osmosis#
nanofiltration an) ele'tro)ialysis8
284818 +ltrafiltration
+ltrafiltration (+") is a mem&rane
te'hni<ue wor@ing at low transmem&rane
2ressures for the removal of )issolve) an)
'olloi)al material8 (in'e the 2ore si-es of +" mem&ranes are larger
than )issolve) metal ions in the form of hy)rate) ions or as low
mole'ular weight 'om2le;es# these ions woul) 2ass easily through
+" mem&ranes8 ,o o&tain high removal effi'ien'y of metal ions#
the mi'ellar enhan'e) ultrafiltration (ME+") an) 2olymer
enhan'e) ultrafiltration (0E+") was 2ro2ose)8
ME+" was first intro)u'e) &y ('amehorn et al8 in the 1980s
for the removal of )issolve) organi' 'om2oun)s an) multivalent
metal ions from a<ueous streams ( =an)a&uru9!guirre et al8#
2009)8 ME+" has &een 2roven to &e an effe'tive se2aration
te'hni<ue to remove metal ions from wastewater ( ,a&le 4)8 ,his
se2aration te'hni<ue is &ase) on the a))ition of surfa'tants to
wastewater8 %hen the 'on'entration of surfa'tants in a<ueous
solutions is &eyon) the 'riti'al mi'elle 'on'entration (1M1)# the
surfa'tant mole'ules will aggregate into
mi'elles that 'an &in) metal ions to form
large metal9surfa'tant stru'tures8 ,he
mi'elles 'ontaining metal ions 'an &e
retaine) &y a +" mem&rane with 2ore si-es
smaller than mi'elle si-es# whereas the
untra22e) s2e'ies rea)ily 2ass through the
+" mem&rane8 ,o o&tain the highest
retentions# surfa'tants of ele'tri' 'harge
o22osite to that of the ions to &e remove)
have to &e use)8 (o)ium )o)e'yl sulfate
((5()# an anioni' surfa'tant# is often
sele'te) for the effe'tive removal of heavy
metal ions in ME+"8
Metal removal effi'ien'y &y ME+"
)e2en)s on the 'hara'teris9ti's an)
'on'entrations of the metals an) surfa'tants#
solution 27# ioni' strength# an) 2arameters
relate) to mem&rane o2eration8 =an)a&uru9
!guirre et al8 (2009) investigate) the
removal of -in' from syntheti' wastewater
&y ME+" using (5(8 ,hey foun) that
re?e'tion 'oeffi'ients u2 to 99J were
a'hieve) when the surfa'tant to metal molar
ratio ((DM) was a&ove .8 (am2era et al8
(2009) use) ME+" to remove 1)
2%
# 1u
2%
#
4i
2%
# 0&
2%
an) An
2%
from syntheti'
412 "8 "u# $8 %ang D Journal of Environmental Management 92 (2011) 407e418
$able .
7eavy metal removal &y ME+" an) 0E+"8
+" ty2e Mem&rane (urfa'tantD'om2le;ing agent 7eavy metal :nitial 'on'8 32timum 27 Removal effi'ien'y (J) Ref8
ME+" 1erami' 5o)e'yl&en-enesulfoni' a'i)# 0&
2%
# !s34 484e78/ mgD= 7847 0& *99J# !s 19J
"erella et al8# 2007
)o)e'ylamine
1)
2%
# An
2%
ME+" 0olysulfone (5( .0 mgD= 4! 92e98
7uang et al8# 2010
ME+" !mi'on regenerate) (5( 1)
2%
# An
2%
08. mM 4! 99
=an)a&uru9!guirre et al8# 2010
'ellulose
4i
2%
ME+" 0oly'ar&onate (o)ium lauryl ether sulfate 082 mM 7 988/
5anisa an) !y)iner# 2009
0E+" 0olyethersulfone 0E: 1u
2%
# 4i
2%
.0 mgD= 27 * /80# 27 * 880 94# 100
Molinari et al8# 2008
0E+" 0olyethersulfone 1ar&o;y methyl 'ellulose 1u
2%
# 1r
>%
# 4i
2%
10 mgD= 780 978/# 998.# 9981
Bara@at an) ('hmi)t# 2010
0E+" !M:134 8400 (o)ium 2olya'rylate# 0E: 1r(:::)# 1r(F:) .# .0 mgD= /e7# .e/ 82e100
6orus an) =os@a# 2009
0E+" 1erami' 0oly(a'ryli' a'i)) so)ium 1u
2%
1/0 mgD= .8. 998.
1amarilloa et al8# 2010
0E+" 0olysulfone 0oly(ammonium a'rylate) 1)(::) 11284 mgD= /8>2 99
Ennigrou et al8# 2009
4! not availa&le8
water using two anioni' surfa'tants (5( an) linear al@yl&en-ene sulfonate
(=!() in a la&9s'ale mem&rane system8 ,he molar 'on'entration ratio of the
surfa'tant to metal is higher than . in all the e;2eriments8 %hen the initial (5(
'on'entration was &elow the 1M1# metal retention higher than 90J was
une;2e'te)ly o&taine)# e;'e2t for 4i
2%
8 Moreover# it was shown that 'om2lete
removal of metal ions# e;'e2t for 4i
2%
# 'oul) &e a'hieve) at an =!( 'on'en9
tration &elow 1M18
,he retentate is the 'on'entrate) solution of surfa'tants an) heavy metals
retaine) &y mem&rane8 (in'e the surfa'tant may a''ount for a large 2ortion of
o2erating 'osts# it is essential to re'over an) reuse the surfa'tant as e'onomi'ally
as feasi&le8 !n) if the surfa'tant an) heavy metals are not )is2ose)# they will
'ause se'on)ary 2ollution8 =i et al8 (2009) teste) 'helation followe) &y +" an)
a'i)ifi'ation followe) &y +" for the se2aration of 1)
2%
or An
2%
from (5(
mi'elles in simulate) retentate solution of ME+" an) the reuse of (5(8 :n the
metho) using 'helating agents# E5,! at 27 484 was the &est for se2arating
heavy metal ions (9081J for 1)
2%
# 8781J for An
2%
) an) re'overing (5( (/.8.J
for 1)
2%
# /88.J for An
2%
)8 %ith the re'laime) (5( in ME+"# the removal
effi'ien'ies of heavy metal ions were 908>J for 1)
2%
# 898/J for An
2%
8 :n the
metho) using a'i) agents# 7
2
(3
4
at 27 180 was the &est for se2arating heavy
metal ions (9880J for 1)
2%
# 9/81J for An
2%
) an) re'overing (5( (.881J for
1)
2%
# .48>J for An
2%
)8 ,he effi'ien'ies of re'laime) (5( were 8881J for
removing 1)
2%
an) 8788J for removing An
2%
in ME+"8
0E+" has also &een 2ro2ose) as a feasi&le metho) to se2arate a great variety
of metal ions from a<ueous streams ( ,a&le 4)8 0E+" uses water9solu&le
2olymer to 'om2le; metalli' ions an) form a ma'romole'ular# having a higher
mole'ular weight than the mole'ular weight 'ut off of the mem&rane8 ,he
ma'romole'ular will &e retaine) when they are 2um2e) through +" mem&rane8
!fter that# retentate 'an &e treate) in or)er to re'over metalli' ions an) to reuse
2olymeri' agent8 ,he main 'on'ern of the 2revious 0E+" stu)ies was to fin)
suita&le 2olymers to a'hieve 'om2le;ation
$able /
! list of some sele'te) e;am2les of heavy metal removal &y R3# 4" an) 4" % R38
with metal ions8 1om2le;ing agents
su'h as 2olya'ryli' a'i) (0!!) (
=a&an)a et al8# 2009)#
2olyethyleneimine (0E:) ( !roua et
al8# 2007L Molinari et al8# 2008)#
)iethylaminoethyl 'ellulose (
,rivuna' an) (tevanovi'# 200/) an)
humi' a'i) ( 6im et al8# 200.)# et'8#
have &een 2roven to a'hieve sele'tive
se2aration an) re'overy of heavy
metals with low energy re<uirements8
,he main 2arameters affe'ting
0E+" are metal an) 2olymer ty2e#
the ratio of metal to 2olymer# 27 an)
e;isten'e of other metal ions in the
solution8 Molinari et al8 (2008) use)
0E: as a 2olymer to stu)y the
'om2le;ationeultrafiltration 2ro'ess
in the sele'tive removal of 1u(::)
from 4i(::) 'ontaine) in a<ueous
me)ia8 0relimi9nary tests showe) that
o2timal 'hemi'al 'on)itions for
1u(::) an) 4i(::) 'om2le;ation &y
the 0E: were 27 * /80 an) 880#
res2e'tively# an) 2olymerDmetal
weight ratio of >80 an) /80#
res2e'tively8 !roua et al8 (2007)
investigate) the removal of
'hromium s2e'ies from a<ueous
)ilute solutions using 0E+" 2ro'ess
&y three water9solu&le 2olymers#
namely 'hitosan# 0E: an) 2e'tin8
7igh re?e'tions a22roa'hing 100J
for 1r(:::) were o&taine) at 27
higher than 7 for the three teste)
2olymers8
,he a)vantages of 0E+" in'lu)e
high removal effi'ien'y# high &in)ing
sele'tivity an) highly 'on'entrate)
metal 'on'entrates for reuse# et'8
,here are a lot of 2u&li'ations in this
to2i'# &ut it has not s2rea) wi)e in
the in)ustry yet8
284828 Reverse osmosis
,he reverse osmosis (R3)
2ro'ess uses a semi92ermea&le
mem&rane# allowing the flui) that is
&eing 2urifie) to 2ass through it#
while re?e'ting the 'ontaminants8 R3
is one of the te'hni<ues a&le to
remove a wi)e range of )issolve)
s2e'ies from water8 :t a''ounts for
more than 20J of the worl)-s
)esalination 'a2a'ity ( (hahalam et
al8# 2002)8 R3 is an in'reasingly
2o2ular wastewater treatment o2tion
in 'hemi'al an) environmental
engineering8 +sing a22ro2riate R3
systems to remove heavy metals have
&een investigate) ( ,a&le .)# &ut
these have yet to &e wi)ely a22lie)8
Mem&rane 7eavy metal :nitial metal 1on'8
R3 1u
2%
# 4i
2%
.00 mgD=
R3 1u2% 20e100 mgD=
R3 !s &.00 mgD=
R3 4i
2%
# An
2%
4i
2%
44e1/9
1u
2%
4"
4" 1r(F:)
4" 1u2%
R3 % 4" 1u
2%
R3 % 4" 1u
2%
4! not availa&le8
"8 "u# $8 %ang D Journal of Environmental Management 92 (2011) 407e418 41>
1u
2%
an) 4i
2%
ions were su''essfully remove) &y the R3
2ro'ess an) the re?e'tion effi'ien'y of the two ions in'rease) u2 to
998.J &y using 4a
2
E5,! ( Mohsen94ia et al8# 2007)8 5ialynas
an) 5iama)o2oulos (2009) a22lie) a 2ilot9s'ale mem&rane
&iorea'tor system in 'om&ination with R3 an) they foun) heavy
metal removal effi'ien'ies were very high8 ,he ma?or )raw&a'@ of
R3 is the high 2ower 'onsum2tion )ue to the 2um2ing 2ressures#
an) the restoration of the mem&ranes8
2848>8 4anofiltration
4anofiltration (4") is the interme)iate 2ro'ess &etween +" an)
R38 4" is a 2romising te'hnology for the re?e'tion of heavy metal
ions su'h as ni'@el ( Murthy an) 1hau)hari# 2008)# 'hromium (
Muthu@rishnan an) *uha# 2008)# 'o22er ( 1sSfalvay et al8# 2009L
!hma) an) 3oi# 2010) an) arseni' ( 4guyen et al8# 2009L "igoli
et al8# 2010) from wastewater8 4" 2ro'ess &enefits from ease of
o2eration# relia&ility an) 'om2aratively low energy 'onsum2tion
as well as high effi'ien'y of 2ollutant removal ( Eri@son# 1988)8
"igoli et al8 (2010) stu)ie) the removal of 2entavalent arseni'
from syntheti' water &y two 'ommer'ial 4" mem&rane (4"90 an)
4>0")8 ,hey foun) that an in'rease of 27 an) a )e'rease of o2er9
ating tem2erature an) !s fee) 'on'entration le) to higher !s
removal for &oth mem&ranes8 !mong the 2arameters affe'ting the
!s re?e'tion# fee) 'on'entration 2lays a @ey role for the 2ro)u'tion
of a 2ermeate stream8 :n re'ent years# Murthy an) 1hau)hari
)evote) a lot in the removal of heavy metal ions using 4"
mem&rane8 ,hey re2orte) the a22li'ation of a thin9film 'om2osite
2olyami)e 4" mem&rane for the re?e'tion of ni'@el ions from
a<ueous wastewater ( Murthy an) 1hau)hari# 2008)8 ,he
ma;imum o&serve) re?e'tion of ni'@el is foun) to &e 98J an)
92J for an initial fee) 'on'entration of . an) 2.0 mgD=#
res2e'tively8 !n) they investigate) the &inary heavy metals
('a)mium an) ni'@el) se2a9ration 'a2a&ility of a 'ommer'ial 4"
mem&rane from a<ueous solutions ( Murthy an) 1hau)hari#
2009)8 ,he ma;imum o&serve) solute re?e'tion of ni'@el an)
'a)mium ions is 98894J an) 828/9J# res2e'tively# for an initial
fee) 'on'entration of . mgD=8
,here are many re2orts on the removal of heavy metal &y 4"
an) R3 mem&rane8 1sSfalvay et al8 (2009) use) 4" an) R3 to
re'over 'o22er from 2ro'ess wastes8 =iu et al8 (2008&) stu)ie) the
2erfor9man'e of )ifferent 4" an) R3 mem&ranes in treating the
to;i' metal effluent from metallurgi'al in)ustry8 ,hey re2orte) that
the 2ro)u't water &y &oth 4"an) R3 )esalination satisfie) the
(tate Reutili-ation $ualifi'ation# &ut 4" woul) &e more suita&le
for large9s'ale in)us9trial 2ra'ti'e8 6oseoglu an) 6itis (2009)
investigate) the re'overy of silver from mining wastewaters using
4" or R3 after the silver is ta@en into solution as !g14
em2loying re9'yani)ation an) su&se9<uent se)imentation an)Dor
2re9filtration of wastewaters8 (ilver re'overies a'hieve) &y hy&ri)
'yani)ation an)mem&ranese2aration were 29e.9J an) .4e/2J
for 4" an) R3 mem&ranes# res2e'tively8
284848 Ele'tro)ialysis
Ele'tro)ialysis (E5) is another mem&rane 2ro'ess for the se2a9
ration of ions a'ross 'harge) mem&ranes
from one solution to another using an
ele'tri' fiel) as the )riving for'e8 :n most
E5 2ro'esses# ion9e;'hange mem&ranes are
use)8 ,he mem&ranes are a'tually of two
&asi' ty2es 'ation9e;'hange an) anion9
e;'hange mem&ranes8 ,his 2ro'ess has &een
wi)ely use) for the 2ro)u'tion of )rin@ing
an) 2ro'ess water from &ra'@ish water an)
seawater# treatment of in)ustrial effluents#
re'overy of useful materials from effluents
an) salt 2ro)u'tion ( (a)r-a)eha et al8#
2009)8 E5 has also 2roven a 2romising
metho) in heavy metal wastewater
treatment8
4atara? et al8 (2007) 2erforme) a new
wor@ing system to investigate the removal
of he;avalent 'hromium ions using a &uilt
E5 2ilot 2lant 'om2rising a set of ion9
e;'hange mem&ranes8 Results were
satisfa'tory in meeting the ma;imum
'ontamination
level of 081 mgD= for 'hromium8 ,he
effe'tiveness of E5 for the se2aration of 1u
an) "e an) water re'overy from solutions in
'o22er ele'trowinning o2erations was
stu)ie) &y 1ifuentes et al8 (2009)8 ,hey
foun) that E5 2rove) very effe'tive in the
removal of 1u an) "e from the wor@ing
solution8 =am&ert et al8 (200/) stu)ie) the
se2aration of 1r(:::) from so)ium ion &y E5
using mo)ifie) 'ation9e;'hange mem&ranes8
Mohamma)i et al8 (2004) investigate) the
effe't of o2erating 2arameters on 0&
2%
se2ara9tion from wastewater using E58 ,he
results showe) that in'reasing voltage an)
tem2erature im2rove) 'ell 2erforman'eL
however# the se2aration 2er'entage
)e'rease) with an in'reasing flow rate8 !t
'on'entrations of more than .00 mgD=#
)e2en)en'e of se2aration 2er'entage on
'on'entration )iminishe)8
28.8 1oagulation an) flo''ulation
1oagulation an) flo''ulation followe)
&y se)imentation an) filtration is also
em2loye) to remove heavy metal from
wastewa9ters8 1oagulation is the
)esta&ili-ation of 'olloi)s &y neutrali-ing
the for'es that @ee2 them a2art8 Many
'oagulants are wi)ely use) in the
'onventional wastewater treatment
2ro'esses su'h as aluminium# ferrous sulfate
an) ferri' 'hlori)e# resulting in the effe'tive
removal of wastewater 2arti'ulates an)
im2urities &y 'harge neutrali-ation of
2arti'les an) &y enmeshment of the
im2urities on the forme) amor2hous metal
hy)ro;i)e 2re'i2itates8 El (amrani et al8
(2008) investigate) the removal of heavy
metal &y 'oagulation of 'om&ine) sewer
overflow with two 'ommer'ial 'oagulants# a
ferri' 'hlori)e solution an) a 2olyaluminium
'hlori)e (0!1)8 ,hey foun) e;'ellent heavy
metal elimination was a'hieve) within a
narrow range of 'oagulant aroun) o2timum
'oagulant 'on'entrations8
1oagulation is one of the most im2ortant
metho)s for waste9water treatment# &ut the
main o&?e'ts of 'oagulation are only the
hy)ro2ho&i' 'olloi)s an) sus2en)e)
2arti'les8 :n or)er to remove &oth solu&le
heavy metal an) insolu&le su&stan'es
effi'iently &y 'oagulation# so)ium
;anthogenate grou2 was grafte) to 2oly9
ethyleneimine ( 1hang an) %ang# 2007)8
,his new @in) of 'oagulant was an
am2hoteri' 2olyele'trolyte8 %hen the 27 of
water sam2le is lower# the 'olloi)al
su&stan'es with negative 'harges 'an &e
'oagulate) &y it# &ut the 'ationi' 4i
2%
ion
'annot &e remove) very well8 %hen the 27
of water sam2le is higher# the tur&i)ity removal )e'reases# an) the
4i
2%
removal in'reases8
"lo''ulation is the a'tion of 2olymers to form &ri)ges &etween
the flo's an) &in) the 2arti'les into large agglomerates or 'lum2s8
3n'e sus2en)e) 2arti'les are flo''ulate) into larger 2arti'les# they
'an usually &e remove) or se2arate) &y filtration# straining or
floatation8 ,o)ay many @in)s of flo''ulants# su'h as 0!1#
2olyferri' sulfate (0"() an) 2olya'rylami)e (0!M)# are wi)ely
use) in the treatment of wastewater# however# it is nearly
im2ra'ti'a&le to remove heavy metal very well from wastewater
)ire'tly &y these 'urrent flo''ulants8 Ma'romole'ule heavy metal
flo''ulants is a new @in) of flo''ulant8 1hang et al8 (2009&)
2re2are) a ma'ro9mole'ule heavy metal
flo''ulant mer'a2toa'etyl 'hitosan &y
rea'ting 'hitosan with mer'a2toa'eti' a'i)8
,hey re2orte) that this new flo''ulant 'oul)
not only remove tur&i)ity# &ut also remove
heavy metals in wastewater8 "lo''ulants of
6on?a'9graft92oly (a'rylami)e)9'o9so)ium
;anthate ( 5uan et al8# 2010) an) 2oly9
am2holyte 'hitosan )erivatives e 49
'ar&o;yethylate) 'hitosans ( Brats@aya et
al8# 2009) were also use) to remove heavy
metals8
,he resear'h on flo''ulation &y humi'
a'i) (7!) &in)ing heavy metal is also
investigate)8 ,he enhan'e) removal of
heavy metal ions from solution# su'h as
0&
2%
an) An
2%
# was stu)ie) &y &in)ing the
ions to 7! an) then
'oagulatingeflo''ulating with the 'ationi'
2olyele'trolyte
2oly)iallyl)imethylammonium 'hlori)e
(0oly95!5M!1) ( 7an@ins et al8# 200/)8
,he removal of &oun) metal ions
414 "8 "u# $8 %ang D Journal of Environmental Management 92 (2011) 407e418
was foun) to in'rease with the e;tent of
'oagulationeflo''ulation of the 7! &y
0oly5!5M!18 *enerally# metale7!
'om2le;es are remove) from a solution &y
2olyele'trolyte flo''ulation# followe) &y
'entrifugation or filtration8 Re'ently#
,o@uyama et al8 (2010) 2ro2ose) a flo''ulation
te'hni<ue using a thermosensitive 2oly9mer to
remove un)esira&le heavy metals an) humi'
su&stan'es# an) this te'hni<ue is free from
'entrifugation an) filtration8 Besi)es# a new
'ommer'ial tannin9&ase) flo''ulant has &een
re2orte) to remove An
2%
# 4i
2%
an) 1u
2%
&y
'oagulationeflo''ulation 2ro'ess ( 7ere)ia
an) MartKn# 2009)8
*enerally# 'oagulationeflo''ulation 'an-t
treat the heavy metal wastewater 'om2letely (
1hang an) %ang# 2007)8 ,herefore# 'oag9
ulationeflo''ulation must &e followe) &y other
treatment te'h9ni<ues8 0lattes et al8 (2007)
em2loye) 2re'i2itation# 'oagulation an)
flo''ulation 2ro'esses using ferri' 'hlori)e to
remove tungsten from in)ustrial wastewater8
,ungsten removal was foun) to &e most
effi'ient (98e99J) in a'i)i' 'on)itions (27 &
/)8 Bo?i' et al8 (2009) e;2lore) s2ontaneous
re)u'tione'oagulation 2ro'ess using mi'ro9
alloye) aluminium 'om2osite in a la&oratory
semi9flow system to treat mo)el heavy metal
wastewater8 ,he resi)ual 'on'entrations of
metals were at a)missi&le levels after only 20
min of treatment8
28/8 "lotation
"lotation has nowa)ays foun) e;tensive
use in wastewater treatment8 "lotation has
&een em2loye) to se2arate heavy metal from a
li<ui) 2hase using &u&&le atta'hment#
originate) in mineral 2ro'essing8 5issolve) air
flotation (5!")# ion flotation an) 2re'i2i9tation
flotation are the main flotation 2ro'esses for
the removal of metal ions from solution8
5!" is to allow mi'ro9&u&&les of air to
atta'h to the sus2en)e) 2arti'les in the water#
)evelo2ing agglomerates with lower )ensity
than water# 'ausing the flo's to rise through the
water an) a''u9mulating at the surfa'e where
they 'an &e remove) as slu)ge ( =un)h et al8#
2000)8 5!" ha) &een wi)ely stu)ie) to
remove heavy metal in 1990s ( %aters# 1990L
,assel et al8# 1997L ,essele et al8# 1998)8
:on flotation has &een shown a 2romising
metho) for the removal of heavy metal ions
from wastewaters8 ,he 2ro'ess of ion flotation
is &ase) on im2arting the ioni' metal s2e'ies
in waste9waters hy)ro2ho&i' &y use of
surfa'tants an) su&se<uent removal of these
hy)ro2ho&i' s2e'ies &y air
&u&&les ( 0olat an) Er)ogan#
2007)8 Ouan et al8 (2008)
investigate) the 2otential of
ion flota9tion to remove
'a)mium# lea) an) 'o22er
from )ilute a<ueous solution
with a 2lant9)erive)
&iosurfa'tant tea sa2onin8 ,he
ma;imum removal of 0&
2%
#
1u
2

%
an) 1)
2

%
'an rea'h
8989.J# 8181>J an) 71817J#
res2e'tively# when the ratio of
'olle'tor to metal was >18
0olat an) Er)ogan (2007)
im2lemente) ion flotation to
remove 1u
2%
# An
2%
# 1r
>%
an)
!g
%
from wastewaters8 (5(
an) he;a)e'yl9trimethyl
ammonium &romi)e were
use) as 'olle'tors8 Ethanol
an) methyl iso&utyl 'ar&inol
were use) as frothers8 Metal
removal rea'he) a&out 74J
un)er o2timum 'on)itions at
low 278 !t &asi' 27 it &e'ame
as high as 90J# 2ro&a&ly )ue
to the 'ontri&ution from the
flotation of metal 2re'i2itates8
$able 0
7eavy metal removal &y
ele'tro'hemi'al metho)s8
0re'i2itate flotation
2ro'ess is another alternative
of flotation metho)# &ase) on
the formation of 2re'i2itate
an) su&se<uent removal &y
atta'hment to air &u&&les8
5e2en)ing on the 'on'en9
tration of the metal solution#
the 2re'i2itation may 2ro'ee)
via metal hy)ro;i)e formation
or as a salt with a s2e'ifi'
anion (sulfi)e# 'ar&onate# et'8)
( 1a22oni et al8# 200/)8 ,he
removal of 1r(:::) &y
2re'i2itate flotation from
)ilute a<ueous solutions#
using (5( as anioni' 'olle'tor
an) ethanol as frother was
investigate) at la&o9ratory
s'ale ( Me)ina et al8# 200.)8
,he results showe) that a
9/82J ma;imum removal was
a'hieve) at 27 aroun) 8808
2878 Ele'tro'hemi'al treatment
Ele'tro'hemi'al metho)s
involve the 2lating9out of
metal ions on a 'atho)e
surfa'e an) 'an re'over
metals in the elemental metal
state8 Ele'tro'hemi'al
wastewater te'hnologies
involve relatively large 'a2ital
investment an) the e;2ensive
ele'tri'ity su22ly# so they
haven-t &een wi)ely a22lie)8
7owever# with the stringent
environmental regulations
regar)ing the wastewater
)is'harge# ele'tro'hemi'al
te'hnologies have regaine)
their im2ortan'e worl)wi)e
)uring the 2ast two )e'a)es (
%ang et al8# 2007&)8 :n this
2a2er# the esta&lishe)
te'hnologies#
ele'tro'oagulation# ele'tro9
flotation# an)
ele'tro)e2osition were
e;amine)8
Ele'tro'oagulation (E1)
involves the generation of
'oagulants in situ &y
)issolving ele'tri'ally either
aluminum or iron ions from
aluminum or iron ele'tro)es (
1hen# 2004)8 ,he metal ion
genera9tion ta@es 2la'e at the
ano)e# an) hy)rogen gas is
release) from the 'atho)e8
,he hy)rogen gas 'an hel2 to
float the flo''ulate) 2arti'les
out of the water ( 1hen# 2004)8 7ei)mann
an) 1almano (2008) stu)ie) the 2erforman'e
of an E1 system with aluminium ele'9tro)es
for removing An
2%
# 1u
2%
# 4i
2%
# !g
%
an)
1r
2
3
2
7
8 :nitial 'on'entrations from .0 mgD= to
.000 mgD= An# 1u# 4i an) !g )i) not
influen'e the removal rates# whereas higher
initial 'on'entrations 'ause) higher removal
rates of 1r# An# 1u# 4i an) !g ions are
hy)roly-e) an) 'o92re'i2itate) as hy)ro;i)es8
1r(F:) was 2ro2ose) to &e re)u'e) first to
1r(:::) at the 'atho)e &efore 2re'i2itating as
hy)ro;i)e8 6a&)asT lR et al8 (2009)
e;2erimentally investigate) the treata&ility of
a metal 2lating wastewater 'ontaining
'om2le;e) metals originating from the ni'@el
an) -in' 2lating 2ro'ess &y E1 using stainless
steel ele'tro)es8 ,heir stu)y )emonstrate) that
the highest ,31 a&atement (//J) as well as
ni'@el an) -in' removals
(100J) were a'hieve) with an
a22lie) 'urrent )ensity of 9
m!D'm
2
at the original
ele'trolyte ('hlori)e)
'on'entration an) original 27
of the 'om2osite sam2le use)8
E1 was also use) to evaluate
the treatment of syntheti'
solutions 'ontaining 7g
2%
of
'on'entration
2 10
.
M &y 4anseu94?i@i et
al8 (2009)8 ,he removal
effi'ien'y was a&ove 9989J
when the )istan'e &etween the
ele'tro)es was
3'm# the 'urrent )ensity
ranging from 28. !)m
2
to
>812. !)m
2
an) 27 of the
7g
2%
solutions from > to 78
Glme- (2009) stu)ie) the
2erforman'e of E1 to remove
he;avalent 'hromium having
a high 1r(F:) 'on'entration of
1470 mgD=8 ,he o2timum
'on)itions for 100J 1r(F:)
removal were esta&lishe) as
784 ! a22lie) ele'tri'
'urrent# >>8/ mM ele'trolyte
(4a1l) 'on'entration an) 70
min a22li'ation time8 Besi)es#
E1 has &een em2loye) to
remove Mn
2%
# !s(F)# Mn
2%
#
an) 4i
2%
# et'8 ( ,a&le /)
Metho) 7eavy metal 1urrent )ensity :nitial 'on'8 (mgD=) 32timum 27 Removal effi'ien'y (J) Ref8
E1 Mn
2%
/82. m!D'm
2
100 780 7882
(hafaei et al8# 2010
E1 4i
2%
# An
2%
9 m!D'm
2
248# 270# 282L 217# 2>2# 2>/ /80 100
6a&)asT lR et al8# 2009
E1 !s(:::)# !s(F) >87e48/ m!D'm
2
2824 88>0 *99
0arga et al8# 200.
E1 1r(F:) 1urrent 784 ! 1470 1884 100
Glme-# 2009
E" An
2%
8 m!D'm
2
20 780 9/
1as<ueira et al8# 200/
E" 4i
2%
# 1u
2%
1urrent 08> ! 100 / 98e99
6helifa et al8# 200.
"8 "u# $8 %ang D Journal of Environmental Management 92 (2011) 407e418 41.
Ele'troflotation (E") is a soli)Dli<ui)
se2aration 2ro'ess that floats 2ollutants to the
surfa'e of a water &o)y &y tiny &u&&les of
hy)rogen an) o;ygen gases generate) from
water ele'trolysis8 E" has wi)e range
a22li'ations in heavy metals removal from
in)us9trial wastewater8 Bel@a'em et al8 (2008)
stu)ie) the 'larifi'ation of wastewater using
the E" te'hni<ue with aluminum ele'tro)es8
,he a22li'ation of the o2timi-e) 2arameters on
the se2aration of some heavy metal ions su'h
as iron# ni'@el# 'o22er# -in'# lea) an) 'a)mium
was stu)ie)8 ,heir stu)y )emonstrate) that the
metal removal rate rea'he) 99J8 E" with iron
ele'tro)es hy&ri) with filter 2a2er# mi'ro9 an)
ultra9 filtration &en'h s'ale tests were
2erforme) to o&tain high removal effi'ien'y of
ni'@el with an) without the intro)u'tion of
e;ternal o;ygen ( (un et al8# 2009)8 Resear'h
results in)i'ate) that with the hy&ri)i-ation of
E" without aeration fol9lowe) &y
mi'rofiltration# an) aeration9enhan'e) E"
followe) &y settling an) me'hani'al filtration#
the resi)ual ni'@el an) iron 'oul) meet the
)is'harge stan)ar) of metal finishing in)ustry8
Ele'tro)e2osition has &een usually a22lie)
for the re'overy of metals from wastewater8 :t
is a 1'lean2 te'hnology with no 2resen'e of the
2ermanent resi)ues for the se2aration of heavy
metals ( :ssa&ayeva et al8# 200/)8 3-te@in an)
Oa-i'igil (200/) foun) that ele'tro)e2osition is
an a22li'a&le metho) for the re'overy of
metals un)er a22ro2riate 'on)itions8 ,hey
investigate) the ele'9trolyti' re'overy of
metals from a<ueous solutions 'ontaining
'om2le;ing 'helating agents su'h as E5,!#
nitrilotria'eti' a'i) an) 'itrate in a two9
'ham&er 'ell se2arating with a 'ommer'ial
'ation9e;'hange mem&rane8 ,he results
showe) that least value of re'overy of metal
was a22ro;imately 40J an) this value
in'rease) )ue to the ty2e of the e;2eriments u2
to 90J for 'o22er8 1hang et al8 (2009a) use)
ele'tro)e2osition in 'on?un'tion with
ultrasoun) to re'laim E5,!e'o22er
wastewater8 ,hey foun) that the te'hni<ue 'an
effe'tively remove 'o22er (9.8/J) an)
)e'om2ose E5,! (84J 135 removal) from
wastewater8 :ssa&ayeva et al8 (200/) 2resente)
on the ele'tro)e2osition of 'o22er an) lea)
ions onto 2alm shell !1 ele'tro)es8 Besi)es#
re'overy of 1) an) 4i &y
ele'tro)e2osition was
investigate) ( Oang# 200>)8
+. 3emar4s of heav" metal
treatment methods
!lthough all the heavy
metal wastewater treatment
te'hni<ues 'an &e em2loye)
to remove heavy metals# they
have their inherent a)vantages
an) limitations8
7eavy metals removal
from a<ueous solutions has
&een tra)i9tionally 'arrie) out
&y 'hemi'al 2re'i2itation for
its sim2li'ity 2ro'ess an)
ine;2ensive 'a2ital 'ost8
7owever# 'hemi'al 2re'i2i9
tation is usually a)a2te) to
treat high 'on'entration
wastewater 'ontaining heavy
metal ions an) it is ineffe'tive
when metal ion 'on'entration
is low8 !n) 'hemi'al
2re'i2itation is not
e'onomi'al an) 'an 2ro)u'e
large amount of slu)ge to &e
treate) with great )iffi'ulties8
:on e;'hange has &een
wi)ely a22lie) for the
removal of heavy metal from
wastewater8 7owever# ion9
e;'hange resins must &e
regenerate) &y 'hemi'al
reagents when they are
e;hauste) an) the
regeneration 'an 'ause serious
se'on)ary 2ollution8 !n) it is
e;2ensive# es2e'ially when
treating a large amount of
wastewater 'ontaining heavy
metal in low 'on'entration# so
they 'annot &e use) at large
s'ale8
!)sor2tion is a re'ogni-e)
metho) for the removal of
heavy metals from low
'on'entration wastewater
'ontaining heavy metal8 ,he
high 'ost of !1 limits its use
in a)sor2tion8 Many varieties
of low9'ost a)sor&ents have
&een )evelo2e) an) teste) to
remove heavy metal ions8
7owever# the a)sor2tion
effi'ien'y )e2en)s on the ty2e
of a)sor&ents8 Biosor2tion of
heavy metals from a<ueous
solutions is a relatively new
2ro'ess that has 2roven very
2romising for the removal of
heavy metal from wastewater8
Mem&rane filtration te'hnology 'an
remove heavy metal ions with high effi'ien'y#
&ut its 2ro&lems su'h as high 'ost# 2ro'ess
'om2le;ity# mem&rane fouling an) low
2ermeate flu; have limite) their use in heavy
metal removal8
+sing 'oagulationeflo''ulation heavy
metal wastewater treat9ment te'hni<ue# the
2ro)u'e) slu)ge has goo) slu)ge settling an)
)ewatering 'hara'teristi's8 But this metho)
involves 'hemi'al 'onsum2tion an) in'rease)
slu)ge volume generation8
"lotation offers several a)vantages over
the more 'onventional metho)s# su'h as high
metal sele'tivity# high removal effi'ien'y# high
overflow rates# low )etention 2erio)s# low
o2erating 'ost an) 2ro)u'tion of more
'on'entrate) slu)ge ( Ru&io et al8# 2002)8 But
the )isa)vantages involve high initial 'a2ital
'ost# high mainte9nan'e an) o2eration 'osts8
Ele'tro'hemi'al heavy metal wastewater
treatment te'hni<ues are regar)e) as ra2i) an)
well9'ontrolle) that re<uire fewer 'hemi'als#
2rovi)e goo) re)u'tion yiel)s an) 2ro)u'e less
slu)ge8 7owever# ele'tro'hemi'al te'hnologies
involving high initial 'a2ital investment an)
the e;2ensive ele'tri'ity su22ly# this restri'ts
its )evelo2ment8
!lthough all a&ove te'hni<ues 'an &e
em2loye) for the treat9ment of heavy metal
wastewater# it is im2ortant to mention that the
sele'tion of the most suita&le treatment
te'hni<ues )e2en)s on the initial metal
'on'entration# the 'om2onent of the
wastewater# 'a2ital investment an) o2erational
'ost# 2lant fle;i&ility an) reli9a&ility an)
environmental im2a't# et'8 ( 6urniawan et al8#
200/)8
.. Conclusions
7a-ar)ous heavy metal
2ollution of wastewater is one
of the most im2ortant
environmental 2ro&lems
throughout the worl)8 ,o meet
the in'rease) more an) more
stringent environmental
regulations# a wi)e range of
treatment te'hnologies su'h as
'hemi'al 2re'i2itation#
'oagulationeflo''ulation#
flotation# ion9e;'hange an)
mem&rane filtration# have
&een )evelo2e) for heavy
metal removal from
wastewater8 :t is evi)ent from
the literature survey of 18.
arti'les that ion9e;'hange#
a)sor2tion an) mem&rane
filtration are the most
fre<uently stu)ie) for the
treatment of heavy metal
wastewater8 :on9e;'hange
2ro'esses have &een wi)ely
use) to remove metals from
wastewater8 !)sor2tion &y
low9'ost a)sor&ents an)
&iosor&ents is re'ogni-e) as
an effe'tive an) e'onomi'
metho) for low 'on'entration
heavy metal wastewater
treatment as an alternative
!18 Mem&rane filtration
te'hnology 'an remove heavy
metal ions with high
effi'ien'y8
5c4nowledgements
,he authors than@ the
finan'ial su22orts from
4ational 4atural ('ien'e
"oun)ation of 1hina (4o8
.1008084) an) 4atural
('ien'e "oun)ation of
*uang)ong 0rovin'e (4o8
94.10090010027.>)8
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!&o9"arha# (8!8# !&)el9!al# !8O8#
!shour&# :8!8# *aramon# (8E8#
20098 Removal of some heavy
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2urolite 11008 J8 7a-ar)8 Mater8
1/9# 190e1948
!gou&or)ea# =8# 4avia# R8# 20098
7eavy metals retention 'a2a'ity
of a non9'onven9tional sor&ent
)evelo2e) from a mi;ture of
in)ustrial an) agri'ultural
wastes8 J8 7a-ar)8 Mater8 1/7#
.>/e.448
!hma)# !8=8# 3oi# B8(8# 20108 !
stu)y on a'i) re'lamation an)
'o22er re'overy using low
2ressure nanofiltration
mem&rane8 1hem8 Eng8 J8 ./#
2.7e2/>8
!hn# 1868# 0ar@# 58# %oo# (878# 0ar@#
J8M8# 20098 Removal of 'ationi'
heavy metal from a<ueous
solution &y a'tivate) 'ar&on
im2regnate) with anioni'
surfa'tants8 J8 7a-ar)8 Mater8
1/4# 11>0e11>/8
!??a&i# =818# 1hou&a# =8# 20098
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2%
an) An
2%
from a<ueous solutions &y )rie)
marine green ma'roalga
1haetomor2ha linum8 J8 Environ8
Manage8 90# >48.e>4898
41/ "8 "u# $8 %ang D Journal of Environmental Management 92 (2011) 407e418
!@su# A8# Bali&e@# E8# 20078 1hromium(F:) &iosor2tion &y
)rie) Rhi-o2us arrhi-us effe't of salt (4a1l)
'on'entration on e<uili&rium an) @ineti' 2arameters8 J8
7a-ar)8 Mater8 14.# 210e2208
!l9Jlil# (8!8# !lsewailem# "858# 20098 (au)i !ra&ian 'lays for
lea) removal in waste9water8 !22l8 1lay ('i8 42# /71e/748
!lvare-# M8,8# 1res2o# 18# Mattiasson# B8# 20078 0re'i2itation
of An(::)# 1u(::) an) 0&(::) at &en'h9s'ale using &iogeni'
hy)rogen sulfi)e from the utili-ation of volatile fatty a'i)s8
1hemos2here //# 1/77e1/8>8
!lyU-# B8# Feli# (8# 20098 6ineti's an) e<uili&rium stu)ies for
the removal of ni'@el an) -in' from a<ueous solutions &y
ion e;'hange resins8 J8 7a-ar)8 Mater8 1/7# 482e4888
!man# ,8# 6a-i# !8!8# (a&ri# M8+8# Bano# $8# 20088 0otato
2eels as soli) waste for the removal of heavy metal
'o22er(::) from waste waterDin)ustrial effluent8 1olloi)
(urf8 /># 11/e1218
!mini# M8# Oounesi# 78# Bahramifar# 48# 20098 (tatisti'al
mo)eling an) o2timi-ation of the 'a)mium &iosor2tion
2ro'ess in an a<ueous solution using !s2ergillus niger8
1olloi) (urf8 >>7# /7e7>8
!mu)aa# 38(8# !)elowoa# "8E8# 3logun)e# M838# 20098
6ineti's an) e<uili&rium stu)ies of a)sor2tion of
'hromium(F:) ion from in)ustrial wastewater using
1hryso2hyllum al&i)um ((a2ota'eae) see) shells8 1olloi)
(urf8 /8# 184e1928
!2irati@ul# R8# 0avasant# 08# 2008a8 (or2tion of 1u
2%
# 1)
2%
#
an) 0&
2%
using mo)ifie) -eolite from 'oal fly ash8 1hem8
Eng8 J8 144# 24.e2.88
!2irati@ul# R8# 0avasant# 08# 2008&8 Bat'h an) 'olumn stu)ies
of &iosor2tion of heavy metals &y 1auler2a lentillifera8
Bioresour8 ,e'hnol8 99# 27//e27778
!rgun# M8E8# 20088 +se of 'lino2tilolite for the removal of
ni'@el ions from water @ineti's an) thermo)ynami's8 J8
7a-ar)8 Mater8 1.0# .87e.9.8
!roua# M868# Au@i# "8M8# (ulaiman# 48M8# 20078 Removal of
'hromium ions from a<ueous solutions &y 2olymer9
enhan'e) ultrafiltration8 J8 7a-ar)8 Mater8 147# 7.2e7.88
!thanasia)is# 68# 7elmrei'h# B8# 200.8 :nfluen'e of 'hemi'al
'on)itioning on the ion e;'hange 'a2a'ity an) on @ineti'
of -in' u2ta@e &y 'lino2tilolite8 %ater Res8 >9#
1.27e1.>28
Ba&el# (8# 6urniawan# ,8!8# 200>8 =ow9'ost a)sor&ents for
heavy metals u2ta@e from 'ontaminate) water a review8 J8
7a-ar)8 Mater8 97# 219e24>8
Baha)ir# ,8# Ba@an# *8# !ltas# =8# Buyu@gungor# 78# 20078 ,he
investigation of lea) removal &y &iosor2tion an
a22li'ation at storage &attery in)ustry wastewaters8
En-ym8 Mi'ro8 ,e'hnol8 41# 98e1028
Balt2urvins# 68!8# Burns# R818# =awran'e# *8!8# (tuart# !858#
19978 Effe't of ele'trolyte 'om2osition on -in' hy)ro;i)e
2re'i2itation &y lime8 %ater Res8 >1# 97>e9808
Bara@at# M8!8# ('hmi)t# E8# 20108 0olymer9enhan'e)
ultrafiltration 2ro'ess for heavy metals removal from
in)ustrial wastewater8 5esalination 2./# 90e9>8
Bayramoglu# *8# !rR'a# M8O8# 20088 Removal of heavy
mer'ury(::)# 'a)mium(::) an) -in'(::) metal ions &y live
an) heat ina'tivate) =entinus e)o)es 2ellets8 1hem8 Eng8
J8 14># 1>>e1408
Bel@a'em# M8# 6ho)ir# M8# !&)el@rim# (8# 20088 ,reatment
'hara'teristi's of te;tile wastewater an) removal of heavy
metals using the ele'troflotation te'hni<ue8 5esalination
228# 24.e2.48
Ber&er9Men)o-a# M8(8# =eyva9Ramos# R8# !lonso95avila# 08#
"uentes9Ru&io# =8# *uer9rero91orona)o# R8M8# 200/8
1om2arison of isotherms for the ion e;'hange of 0& (::)
from a<ueous solution onto homoioni' 'lino2tilolite8 J8
1olloi) :nterfa'e ('i8 >01# 40e4.8
Betan'ur# M8# Bonelli# 08R8# FelHs<ue-# J8!8# 1u@ierman# !8=8#
20098 0otentiality of lignin from the 6raft 2ul2ing 2ro'ess
for removal of tra'e ni'@el from waste9water effe't of
)eminerali-ation8 Bioresour8 ,e'hnol8 100# 11>0e11>78
Bhainsa# 6818# 5-(ou-a# (8"8# 20088 Removal of 'o22er ions &y
the filamentous fungus# Rhi-o2us ory-ae from a<ueous
solution8 Bioresour8 ,e'hnol8 99# >829e>8>.8
Bhatta'haryya# 68*8# *u2ta# (8(8# 20088 !)sor2tion of a few
heavy metals on natural an) mo)ifie) @aolinite an)
montmorillonite a review8 !)v8 1olloi) :nterfa'e ('i8 140#
114e1>18
Blue# =8O8# Fan !elstyn# M8!8# Matlo'@# M8# !twoo)# 58!8#
20088 =ow9level mer'ury removal from groun)water
using a syntheti' 'helating ligan)8
%ater Res8 42# 202.e20288
Bo?i'# !8=8# Bo?i'# 58# !n)?el@ovi'# ,8#
20098 Removal of 1u
2%
an) An
2%
from mo)el wastewaters &y
s2ontaneous
re)u'tione'oagulation 2ro'ess in
flow 'on)itions8 J8 7a-ar)8 Mater8
1/8# 81>e8198
Bor&a# 18E8# *uirar)ello# R8# (ilva#
E8!8# Feit# M8,8# ,avares# 18R8*8#
200/8 Removal of ni'@el(::) ions
from a<ueous solution &y
&iosor2tion in a fi;e) &e) 'olumn
e;2erimental an) theoreti'al
&rea@through 'urves8 Bio'hem8
Eng8 J8 >0# 184e1918
Brats@aya# (8O8# 0estov# !8F8# Oatlu@#
O8*8# !vramen@o# F8!8# 20098
7eavy metals removal &y
flo''ulationD2re'i2itation using 49
(29'ar&o;yethyl)'hitosans8 1olloi)
(urf8 >>9# 140e1448
1amarilloa# R8# =lanos# J8# *ar'Ka9
"ernHn)e-# =8# 0Sre-# V#
1aIi-ares# 08# 20108 ,reat9ment of
'o22er (::)9loa)e) a<ueous nitrate
solutions &y 2olymer enhan'e)
ultrafiltration an)
ele'tro)e2osition8 (e28 0urif8
,e'hnol8 70# >20e>288
1a22oni# "8# (artori# M8# (ou-a# M8=8#
Ru&io# J8# 200/8 Mo)ifie) 'olumn
flotation of a)sor&ing iron
hy)ro;i)e 'olloi)al 2re'i2itates8
:nt8 J8 Miner8 0ro'ess 79# 1/7e17>8
1as<ueira# R8*8# ,orem# M8=8# 6ohler#
78M8# 200/8 ,he removal of -in'
from li<ui) streams &y
ele'troflotation8 Miner8 Eng8 19#
1>88e1>928
1haa&ane# ,8# ,aha# (8# ,ale& !hme)#
M8# Maa'hi# R8# 5orange# *8#
200/8 Removal of 'o22er from
in)ustrial effluent using a s2iral
woun) mo)ule d film theory an)
hy)ro)ynami' a22roa'h8
5esalination 200# 40>e40.8
1han# B86818# 5u)eney# !8%8=8# 20088
Reverse osmosis removal of
arseni' resi)ues from &iolea'hing
of refra'tory gol) 'on'entrates8
Miner8 Eng8 21# 272e2788
1hang# $8# %ang# *8# 20078 (tu)y on
the ma'romole'ular 'oagulant
0EW whi'h tra2s heavy metals8
1hem8 Eng8 ('i8 /2# 4/>/e4/4>8
1hang# O868# 1hang# J8E8# =in# ,8,8#
7su# O8M8# 20028 :ntegrate)
'o22er9'ontaining wastewater
treatment using ;anthate 2ro'ess8
J8 7a-ar)8 Mater8 94# 89e998
1hang# J878# Ellis# !8F8# Oan# 18,8#
,ung# 1878# 2009a8 ,he
ele'tro'hemi'al 2henomena an)
@ineti's of E5,!e'o22er
wastewater re'lamation &y
ele'tro)e2osition an) ultrasoun)8
(e28 0urif8 ,e'hnol8 /8# 21/e2218
1hang# $8# Ahang# M8# %ang# J8W8#
2009&8 Removal of 1u
2%
an)
tur&i)ity from wastewater &y
mer'a2toa'etyl 'hitosan8 J8
7a-ar)8 Mater8 1/9# /21e/2.8
1harerntanyara@# =8# 19998 7eavy
metals removal &y 'hemi'al
'oagulation an) 2re'i2itation8 %at8
('i8 ,e'hnol8 >9# 1>.e1>88
1hen# *878# 20048 Ele'tro'hemi'al
te'hnologies in wastewater
treatment8 (e28 0urif8 ,e'hnol8 >8#
11e418
1hen# 18# %ang# J8=8# 20088 Removal
of 0&
2%
# !g
%
# 1s
%
an) (r
2%
from
a<ueous solution &y &rewery-s
waste &iomass8 J8 7a-ar)8 Mater8
1.1# /.e708
1hen# 18=8# 7u# J8# (hao# 5858# =i#
J8W8# %ang# W868# 2009a8
!)sor2tion &ehavior of multiwall
'ar&on nanotu&eDiron o;i)e
magneti' 'om2osites for 4i(::)
an) (r(::)8 J8 7a-ar)8 Mater8 1/4#
92>e9288
1hen# $8O8# =uo# A8# 7ills# 18# Wue# *8#
,yrer# M8# 2009&8 0re'i2itation of
heavy metals from wastewater
using simulate) flue gas se<uent
a))itions of fly ash# lime an)
'ar&on )io;i)e8 %ater Res8 4>#
2/0.e2/148
1ifuentes# =8# *ar'Ka# :8# !rriaga)a# 08#
1asas# J8M8# 20098 ,he use of
ele'tro)ialysis for metal se2aration
an) water re'overy from
1u(34e72(3 4e"e solutions8
(e28 0urif8 ,e'hnol8 /8# 10.e1088
1o?o'aru# 18# 5ia'onu# M8# 1retes'u#
:8# (avi'# J8# Fasi'# F8# 20098
Biosor2tion of 'o22er (::) ions
from a<ua solutions using )rie)
yeast &iomass8 1olloi) (urf8 >>.#
181e1888
1sSfalvay# E8# 0auer# F8# Mi-sey# 08#
20098 Re'overy of 'o22er from
2ro'ess waters &y nanofiltration
an) reverse osmosis8 5esalination
240# 1>2e1428
5anisa# +8# !y)iner# 18# 20098
:nvestigation of 2ro'ess
2erforman'e an) fouling
me'hanisms in mi'ellar9enhan'e)
ultrafiltration of ni'@el9
'ontaminate) waters8 J8 7a-ar)8
Mater8 1/2# .77e.878
5eng# =808# (u# O8O8# (u# 78# %ang#
W8,8# Ahu# W8B8# 20078 (or2tion
an) )esor2tion of lea) (::) from
wastewater &y green algae
1la)o2hora fas'i'ularis8 J8 7a-ar)8
Mater8 14># 220e22.8
5ialynas# E8# 5iama)o2oulos# E8# 20098
:ntegration of a mem&rane
&iorea'tor 'ou2le) with reverse
osmosis for a)van'e) treatment of
muni'i2al wastewater8
5esalination 2>8# >02e>118
5ias# J8M8# !lvim9"erra-# M818M8#
!lmei)a# M8"8# Rivera9+trilla# J8#
(an'he-90olo&# M8# 20078 %aste
materials for a'tivate) 'ar&on
2re2aration an) its use in a<ueous9
2hase treatment a review8 J8 Environ8 Manage8 8.#
8>>e84/8
5oula# M868# 20098 (imultaneous removal of 1u# Mn an) An
from )rin@ing water with the use of 'lino2tilolite an) its
"e9mo)ifie) form8 %ater Res8 4># >/.9e>/728
5oula# M868# 5imir@ou# !8# 20088 +se of an iron9
overe;'hange) 'lino2tilolite for the removal of 1u
2%
ions
from heavily 'ontaminate) )rin@ing water sam2les8 J8
7a-ar)8 Mater8 1.1# 7>8e74.8
5uan# J818# =u# $8# 1hen# R8%8# 5uan# O8$8# %ang# =8"8# *ao#
=8# 0an# (8O8# 20108 (ynthesis of a novel flo''ulant on the
&asis of 'rosslin@e) 6on?a' glu'omannan9graft9
2olya'rylami)e9'o9so)ium ;anthate an) its a22li'ation in
removal of 1u
2%
ion8 1ar&ohy)r8 0olym8 80# 4>/e4418
El (amrani# !8*8# =artiges# B8(8# FilliSras# "8# 20088 1hemi'al
'oagulation of 'om&ine) sewer overflow heavy metal
removal an) treatment o2timi-ation8 %ater Res8 42#
9.1e9/08
El9(i@aily# !8# 4emr# !8E8# 6hale)# !8# !&)elweha&# 38# 20078
Removal of to;i' 'hro9mium from wastewater using green
alga +lva la'tu'a an) its a'tivate) 'ar&on8 J8 7a-ar)8
Mater8 148# 21/e2288
Ennigrou# 58J8# *-ara# =8# Ben Rom)hane# M8R8# 5hah&i# M8#
20098 1a)mium removal from a<ueous solutions &y
2olyele'trolyte enhan'e) ultrafiltration8 5esalina9tion 24/#
>/>e>/98
Eri@son# 08# 19888 4anofiltration e;ten)s the range of
mem&rane filtration8 Environ8 0rog8 7# .8e/18
"eng# 58# !l)ri'h# 18# ,an# 78# 20008 ,reatment of a'i) mine
water &y use of heavy metal 2re'i2itation an) ion
e;'hange8 Miner8 Eng8 1># /2>e/428
"erella# "8# 0ris'ian)aro# M8# Mi'helis# :858# Feglio# "8# 20078
Removal of heavy metals &y surfa'tant9enhan'e)
ultrafiltration from wastewaters8 5esalination 207#
12.e1>>8
"igoli# !8# 1assano# !8# 1ris'uoli# !8# Mo-um)er# M8(8:8#
+))in# M8,8# :slam# M8!8# 5rioli# E8# 20108 :nfluen'e of
o2erating 2arameters on the arseni' removal &y
nanofiltration8 %ater Res8 44# 97e1048
"u# "8=8# 1hen# R8M8# Wiong# O8# 200/8 !22li'ation of a novel
strategyd'oor)ination 2olymeri-ation 2re'i2itation to the
treatment of 1u
2%
9'ontaining wastewaters8 (e28 0urif8
,e'hnol8 .2# >88e>9>8
"u# "8=8# Aeng# 78O8# 1ai# $878# $iu# R8=8# Ou# J8# Wiong# O8#
20078 Effe'tive removal of 'oor)inate) 'o22er from
wastewater using a new )ithio'ar&amate9ty2e
su2ramole'ular heavy metal 2re'i2itant8 1hemos2here /9#
178>e17898
*a&r# R8M8# 7assan# (878!8# (horeit# !8!8M8# 20088
Biosor2tion of lea) an) ni'@el &y living an) non9living
'ells of 0seu)omonas aeruginosa !(+ /a8 :nt8 Bio)eterior8
Bio)egra)ation /2# 19.e20>8
*hosh# 08# (amanta# !848# Ray# (8 Re)u'tion of 135 an)
removal of An
2%
from rayon in)ustry wastewater &y
'om&ine) ele'tro9"enton treatment an) 'hemi'al
2re'i2itation8 5esalination# in 2ress#
)oi108101/D?8)esal8201080880298
*o)e# "8# 0ehlivan# E8# 200/8 Removal of 'hromium (:::) from
a<ueous solutions using =ewatit ( 100 the effe't of 27#
time# metal 'on'entration an) tem2erature8 J8 7a-ar)8
Mater8 1>/# >>0e>>78
"8 "u# $8 %ang D Journal of Environmental Management 92 (2011) 407e418 417
*on-Hle-9MuIo-# M8J8# Ro)rKgue-# M8!8# =u<uea# (8#
Vlvare-a# J8R8# 200/8 Re'overy of heavy metals from
metal in)ustry waste waters &y 'hemi'al 2re'i2itation
an) nanofiltration8 5esalination 200# 742e7448
*u# W8O8# Evans# =8J8# 20088 (urfa'e 'om2le;ation
mo)elling of 1)(::)# 1u(::)# 4i(::)# 0&(::) an) An(::)
a)sor2tion onto @aolinite8 *eo'him8 1osmo'him8
!'ta 72# 2/7e27/8
*uo# A8R8# Ahang# *8M8# "ang# J858# 5ou# W858# 200/8
Enhan'e) 'hromium re'overy from tanning
wastewater8 J8 1lean8 0ro)8 14# 7.e798
*uo# M8W8# $iu# *848# (ong# %808# 20108 0oultry litter9
&ase) a'tivate) 'ar&on for removing heavy metal
ions in water8 %aste Manage8 >0# >08e>1.8
7an@ins# 4808# =u# 48# 7ila# 48# 200/8 Enhan'e) removal
of heavy metal ions &oun) to humi' a'i) &y
2olyele'trolyte flo''ulation8 (e28 0urif8 ,e'hnol8 .1#
48e./8
7ei)mann# :8# 1almano# %8# 20088 Removal of An(::)#
1u(::)# 4i(::)# !g(:) an) 1r(F:) 2resent in a<ueous
solutions &y aluminium ele'tro'oagulation8 J8 7a-ar)8
Mater8 1.2# 9>4e9418
7ere)ia# J8B8# MartKn# J8(8# 20098 Removing heavy metals
from 2ollute) surfa'e water with a tannin9&ase)
flo''ulant agent8 J8 7a-ar)8 Mater8 1/.# 121.e12188
7u# J8# 1hen# 18=8# Ahu# W8W8# %ang# W868# 20098
Removal of 'hromium from a<ueous solution &y
using o;i)i-e) multiwalle) 'ar&on nanotu&es8 J8
7a-ar)8 Mater8 1/2# 1.42e1..08
7uang# J878# Aeng# *8M8# Ahou# 18"8# =i# W8# (hi# =8J8# 7e#
(8B8# 20108 !)sor2tion of surfa'tant mi'elles an)
1)
2%
DAn
2%
in mi'ellar9enhan'e) ultrafiltration8 J8
7a-ar)8 Mater8 18># 287e29>8
7uisman# J8=8# ('houten# *8# ('hult-# 18# 200/8
Biologi'ally 2ro)u'e) sul2hi)e for 2urifi'ation of
2ro'ess streams# effluent treatment an) re'overy of
metals in the metal an) mining in)ustry8
7y)rometallurgy 8># 10/e11>8
:i?ima# (8# 19918 7eli'al mi'rotu&ules of gra2hiti' 'ar&on8
4ature >.4# ./e.88 :ngle-a@is# F8J8# *rigoro2oulou# 7808#
200>8 Mo)eling of ion e;'hange of 0&
2%
in fi;e)
&e)s of 'lino2tilolite8 Mi'ro2orous Meso2orous
Mater8 /1# 27>e2828 :ngle-a@is# F8J8# (tylianou# M8!8#
*@ant-ou# 58# =oi-i)ou# M858# 20078 Removal of 0&(::)
from a<ueous solutions &y using 'lino2tilolite an)
&entonite as a)sor&ents8 5esalination 210# 248e2./8
:2e@# +8# 200.8 Removal of 4i(::) an) An(::) from an
a<ueous solution &y reverse osmosis8 5esalination
174# 1/1e1/98
:ssa&ayeva# *8# !roua# M868# (ulaiman# 48M8# 200/8
Ele'tro)e2osition of 'o22er an) lea) on 2alm shell
a'tivate) 'ar&on in a flow9through ele'trolyti' 'ell8
5esali9nation 194# 192e2018
Jai# 0878# %oo@# J8(8# 6yu# O8J8# *il# 68B8# Mo@# =8(8#
20078 Removal of heavy metals using waste eggshell8
J8 Environ8 ('i8 19# 14>/e14418
Jiang# M8$8# Jin# W8O8# =u# W8$8# 1hen# A8=8# 20108
!)sor2tion of 0&(::)# 1)(::)# 4i(::) an) 1u(::) onto
natural @aolinite 'lay8 5esalination 2.2# >>e>98
Jusoh# !8# (hiung# =8(8# !li# 48# 4oor# M8J8M8M8# 20078 !
simulation stu)y of the removal effi'ien'y of granular
a'tivate) 'ar&on on 'a)mium an) lea)8 5esali9nation
20/# 9e1/8
6a&&ashi# 48!8# !tieh# M8!8# !l9Mamun# !8# Mirghami#
M8E8(8# !lam# M858A8# Oahya# 48# 20098 6ineti'
a)sor2tion of a22li'ation of 'ar&on nanotu&es for
0&(::) removal from a<ueous solution8 J8 Environ8
('i8 21# .>9e.448
6a&)asT lR# :8# !rslan# ,8# Glme-97an'R# ,8# !rslan9!laton#
:8# ,Unay# 38# 20098 1om92le;ing agent an) heavy
metal removals from metal 2lating effluent &y ele'9
tro'oagulation with stainless steel ele'tro)es8 J8
7a-ar)8 Mater8 1/.# 8>8e84.8
6a'-ala# "8# Mar<ues# M8# 7oglan)# %8# 20098 =ea) an)
vana)ium removal from a real in)ustrial wastewater
&y gravitational settlingDse)imentation an) sor2tion
onto 0inus sylvestris saw)ust8 Bioresour8 ,e'hnol8
100# 2>.e24>8
6an)ah# M8:8# Meunier# J8=8# 20078 Removal of ni'@el
ions from water &y multi9walle) 'ar&on nanotu&es8 J8
7a-ar)8 Mater8 14/# 28>e2888
6ang# (8O8# =ee# J8+8# Moon# (878# 6im# 68%8# 20048
1om2etitive a)sor2tion 'hara'9
teristi's of 1o
2%
# 4i
2%
# an)
1r
>%
&y :R4977 'ation
e;'hange resin in synthesi-e)
wastewater8 1hemos2here ./#
141e1478
6ang# 6818# 6im# (8(8# 1hoi# J8%8#
6won# (878# 20088 (or2tion of
1u
2%
an) 1)
2%
onto a'i)9 an)
&ase92retreate) granular
a'tivate) 'ar&on an) a'tivate)
'ar&on fi&er sam2les8 J8 :n)8
Eng8 1hem8 14# 1>1e1>.8
6helifa# !8# Moulay# (8# 4a'eur#
!8%8# 200.8 ,reatment of metal
finishing effluents &y the
ele'troflotation te'hni<ue8
5esalination 181# 27e>>8
6he-ami# =8# 1a2art# R8# 200.8
Removal of 'hromium(F:)
from a<ueous solution &y
a'tivate) 'ar&ons @ineti' an)
e<uili&rium stu)ies8 J8 7a-ar)8
Mater8 12># 22>e2>18
6im# 78J8# Bae@# 68# 6im# B868#
Oang# J8%8# 200.8 7umi'
su&stan'e9enhan'e) ultrafil9
tration for removal of 'o&alt8 J8
7a-ar)8 Mater8 122# >1e>/8
6ohler# (8J8# 1u&illas# 08#
Ro)rigue-9Blan'o# J858# Bauer#
18# 0rieto# M8# 20078 Removal
of 'a)mium from wastewaters
&y aragonite shells an) the
influen'e of other )ivalent
'ations8 Environ8 ('i8 ,e'hnol8
41# 112e1188
6ongsri'haroern# 48# 0ol2rasert# 18#
199.8 Ele'tro'hemi'al
2re'i2itation of 'hromium
(1r
/%
) from an ele'tro2lating
wastewater8 %at8 ('i8 ,e'hnol8
>1# 109e1178
6ongsuwan# !8# 0atnu@ao# 08#
0avasant# 08# 20098 Binary
'om2onent sor2tion of 1u(::)
an) 0&(::) with a'tivate)
'ar&on from Eu'aly2tus
'amal)ulensis 5ehn &ar@8 J8
:n)8 Eng8 1hem8 1.# 4/.e4708
6orus# :8# =os@a# 68# 20098 Removal
of 1r(:::) an) 1r(F:) ions from
a<ueous solutions &y means of
2olyele'trolyte9enhan'e)
ultrafiltration8 5esalination 247#
>90e>9.8
6oseoglu# 78# 6itis# M8# 20098 ,he
re'overy of silver from mining
wastewaters using hy&ri)
'yani)ation an) high92ressure
mem&rane 2ro'ess8 Miner8 Eng8
22# 440e4448
6ousi# 08# Remou)a@i# E8#
7at-i@ioseyian# !8# ,se-os# M8#
20078 ! stu)y of the o2er9ating
2arameters of a sul2hate9
re)u'ing fi;e)9&e) rea'tor for
the treatment of metal9&earing
wastewater8 :n 17th
:nternational
Biohy)rometallurgy (ym2o9
sium# *ermany# "ran@furt am
Main8
6u# O8# Jung# :8=8# 20018 0hoto'atalyti'
re)u'tion of 1r(F:) in a<ueous
solutions &y +F irra)iation with
the 2resen'e of titanium )io;i)e8
%ater Res8 >.# 1>.e1428
6uo# 18O8# =in# 78O8# 20098 !)sor2tion
of a<ueous 'a)mium (::) onto
mo)ifie) multi9walle) 'ar&on
nanotu&es following
mi'rowaveD'hemi'al treatment8
5esalina9tion 249# 792e79/8
6urniawan# ,8!8# 1han# *8O8(8# =o#
%878# Ba&el# (8# 200/8
0hysi'oe'hemi'al treatment
te'hni<ues for wastewater la)en
with heavy metals8 1hem8 Eng8 J8
118# 8>e988
=a&an)a# J8# 6hai)ar# M8(8# =lorens# J8#
20098 "easi&ility stu)y on the
re'overy of 'hromium (:::) &y
2olymer enhan'e) ultrafiltration8
5esalination 249# .77e.818
=am&ert# J8# !vila9Ro)rigue-# M8#
5uran)# *8# Ra@i&# M8# 200/8
(e2aration of so)ium ions from
trivalent 'hromium &y
ele'tro)ialysis using monovalent
'ation sele'tive mem&ranes8 J8
Mem&r8 ('i8 280# 219e22.8
=an)a&uru9!guirre# J8# *ar'Ka# F8#
0ongrH'-# E8# 6eis@i# R8=8# 20098
,he removal of -in' from
syntheti' wastewaters &y mi'ellar9
enhan'e) ultrafiltration statisti'al
)esign of e;2eriments8
5esalination 240# 2/2e2/98
=an)a&uru9!guirre# J8# 0ongrH'-# E8#
0erXmX@# 08# 6eis@i# R8=8# 20108
Mi'ellar9enhan'e) ultrafiltration
for the removal of 'a)mium an)
-in' use of res2onse surfa'e
metho)ology to im2rove
un)erstan)ing of 2ro'ess
2erforman'e an) o2timisation8 J8
7a-ar)8 Mater8 180# .24e.>48
=i# W8# Aeng# *8M8# 7uang# J878#
Ahang# 18# "ang# O8O8# $u# O878#
=uo# "8# =in# 58# =iu# 78=8# 20098
Re'overy an) reuse of surfa'tant
(5( from a ME+" retentate
'ontaining 1)
2%
or An
2%
&y
ultrafiltration8 J8 Mem&r8 ('i8 >>7#
92e978
=i# O878# =iu# "8$8# Wia# B8# 5u# $8J8#
Ahang# 08# %ang# 5818# %ang#
A878# Wia# O8A8# 20108 Removal of
'o22er from a<ueous solution &y
'ar&on nanotu&eD'al'ium alginate
'om2osites8 J8 7a-ar)8 Mater8 177#
87/e8808
=iu# A8R8# Ahou# =8M8# %ei# 08# Aeng#
68# %en# 18W8# =an# 7878# 2008a8
1om2etitive a)sor2tion of heavy
metal ions on 2eat8 J8 1hina +niv8
Min8 ,e'hnol8 18# 2..e2/08
=iu# "848# Ahang# *8=8# Meng# $8#
Ahang# 78A8# 2008&8 0erforman'e
of nanofiltration an) reverse
osmosis mem&ranes in metal
effluent treatment8 1hin8 J8 1hem8
Eng8 1/# 441e44.8
=u# !878# Ahong# (8J8# 1hen# J8# (hi#
J8W8# ,ang# J8=8# =u# W8O8# 200/8
Removal of 1r(F:) an) 1r(:::)
from a<ueous solutions an)
in)ustrial wastewaters &y natural
'lino92yrrhotite8 Environ8 ('i8
,e'hnol8 40# >0/4e>0/98
=un)h# M8# JYnsson# =8# 5ahl<uist# J8#
20008 E;2erimental stu)ies of the
flui) )ynami's in the se2aration
-one in )issolve) air flotation8
%ater Res8 >4# 21e>08
Mata# O848# BlH-<ue-# M8=8# Ballester#
!8# *on-Hle-# "8# MuIo-# J8!8#
20098 (ugar9&eet 2ul2 2e'tin gels
as &iosor&ent for heavy metals 2re2aration an)
)etermination of &iosor2tion an) )esor2tion
'hara'teristi's8 1hem8 Eng8 J8 1.0# 289e>018
Matlo'@# M8M8# 7en@e# 68R8# !twoo)# 58!8# 2002a8
Effe'tiveness of 'ommer'ial reagents for heavy metal
removal from water with new insights for future 'helate
)esigns8 J8 7a-ar)8 Mater8 92# 129e1428
Matlo'@# M8M8# 7owerton# B8(8# !elstyn# M8!8F8# 4or)strom#
"8=8# !twoo)# 58!8# 2002&8 !)van'e) mer'ury removal
from gol) lea'hate solutions 2rior to gol) an) silver
e;tra'tion a fiel) stu)y from an a'tive gol) mine in 0eru8
Environ8 ('i8 ,e'hnol8 >/# 1/>/e1/>98
Matlo'@# M8M8# 7owerton# B8(8# !twoo)# 58!8# 2002'8
1hemi'al 2re'i2itation of heavy metals from a'i) mine
)rainage8 %ater Res8 >/# 47.7e47/48
Me)ina# B8O8# ,orem# M8=8# )e Mes<uita# =8M8(8# 200.8 3n
the @ineti's of 2re'i2itate flotation of 1r ::: using so)ium
)o)e'ylsulfate an) ethanol8 Miner8 Eng8 18# 22.e2>18
Mir&agheri# (8!8# 7osseini# (848# 200.8 0ilot 2lant
investigation on 2etro'hemi'al wastewater treatment for
the removal of 'o22er an) 'hromium with the o&?e'tive
of reuse8 5esalination 171# 8.e9>8
Mohamma)i# ,8# Ra-mi# !8# (a)r-a)eh# M8# 20048 Effe't of
o2erating 2arameters on 0&
2%
se2aration from wastewater
using ele'tro)ialysis8 5esalination 1/7# >79e>8.8
Mohan# 58# 1han)er# (8# 200/8 Removal an) re'overy of metal
ions from a'i) mine )rainage using ligniteda low 'ost
sor&ent8 J8 7a-ar)8 Mater8 1>7# 1.4.e1..>8
Mohsen94ia# M8# Monta-eri# 08# Mo)arress# 78# 20078
Removal of 1u
2%
an) 4i
2%
from
wastewater with a 'helating agent
an) reverse osmosis 2ro'esses8
5esalination 217# 27/e2818
Molinari# R8# 0oerio# ,8# !rgurio# 08#
20088 (ele'tive se2aration of
'o22er(::) an) ni'@el (::) from
a<ueous me)ia using the
'om2le;ationeultrafiltration
2ro'ess8 1he9mos2here 70#
>41e>488
Motsi# ,8# Rowson# 48!8# (immons#
M8J878# 20098 !)sor2tion of heavy
metals from a'i) mine )rainage &y
natural -eolite8 :nt8 J8 Miner8
0ro'ess 92# 42e488
Murthy# A8F808# 1hau)hari# =8B8# 20088
!22li'ation of nanofiltration for the
re?e'tion of ni'@el ions from
a<ueous solutions an) estimation of
mem&rane trans2ort 2arameters8 J8
7a-ar)8 Mater8 1/0# 70e778
Murthy# A8F808# 1hau)hari# =8B8# 20098
(e2aration of &inary heavy metals
from a<ueous solutions &y
nanofiltration an) 'hara'teri-ation
of the mem&rane using
(2ieglere6e)em mo)el8 1hem8
Eng8 J8 1.0# 181e1878
Muthu@rishnan# M8# *uha# B868# 20088
Effe't of 27 on re?e'tion of
he;avalent 'hromium &y
nanofiltration8 5esalination 219#
171e1788
4amasivayam# 18# 6a)irvelu# 68#
19998 +2ta@e of mer'ury (::) from
wastewater &y a'tivate) 'ar&on
from unwante) agri'ultural soli)
&y92ro)u't 'oir2ith8 1ar&on >7#
79e848
4anseu94?i@i# 1808# ,'hamango# (8R8#
4gom# 0818# 5ar'hen# !8#
4gameni# E8# 20098 Mer'ury(::)
removal from water &y
ele'tro'oagulation using
aluminium an) iron ele'tro)es8 J8
7a-ar)8 Mater8 1/8# 14>0e14>/8
4aseem# R8# ,ahir# (8(8# 20018
Removal of 0&(::) from a<ueous
solution &y using &entonite as an
a)sor&ent8 %ater Res8 >.#
>982e>98/8
4atara?# (868# 7osamani# 68M8#
!mina&havi# ,8M8# 20078 0otential
a22li'ation of an ele'tro)ialysis
2ilot 2lant 'ontaining ion9
e;'hange mem&ranes in
'hromium removal8 5esalination
217# 181e1908
418 "8 "u# $8 %ang D Journal of Environmental Management 92 (2011) 407e418
4guyen# 18M8# Bang# (8# 1ho# J8# 6im# 68%8# 20098
0erforman'e an) me'hanism of arseni' removal from
water &y a nanofiltration mem&rane8 5esalination 24.#
82e948
Glme-# ,8# 20098 ,he o2timi-ation of 1r(F:) re)u'tion an)
removal &y ele'tro9'oagulation using res2onse surfa'e
metho)ology8 J8 7a-ar)8 Mater81/2#1>71e1>788
G-ver)i# !8# Er)em# M8# 200/8 1u
2%
# 1)
2%
an) 0&
2

%
a)sor2tion from a<ueous solu9tions &y 2yrite an) syntheti'
iron sul2hi)e8 J8 7a-ar)8 Mater8 1>7# /2/e/>28
3)om# ,8%8# 7uang# J8=8# 6im# 08# =ie&er# 18M8# 19988 !tomi'
stru'ture an) ele'troni' 2ro2erties of single9walle) 'ar&on
nanotu&es8 4ature >91# /2e/48
3liveira# =8# "ran'a# !8(8# !lves# ,8M8# Ro'ha# (858"8# 20088
Evaluation of untreate) 'offee hus@s as 2otential
&iosor&ents for treatment of )ye 'ontaminate) waters8 J8
7a-ar)8 Mater8 1..# .07e.128
3stros@i# :818# Barros# M8!8(858# (ilva&# E8!8# 5antas# J878#
!rroyo# 08!8# =ima# 3818M8# 20098 ! 'om2arative stu)y
for the ion e;'hange of "e(:::) an) An(::) on -eolite 4aO8
J8 7a-ar)8 Mater8 1/1# 1404e14128
3yaro# 48# Ju))y# 38# Murago# E848M8# *itonga# E8# 20078 ,he
'ontents of 0&# 1u# An an) 1) in meat in 4airo&i# 6enya8
:nt8 J8 "oo) !gri'8 Environ8 .# 119e1218
3-te@in# O8# Oa-i'igil# A8# 200/8 Re'overy of metals from
'om2le;e) solutions &y ele'tro)e2osition8 5esalination
190# 79e888
0an# J878# =iu# R8W8# ,ang# 78W8# 20078 (urfa'e rea'tion of
Ba'illus 'ereus &iomass an) its &iosor2tion for lea) an)
'o22er ions8 J8 Environ8 ('i8 19# 40>e4088
0a2a)o2oulos# !8# "atta# 58# 0ar2eris# 68# Ment-is# !8#
7aralam&ous# 68J8# =oi-i)ou# M8# 20048 4i'@el u2ta@e
from a wastewater stream 2ro)u'e) in a metal finishing
in)ustry &y 'om&ination of ion9e;'hange an) 2re'i2itation
metho)s8 (e28 0urif8 ,e'hnol8 >9# 181e1888
0arga# J8R8# 1o'@e# 58=8# Falen-uela# J8=8# *omes# J8!8#
6esme-# M8# :rwin# *8# Moreno# 78# %eir# M8# 200.8
!rseni' removal via ele'tro'oagulation from heavy metal
'ontaminate) groun)water in =a 1omar'a =agunera
MS;i'o8 J8 7a-ar)8 Mater8 124# 247e2.48
0ar@# 78*8# 6im# ,8%8# 1hae# M8O8# Ooo# :868# 20078 !'tivate)
'ar&on9'ontaining algi9nate a)sor&ent for the simultaneous
removal of heavy metals an) to;i' organi's8 0ro'ess
Bio'hem8 42# 1>71e1>778
0aulino# !8,8# Minasse# "8!8(8# *uilherme# M8R8# Reis# !8F8#
Muni-# E818# 4o-a@i# J8# 200/8 4ovel a)sor&ent &ase) on
sil@worm 'hrysali)es for removal of heavy metals from
wastewaters8 J8 1olloi) :nterfa'e ('i8 >01# 479e4878
0avasant# 08# !2irati@ul# R8# (ung@hum# F8# (uthi2arinyanont#
08# %attana'hira# (8# Marha&a# ,8"8# 200/8 Biosor2tion of
1u
2%
# 1)
2%
# 0&
2%
# an) An
2%
using )rie) marine green
ma'roalga 1auler2a lentillifera8 Bioresour8 ,e'hnol8 97#
2>21e2>298
0illay# 68# 1u@rows@a# E8M8# 1oville# 48J8# 20098 Multi9walle)
'ar&on nanotu&es as a)sor&ents for the removal of 2arts
2er &illion levels of he;avalent 'hromium from a<ueous
solution8 J8 7a-ar)8 Mater8 1//# 10/7e107.8
0lattes# M8# Bertran)# !8# ('hmitt# B8# (inner# J8# Ferstraeten# "8#
%elfring# J8# 20078 Removal of tungsten o;yanions from
in)ustrial wastewater &y 2re'i2itation# 'oagulation an)
flo''ulation 2ro'esses8 J8 7a-ar)8 Mater8 148# /1>e/1.8
0olat# 78# Er)ogan# 58# 20078 7eavy metal removal from waste
waters &y ion flota9tion8 J8 7a-ar)8 Mater8 148# 2/7e27>8
$uintelas# 18# Ro'ha# A8# (ilva# B8# "onse'a# B8# "igueire)o# 78#
,avares# ,8# 20098 Bio9sor2tive 2erforman'e of an
Es'heri'hia 'oli &iofilm su22orte) on -eolite 4aO for the
removal of 1r(F:)# 1)(::)# "e(:::) an) 4i(::)8 1hem8 Eng8
J8 1.2# 110e11.8
Rao# *808# =u# 18# (u# "8# 20078 (or2tion of )ivalent metal ions
from a<ueous solution &y 'ar&on nanotu&es a review8 (e28
0urif8 ,e'hnol8 .8# 224e2>18
Reyes# :8# Fillarroel# M8# 5ie-# M818# 4avia# R8# 20098 +sing
lignimerin (a re'overe) organi' material from 6raft
'ellulose mill wastewater) as sor&ent for 1u an) An
retention from a<ueous solutions8 Bioresour8 ,e'hnol8 100#
4/7/e4/828
Ro)rKgue-9:-naga# :8# *Zme-# !8# Ro)rKgue-9"uentes# *8#
BenKte-9!guilar# !8# (errano9Ballan# J8# 20028 4atural
'lino2tilolite as an e;'hanger of 4i
2%
an) 47
%
4 ions
un)er hy)rothermal 'on)itions an) high ammonia
'on'entration8 Mi'ro2orous Meso2orous Mater8 .>#
71e808
Ru&io# J8# (ou-a# M8=8# (mith# R8%8#
20028 3verview of flotation as a
wastewater treatment te'hni<ue8
Miner8 Eng8 1.# 1>9e1..8
(a)r-a)eha# M8# Mohamma)i# ,8#
:va@2our# J8# 6asiri# 48# 20098
4eural networ@ mo)eling of 0&
2%
removal from wastewater using
ele'tro)ialysis8 1hem8 Eng8
0ro'ess8 48# 1>71e1>818
(aee)# !8# :<&al# M8# !@htar# M8%8#
200.8 Removal an) re'overy of
lea)(::) from single an)
multimetal (1)# 1u# 4i# An)
solutions &y 'ro2 milling waste
(&la'@ gram hus@)8 J8 7a-ar)8
Mater8 117# /.e7>8
(am2era# E8# Ro)rKgue-a# M8# 5e la
Ru&ia# M8!8# 0rats# 58# 20098
Removal of metal ions at low
'on'entration &y mi'ellar9
enhan'e) ultrafiltration (ME+")
using so)ium )o)e'yl sulfate
((5() an) linear al@yl&en-ene
sulfonate (=!()8 (e28 0urif8
,e'hnol8 /.# >>7e>428
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Mo)eling the effe't of 27 on
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20088 4ovel &iofiltration metho)s
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&y ion flotation8 1olloi) (urf8 >17#
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A8(8# 4i# J8R8# 20098 Me'hanism of
'om&ination mem&rane an)
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treatment an) reme)iation of 1u
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