ppt11

C H A P T E R E L E V E N
TOLERANCING
2
Technical Drawing with Engineering Graphics, 14/e
Giesecke, Hill, Spencer, Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart, Goodman
2012, 2009, 2003, Pearson Higher Education,
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
OBJECTIVES
1. Describe the nominal size, tolerance, limits, and
allowance of two mating parts.
2. Identify a clearance fit, interference fit, and transition fit.
3. Describe the basic hole and basic shaft systems.
4. Dimension mating parts using limit dimensions, unilateral
tolerances, and bilateral tolerances.
5. Describe the classes of fit and give examples of each.
6. Draw geometric tolerancing symbols.
7. Specify geometric tolerances.
8. Relate datum surfaces to degrees of freedom.
3
UNDERSTANDING TOLERANCE
To effectively provide tolerances in your
drawings and CAD models, you must:
Understand the fit required between mating
parts.
Have a clear picture of how inspection
measurements are performed.
Be able to apply tolerance symbols to a
drawing or model.
Apply functional tolerancing to individual
features of the part.
Tolerance is the total amount a specific dimension is permitted to vary.
Tolerances are specified so that any two mating parts will fit together.
The inner workings of a watch are
an example of parts that must fit
precisely to work. (Courtesy of
SuperStock, Inc.)
4
Quality Control
Before paying for parts, most companies have a process to
quality certify (QC) the parts against the drawing or model.
A tolerance must be specified for each
dimension so that it can be determined how
accurately the part must be manufactured
to be acceptable. The tolerances that you
specify are based on the parts function and
fit.
5
Definitions for Size Designation
Feature
Feature of size
Actual local feature
Nominal size Nominal size
Allowance Allowance
Definitions of size designation terms that apply in tolerancing.
6
Variations in Form and Envelope
You can sometimes notice variations in
form by placing a machinists scale
along the edge of the part and checking
to see whether you can slip a feeler
gage between the scale and the edge of
the part.
You can think of tolerance as defining a perfect form envelope
that the real produced part must fit inside in order to be
acceptable.
Actual minimum material envelope
This envelope is the counterpart to the
actual mating envelope.
7
Material Envelope continued
Actual mating envelope The envelope toward the outside of the material, in which the acceptable actual
feature must fit. For external parts, like cylinders, this is the perfect feature at the largest permissible size;
for internal features, like holes, this is the perfect feature at the smallest permissible size.
8
Implied Right Angles
Implied 90 angles have the same general tolerances applied to them as do any other
angles covered by a general note. The exception is when a geometric tolerance is used
for that feature. When geometric tolerances are specified, implied 90 or 0 angles
between feature centerlines are considered basic dimensions to which no tolerance
applies outside that stated by the geometric tolerance.
The tolerance of plus or
minus 1 applies to the
implied 90 angles as well
as to the dimensioned
angles in the drawing.
9
Fits between Mating Parts
Fit is the range of tightness or
looseness resulting from the
allowances and tolerances in
mating parts. The loosest fit, or
maximum clearance, occurs
when the smallest internal part
(shaft) is in the largest external
part (hole),
10
Fits between Mating Parts continued
Clearance Fit A clearance
fit occurs when an internal
part fits into an external part
with space (or clearance)
between the parts.
Interference Fit An
interference fit occurs
when the internal part is
larger than the external part,
so the parts must be forced
together.
11
Specifying Fit Using Limit Dimensions
Limit dimensions are a method of directly specifying tolerance by providing
dimensions for the upper and lower limits of the features size. The high limit (maximum
value) is placed above the low limit (minimum value) in place of the dimension value.
12
Selective Assembly
In selective assembly, all parts are inspected and classified into several
grades according to actual sizes, so that small shafts can be matched
with small holes, medium shafts with medium holes, and so on.
Selective Assembly Difference between the sizes of mating
parts is exaggerated for visibility.
13
Hole System
Toleranced dimensions are commonly
determined using the hole system.
(Lockhart, Shawna D.; Johnson, Cindy M.,
Engineering Design Communication:
Conveying Design Through Graphics, 1st,
2000. Printed and electronically reproduced
by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.,
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.)
14
Shaft System
In some industries, such
as textile machinery
manufacturing, which
use a great deal of cold-
finished shafting, the
shaft system is used.
(Lockhart, Shawna D.: Johnson,
Cindy M., Engineering Design
Communication: Conveying Design
Through Graphics, 1st, 2000.
Printed and electronically reproduced
by permission of Pearson Education,
Inc., Upper Saddle River, New
Jersey.)
15
GENERAL TOLERANCE NOTES
General notes are usually located in the lower right corner of
the drawing sheet near the title block. Often, general
tolerance notes are included in the title block itself.
ALL TOLERANCES 1 mm
UNLESS OTHERWISE NOTED.
ANGLES 1 DEGREE.
16
LIMIT TOLERANCES
Limit tolerances state the upper and lower limits for the dimension range in
place of the dimension values.
Method of Stating Limits
Note: The upper value is
always placed above
the lower value.
17
PLUS-OR-MINUS TOLERANCES
Unilateral when the tolerance applies in only one direction
so that one value is zero; or,
Bilateral when either the same or different values are
added and subtracted.
18
Angular tolerances
Angular tolerances are usually bilateral and given in terms of
degrees, minutes, and seconds, unless geometric dimensioning and
tolerancing is used.
Plus/MinusToleranced
Decimal Dimensions
19
TOLERANCE STACKING
A Chained dimension uses the end of one dimension as the beginning of the next.
Tolerance stacking refers to the way the tolerance for one dimension is added to
the next dimension in the chain and so on from one feature to the next, resulting in a
large variation in the location of the last feature in the chain.
Baseline dimensioning locates a series of features from a common base feature.
Tolerances do not stack up because dimensions are not based on other toleranced
dimensions.
20
USING AMERICAN NATIONAL
STANDARD LIMITS AND FIT TABLES
Portion of RC8 Fit Table. The International
Organization for Standardization (ISO) publishes
a similar series of fit tables for metric values.
The American National Standards Institute has
issued ANSI B4.1, Preferred Limits and Fits for
Cylindrical Parts, defining terms and
recommending preferred standard sizes,
allowances, tolerances, and fits in terms of the
decimal inch. This standard gives a series of
standard classes of fits on a unilateral-hole basis
so that the fit produced by mating parts of a
class of fit will produce approximately similar
performance throughout the
range of sizes.
21
TOLERANCES AND MACHINING
PROCESSES
Tolerances Related to Machining Processes
22
METRIC SYSTEM OF TOLERANCES
AND FITS
Terms Related to Metric Limits and Fits.
(Reprinted from ASME B4.2-1978, by permission of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers. All rights reserved.)
23
GEOMETRIC
DIMENSIONING
AND
TOLERANCING
Geometric tolerances state the maximum allowable
variations of a form or its position from the perfect
geometry implied on the drawing. The term geometric
refers to various forms, such as a plane, a cylinder, a
cone, a square, or a hexagon.
24
Tolerances and CAD 3D models
Tolerances can be added directly to a 3D model so that it can be used as the
digital product definition. (Reprinted from ASME Y14.41-2003, by permission of
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers. All rights reserved.)
SolidWorks software makes
it easy to select surface
finish symbols. (Courtesy of
Solidworks Corporation.)

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