CIT Core Notes

CIT V0.
99
BY BENNY WU
F.4 COMPUTER AND
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Core | Benny Wu
F.4 COMPUTER AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
F.4 Computer and Information Technology

Core
V0.99
CIT
Chapter 1-9 Notes
Section 1: Information Processing and Presentation
Chapter 1: The Information Age
1.1 Applications of Information Technology in our daily life
Information technology(IT) is already part in our daily life, such
as education, household, public place, business and
government, etc.
IT in Education:
→ Become a driving force in educational reform.
A large amount of financial resources have been spent on

school in the following area.↓
Purchasing computer equipment.
Setting up computer networks
2
V0.99
CIT
Developing computerizd education platforms
Providing broadband Internet access
Organizing training courses on information technology
Example of IT in education:
2
V0.99
CIT
Multimedia learning Projector(投影機)

centre
(MMLC)(多媒體學習中
Learn More:
Computer-based-learning(CBT) & Web-based-learning(WBT)
Computer-based-learning(CBT):
Kind of training which is delivered via a computer.
It includes tutorials, drilling practice, simulations and tests, etc.
Often delivered in a CD-ROM and runs in a standalone( 獨立的 )
computer.
Example of CBT :
Web-based-learning(WBT):
A form of computer-based training in which the training
materials( 材料 ) reside on web pages accessible via Would Wide
Web(www)
Example of WBT:
2
V0.99
CIT
IT at Home:
→Become essential(必要) in the
modern home.
Example of IT at home:
Smart Home Technology( 智能家居 )
→ allows people to control household and other
domestic appliances, from temperature control,
lighting to kitchen appliances
Personal Computer( 個人電腦 )

→Become a necessity( 必需品 ) for many households.
2
V0.99
CIT
3. Home Office
→ A small computerized office setup at home
→ Self-employed persons can work at home.
→ Communicate with their clients( 顧客 ) or colleagues( 同
事 ) via the Internet or other electronic communication
channels.
2
IT at Public Place:
- Allow us to obtain information and service conveniently.
V0.99
CIT
Example of IT at Public Place:

Information Kiosk( 資訊站 )
Installed in various public places, such as railways stations,
shopping malls, cinemas and government buildings, etc.
Provide information on nearby shops and facilities OR
Give suggestions and directions on dining, shopping or
reserving tickets.
2. Electronic money( 電子貨幣 )

- Can substitute coins and notes for petty cash payments for
transportation.
Example:
Octopus Card( 八達通 )
Visa payware
2
V0.99
CIT
3. Internet Access Service( 互聯網存取服務 )

- Provided in various public area such as MTR stations,
shopping malls, public libraries and coffee shops, etc.
Example:
“iCentre” in MTR station↓:
IT in Business
- Is increasingly(逐漸地) common
Office Automation( 辦公室自動化 )

Help office worker to perform their duties using computer
equipment and network services.
Most modern offices are equipped( 配備 ) with a computer
network
Authorized staff can log on the network and can access to
updated and centralized( 集中 ) information from a file
server as well as many computer resources.
Intranet( 內聯網 )
Can be regarded as a private an d small-scale Internet of
an organization.
Objective: using Internet is to improve the workflow and
- enable efficient collaboration and communication.
=Cityline: http://www.cityline.com.hk/
2
V0.99
CIT
E-commerce( 電子商貿 )
Refer to commercial activities carried out in an electronic
network such as the Internet.
Millions of e-commercial web sites have been developed,
such as e-banking, online shops, etc.
Example of E-commerce:
Cityline: http://www.cityline.com.hk/
2
T in Government
- Become an important means of providing government services.
- Hong Kong government has committed to developing” e-
V0.99
CIT
government”.
1. Electronic Service Delivery(ESD)(生活易)

- ESD is a web site that provide a wide range of government
information and services.
- ESD provides a convenient way(方便的渠道) to conduct electronic
transactions of over 100 types of public services (eg. Application
for government job vacancies(工作空缺), purchasing books,
payment of government bills)
2. GovHK(香港政府一站通)
- This web site provides basic information and useful link to all
government departments and related institutes.
- Provides a wide range of government information and services
through the Internet.
2
V0.99
CIT
Learn More:
Smart Identity Card
Smart identity card is an example of using smart card
technology in our daily life.
In 2003, HKG started issuing smart identity cards.
A smart identity card contains:
Personal data( 個人資料 )
Templates of thumb prints( 指紋 )
Photograph of card holder( 持有者的相片 )
All information store in the smart identity card is
encrypted( 加密 ) with high security( 保安 ).
Can be used for automatic immigration clearance through
the control points installed with autogates(e-Channel) in
2004.
2
V0.99
CIT
1.2 Information Technology and the Information age

1.2.1 Lifelong learning(終身學習)
- People must be information literate(資訊素養) in order to handle
the vast amount of information encountered everyday.
Why we should lifelong learning?

- Because the knowledge and skills required of effective use of IT
changes from time to time.
- People must supplement(補充) their knowledge through
continuing education over the span of their career, so lifelong
learning has become an imperative(必要的)
1.2.2 Telecommuting(遙距辦公)
- A new way of working
- Many use of Telecommunication to work outside the traditional
office or workplace.
2
- Can do their work by transmitting(傳輸) data and documents to

their clients(客戶) or colleagues(同事) via e-mail, fax or Internet.
- Also can have face-to-face meetings with other people through
video-conferencing.
V0.99
CIT
Advantages of telecommuting are shown below:

1. Can save Office space and staff provisions, thereby reducing(減
低)company expenses.
2. Can save time on travelling
3. Can work at home or in remote office or during travelling
4. Can have flexible(靈活的) working hours
1.2.3 Digital Divide(數碼隔膜)

What is Digital Divide?
- The growing gap between those people who can access and
make effective use of IT and those who cannot called digital
divide.
People in the world are divided into two groups:

- The Internet users
- The non-Internet users
The Internet users:

- Can access up-to-date information
- Various electronic services
The non-Internet users:

- Have great problem in obtaining the latest information AND
- Using the services available on the Internet
As the Internet becomes more popular and important in our daily

life, the gap between the Internet user and non-Internet user
become wider.
Chapter 2: Data and Information

2.1 Difference between Data and Information
What is the difference between Data and Information?
2
Data Information
Collection of raw facts that Data that has been organized
are not organized
Has no meaning Meaningful V0.99
CIT
Process
Example:
Dat
Data
a process into Information
0 800 200 150
50000
Ben Benny Mr.
Fong Billy
Josephine
Name$Billy50000Benny800B
en200Josephine150Mr. Fong0
Informatio
n
2
V0.99
CIT
2.2 Data Processing Cycle

A data processing cycle:
2
V0.99
CIT
2.2.1 Data Collection

- An activity of collecting raw data from the outside world.
- Can be put into an information system.
2
- Usually done for a specific purpose
Common collection method:

Survey V0.99
Observation CIT
Interview
experiment
The raw data is collected in file called source document.
2.2.2 Data Preparation

- A pre-process that involves data-logging, Manuel validity check
and data categorization.
- Stored in a form suitable for the subsequent stages of processing.
Data-logging → Manual Validity check
→ Data categorization
2.2.3 Data Input and Sources of Error
Data source Incorrect data (eg. Garbage-in-Garbage-
error out(GIGO))
Transcription Typing “O” as”0”
error
Transposition A’s mark is entered into B’s mark
error
2.2.4 Data Validation

- The process of comparing data with a set of rules or values to
make sure that data is detected is reasonable and valid.
Validity check
Field presence - Check if a data piece has been entered
check into a field
Type Check - Check if a data piece is of the specific
data type
Range check - Check if a data value falls within a range
Check digit - Check if a code number is accurate
check
Control Total - Check if a data set is complete
check
2
More:
Check digit
- Can be used to check whether a number is vaild.
- ISBN and ID card numbers contain a check digit for data V0.99
vaildation CIT
Validation for check of ISBN
ISBN
A unique identification number assigned to a book
Example of ISBN validation for check:
978-962-943-738-1
- The check digit must be divisible by 11.
Group identifier Pubisher Title identifier Che
identifier ck
digit
ISBN 9 6 2 9 4 3 7 3 8 4
Weig 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
ht
ISBN 90 54 16 63 24 15 28 9 16 4
X
Weig
ht
90+54+16+63+24+15+28+9+16+4=319
319/11=29
2.2.5 Data Verification(確認)

- A control to check whether the input data matches the sources
by the input data matches the sources by the following method.
1. Input data twice - Allows the computer system to
check the second entry against the
first one.
- It reports any discrepancies(差別)
and the operator is required to
correct the error manually(手動地)
2
2. Double data entry - Two operators enter the same

(input by two source document into two different
operators) files
- Any error in the transcribed(抄寫) V0.99
files must be checked and corrected CIT
manually.
2.2.6 Data Structure(結構)
- Data is usually stored as a records with specific record structures.
- Allow efficient retrieval(效率高的修補)
- Allow reuse(再使用) the data
- A database(資料庫) is a group of the related data files, which are
known as tables
Key Field (Primary Key)

- A unique(獨特的) field is used to identify each record in a database
(eg. ID card no.)
- Its content(內容) is unique
2.2.7 Processing Data

- The type of data processing method we use depends on the
result we hope to achieve.
- There are three types of data processing in database
management(處理).
Sorting Arranging(整理) data in a specific order
Searchi Locating a specific record of data
ng
Merging Combining(結合) two sets of data
Sorting Data
- When processing data, we often rearrange(重新排序) records in a
table in an order
- Allows faster data searching and retrievals(修補)
- This process is known as sorting
Searching Data
- Is to find specific information from a large database
- May contain up to millions(無數) of records
2
- We can use sequential(連續的) search or Binary(連續的) Search to

find out the information.
V0.99
CIT
2.3 Processing Information
- Information may need to be processed in some ways to make it
useful for a specific purpose(目的).
- We can use these three methods to process to information
1. Reorganization
2. Conversion
3. Commiseration
4. Transmission
2.3.1 Reorganization of Information

- Information may be presented in various(不同的) structure
- Not all structures are equally(同樣) ready for use OR suitable(適當的)
needs
- Include presenting the information from existing(現有的) records,
such as
1. Filtering(過濾) and sorting(分類)
2. Statistic(統計) calculations
2.3.2 Conversion of Information

- Information can be represented in various forms that are
favorable for subsequent operations or for specific devices
Example:
- Grading System
- Analysis of Fingerprint Images
2.3.3 Communication of Information

- The exchange of information between two different system
- Two computer system can communicate with each other only
when they are using the same set of communication rules known
as protocols
- TCP/IP is a common communication protocols that is used on the
2
Internet
-
2.3.4 Transmission of Information
- Means sending information from one device to another
V0.99
CIT
- Transmission of information can be categorized as serial and
parallel
Serial Parallel
Low Speed High speed
Long distance Short distance
2.4 Batch Processing and Real-time Processing

Batch Processing Real-time Processing
A time lag is present between Only short response time is
data collection and data present
processing
Information may be outdated Information is always updated
due to the time lag
Resources are effectively A lot of idle time results from the
managed waiting time for the data input
Batch Processing
- Data are accumulated(累積) before being processed together
- The procedures of batch processing are
1. Accumulate data or jobs
2. Create a batch file to instruct(指示) the computer with the work
to be done
3. The computer processes the data and jobs as instructed
automatically at a specified(指定的) time
Example:
1. Calculate examination results
2. Back up files stored on a server
Real-time Processing
- Data are processed as soon as possible upon request(請求)
2
Example:
1. Online ticketing system
2. ATM system
V0.99
CIT
2.5 Denary, Binary and Hexadecimal Number Systems

Set of digits
Binary - Directly used by 0,1
numbers computers
Denary - Used in daily lives 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
numbers
Hexadecima - Used to represent long 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
l numbers binary codes ,A,B,C,D,E,F
- The number systems that are used by computers

- We always use denary (base 10) number system in our daily life
for counting(計算) and calculation
-
2.5.1 Number System Conversion
2.5.2 Addition and Subtraction of Different Number Systems
2.6 Bit and Byte
2.6.1 Bit
2.6.2 Byte
2.7 Character Coding Systems
2.7.1 ASCII
2.7.2 Chinese Character Coding Systems
2.7.3 Unicode
2
V0.99
CIT
Chapter 3: Integrated Use of Common Application Software

3.1 Common Features of Application Software
- Application Software helps us organize raw data into useful
information.
- There are many kinds of application software including word
processors, spreadsheets, multimedia presentation software and
data base software, etc.
3.1.1 Common Commands of Application Software

- In a computer system with a graphical user interface, you can
start an application by either clicking its program icon or clicking
its program name on a menu.
3.2 Word Processors
3.3 Spreadsheets
3.4 Multi Presentation Software
3.5 Database Software
3.6 Integrated Use of Application Software
2
V0.99
CIT
Chapter 4: Criteria(標準) for Effective(有效的) Presentation of

Information
4.1 Different Ways to present Information

- There are lot of ways to present information nowadays.
- You may present your idea through web pages, presentation
slides and more ways
- Lists, tables, charts, graphical presentation are commonly used
of the ways to present a piece of information.
4.1.1 Lists
- Used to present information in point form in order to
emphasize(強調) the key points of a message
- May be numbered or bulleted
- Can also be nested
Example of Lists:
Pass students Fail Student
- Andy - Benny
- Billy
- David
4.1.2 Tables
- A structural way to present information in tabular form yo
2
emohasize the key points of a message.;

Useful to:
1. Present a number of records at the same time
2. Present information in a meaningful order
V0.99
CIT
3. Compare the characteristics of two or more time
- Data is put in columns with appropriate headers
- Concise and short sentences are preferred.
4.1.3 Charts
- A form of graphical data presentation for numeria data
- Widely used for presenting tabular data
Advantage:
Enhancing reader’s understanding by presenting data in a
simple graphical format
Facilitating data analysis and interpretating results
4.1.4 Graphical Presentations
- Help users understand the information more easily

- Can be presented clearly thrugh simple illustrations
Advantage:
Arousing the interest of audience
Convey messages by means of symbols, in order to illustrate
4.2 Using Multimedia
abstract conceptsElements in a Presentation
Present information in a more organized manner
4.2 Merits of Using Multimedia Elements

- Refers to the using of computer to integrate multimedia element
- Include text, graphic, animation, audio, video and other media
element
2
-
4.3 Creating a Presentation
V0.99
CIT
4.4.1 Planning for the Presentation

4.4.2 Collection and Selecting Appropriate Information
4.4.3 Organizing the Relevant Information
4.4.4 Introducing Interactive Elements
4.4.5 Conducting an Effective Presentation
Remember!!!!
P.96
2
V0.99
CIT
Section B: Computer System and Networking

Chapter 5: The System Unit of a Computer System
5.1 The Components(零件) of a computer
System unit is a case that contains circuit boards(電路版), a power
supply(火牛) and storage devices(記憶體裝置).
- The hardware devices connected to the system called

peripherals(周邊的設備).
2
V0.99
CIT
Some example of a
system Unit
1. Monitor
2. Keyboard
3. Mouse
2
4. Speaker
V0.99
CIT
5. Modem
6. Digital video
camcoreder
7. Printer
2
8. WebCam
V0.99
CIT
5.2 Central Processing Unit(CPU)(中央處理器)

5.2.1 What is CPU?
What is CPU?
- CPU (Central processing Unit) is the brain(大腦) of a computer.

- Executes(執行) the instructions(指示) of a computer program and
processes data to do specific tasks.
- Communicates with other devices in the computer system
through bus lines(總線).
- Most devices connected to computer need to communicate with
the CPU in order to carry out certain tasks.
- Usually determines(決定) the overall performance of a computer
Secondary storage
device
Eg. SSD, DVD
C ALU
U
2
Input device
CPU Output device
Eg. Keyboard Eg. Printer, V0.99
Monitor CIT
Power Supply(__ )
- A reference to a source of
electrical power
- Device or system that
supplies electrical or other
types of energy to an output
load or group of loads is
called a Power supply unit
5.2.2 Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) and Control Unit(CU)
- A CPU usually consist two parts.
1. Arithmetic and Logic unit(ALU)
2. Control Unit (CU)
Arithmetic and logic Unit (ALU)

Performs arithmetic and logical operations.
Arithmetic operations include addition(+), subtraction(-),
multiplication (X)and division.
Logical operations perform comparisons of two data.
Determines the first data is greater than/equal to/less than
second data
Evaluates( 評估 ) whether the logic statement is true or
false.
Uses registers to hold data during calculation.
Result: Usually stored in a register called accumulator
Control Unit (CU)

Keeps track of the sequence( 順序 )of instructions being
processed
Fetches an instruction from the main memory,
interprets( 解釋 )the instruction and instructs the ALU how
to perform an operation( 操作 ).
2
- Both ALU and CU contain registers.
Registers(寄存器)
V0.99
CIT
- High speed storage locations that temporarily(臨時地)hold data
and instructions during processing
- Some registers which store the location of the next instructions
to executed(完成).
- The instruction being decoded(譯碼), as well as the values and
information of the program itself.
5.2.3 Machine Cycle(機器週期)

- The process for a CPU to execute or instruction is called
machine cycle.
Machine cycle
1. Fetch(取)the instruction
2. Decoding the instruction
3. Executing the instruction
4. Storing the result
Step of the machine cycle
Main Memory
1
4
2
3
ALU CPU Control Unit
Control Unit
2
5.2.4 Clock Rate and Word Size

- The Power of a CPU usually determined by two major(主要
的)factors:
V0.99
CIT
1. The Clock Rate(時鐘頻率)
2. The word size(字長)
Uni Implication
t
Clock Rate Hz Determine(決定) the speed at which the CPU
can execute(執行)) interaction(相互作用).
Word Size bit Determine(決定) the number of bits that the
CPU can manipulate(操作)at one time
Clock Rate(時鐘頻率)
- The numbers of machine cycles per second.
- Usually measured(測度)in gigaheryz(GHz) and megahertz(MHz)
- Higher clock rate means that the CPU can process more
instructions per second.
Word Size(字長)
- A large word size will give better performance(成果)
- High-end personal computers usually have 64-bit
microprocessors.
It can handle more data for each

operation
Which can manipulate( 處理 ) 8 byte (i.e 64-bit) instructions or

data at one time
5.2.5 Bus Lines(總線/匯流排)
2
V0.99
CIT
- A physical wiring that connects the various(不同的)components(零

件)of a computer system
- Data can be transmitted(傳輸)between the CPU and other
components
1 Data bus - Transfer data and instructions

2 Address bus - Transfer the source address OR
- The destination of data
3 Control bus - Indicate the direction of the data transfer
- Coordinate the timing of events during the
transfer.
- The size of a bus is called the bus width.

- Determines the number if bits of data that the computer can
transmit at one time.
Example of Internal Buses

Parallel Serial
2
- ELSA - Hyper transport

- ISA - PCI Express
- MCA
V0.99
CIT
Example of External Buses
Parallel Serial
- ATA - ADB
- IEEE-488 - CAN
- SATA
- USB
5.3 Main Memory

- Is directly accessible to the CPU
- The memory chips are installed on the motherboard
- Used to store data and instructions that the CPU will execute.
There are two major types of main memory:
Random- - Holds the programs
access- being executed
memory(R temporarily
AM) - Volatile(可變的)
- (All the data stored in
RAM disappears
instantly(立即地)after the
computer in turned off)
- Measured in B, KB, MB,
GB
- Nowadays, one RAM
module(模塊) contains up
to 4GB
Read-Only- - Also called firmware
memory(RO - Holds system programs
M) and data permanently(永
久地)
- NON-VOLATILE
2
V0.99
CIT
Chapter 6: Input and output Device

6.1 Input Device(輸入裝置)
What is input device?
- Input device is the hardware that allows user to input text,
graphics, audio, animation or video into a computer AND
- Convents the data into a computer-readable(可讀的) form.
There are some input devices shown below:
2
Keyboard - Allow users to enter
data or commands into
a computer by
F.4 COMPUTER
pressing AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
its keys.
- Converts keystrokes
into corresponding(對
應的) electrical signals
that the computer can
understand
- A keyboard contains
V0.99
CIT
keys such as letters,
numbers, punctuations
and other modifier
keys (eg.”SHIFT”,
“CTRL”)
Mouse - Control the movement
of the screen Pointer
Mechanical Mouse
- An input device that
uses a multidirectional
(多方的) mechanism to
register its motion
Optical Mouse
- An Optical sensor
which detects its
movement accurately
Touchpad - A touch-sensitive plate
which is usually found
on a notebook
computer and a few
desktop computer
- Control the movement
of the screen pointer
by dragging your
fingertip on the
surface of the
touchpad
Track Point - Looks like an eraser of
a pencil
- A small stick
- Usually positioned
somewhere between
the keys on the
keyboard
- Allowing you to move
the pointer in the
direction you push it
- Usually found on
notebook computers
Touch - Video display device
Screen which has a touch-
sensitive layer
- This layer sent an
2 electrical signal to the
computer to indicate the
location by touch the
screen.
- Widely used in
information kiosks
V0.99
CIT
6.2 Output Device
- Output device is the hareware that translates computer processes

- Translates the information into a form that human can understand
- Include visual display units, speakers, printers and data projectors
Output
device
2
Speaker - Used to produce audio

signals for a computers
- Most personal
computers have a built V0.99
in subwoofer which
CIT
produces better base

frequencies
- Connected to sound
card, which convert
digital autio signal into
analogue signals for
output through the
speaker
Printer - Allow user to produce
text and graphics on a
physical medium such
as paper or
transparency film
- Printed information is
called a hard copy or a
printout.
Dots per inch(pqi):

- The sharpness of a
printout depends on the
printing resolution
- Higher dqi, sparper the
output
Printing Speed:
Measured either by the
number of pages per
minute(ppm) or character
per second(cps)
2
The Common types printer

include :
Dot-matrix printers
ink-jet printers
V0.99
CIT
laser printers
Dox-matrix Printer:
- Contains a print head
made up of small pins
- Produces printed images
by striking those pins
against an ink ribbon to
leave dots on the Paper
- Low, noisy and
incapable
- High-quality printouts
Ink-jet Printer
- Has a print head
containing ink-filled print
cartridges
- Form images by
spraying tiny ink drops
onto paper
- Use black cartridges &
more color cartridges
- Resolution: 600dpi-
2400dpi
Laser Printer
- Uses a laser beam to
produce an electrostatic
film on a drum according
to the dot pattern of the
output image
2
- The toner sticks to the

charged area when the
drum rotates against the
toner cartridge
V0.99
CIT
- Become very popular in
offices
Advantage of Laser Printer:

- High resolution printouts
at high speeds
- Printing resolution:
600dpi-2400dpi
- Speed: 4ppm-50ppm
Data - Project the computer
Projectors display onto a large
screen using a high-
intensity light bulb and a
set of optical lenses
- LCD projectors and
digital light
processing(DLP)
projectors are two
common types of
projectors
2
V0.99
CIT
6.2.1 Visual Display Units

- A viraul display unit(VDU), or a monitor, allows a user to view a
computer’s output instantly on a screen.
- The information on the screen is intangible
- Means that its exits electronically and will not last long
-There are some common types od VDU:
CRT LCD LED
- Cathode Ray Tube - Liquid Crystal - Light-Emitting
- Is detined by Display Diode
measuring the - Are now widely
diggonal length of used with desktop
the screen computer
- The monitor screen is composed of many dots known as pixels

- Pixel is the smallest display unit of the monitor screen
- Represent one dot of an electronic image by displaying a certain
colour and light intensity
- The quality of a monitor display depends mainly on its resolution
and dot pitch.
-
- Example of CRT and LCD screen
2
- Stardard resolution of monitors include 800X600, 1024X768, 1280X1024, 1,920 x

1080, etc.
- The dot pitches of todays common monitor range about 0.26-0.28 mm
V0.99
CIT
Comparison of different types of monitors

CRT LCD
Size Larger Smaller
Radiation Higher Much lower
Power Larger Smaller
consumption
6.2.4 Multifunction Printers

- Include the functions of a variety of printing and communication
devices
- Suitable for SOHO as it takes up less space and cheaper than
buying all devices separately
2
V0.99
CIT
6.2.5 Data Projectors

- Project the computer display onto a large screen using a high-
intensity light bulb and a set of optical lenses
- Common types of projectors are LCD projectors and Digital light
processing (DLP) Projectors
- With panel resolution 1024X768 and brightness of 2000 ANSI
Iumens becomes a standard
Different between LCD projectors and DLP projectors
Uses built-in light source to Uses light more efficiently to
project the image achieve a good measure of
brightness
Cannot be seen clearly even in a Can be seen clearly even in a
well-lit room well-lit room
2
V0.99
CIT
Chapter 7: Secondary Storage Devices and Interface Cards

7.1 Secondary Storage Devices (Backing storage)
- Used to store data, Operating system and application software
on a computer system
- The stored data are retained even when the power is turned off.
7.1.1 The speed of a Secondary Storage Device

- The speed of a secondary storage device is measured byb bits
access time and data transfer rate
Access Time
- The average time taken for the device to search and read
the requied data on the storage medium
- Shorter access time means higher searching speed
Data transfer rate
- The amount of data that can be transferred between main
memory and a storage device per second (Unit: bps or
Bps).
- Higher the data transfer rate, faster the reading/writing
process is.
7.1.2 Storage Capacity(儲存容量)

- The maximum amount of data that can be stored on a storage
medium.
- There are the detail of these units are listed in the table
below:
2
Unit Abbreviat Value

ion
Kilobyt KB 1 KB = 210B = 1,024B
e
Megab MB 1 MB = 220B = 1024 KB
V0.99
CIT
yte
Gigaby GB 1 GB = 230 B = 1,024 MB
te
Terabyt TB 1 TB = 240 B = 1,024 GB
e
7.1.3 Magnetic and Optical Storage Devices

Can be classified into two categories: -
Magnetic storage devices and optical storage devices
Example magnrtic storage devices:

1. Floppy disks,
2. hard disks and
3. magnetic types
Example of Optical Storage Devices
1. CD- ROM
2. CD-R
3. DVD
4. DVD-R
7.2 Types of Secondary Storage Devices

Device Capacity Speed Unit Access Mechanism
cost per mode
byte
Floppy 1.44MB Very slow Very High Direct Magnetic
Disk
Hard Disk Up to 1TB The Very Low Direct Magnetic
fastest
Magnetic Up to 50GB Slow The Sequenti Magnetic
2
Type lowest al
CD Up to Fast Low Direct Optical
900MB
DVD Up to 17GB Very Fast Very Low Direct Optical V0.99
MO Disk Up to 9.1GB Fast Quite Direct Magneto- CIT
high Optical
Memory Up to 64GB Fast Low Direct Electronic
Card
SSD Up to Very Fast The most Direct Electronic
512GB expensiv
e
2
Name Photo
Floppy - A Piece of circular
Disk flexible plastic disk
with magnetic
coating
- Inside a square
protective casing
- Used today have a
3.5-inch magnetic
disk V0.99
- Storage capacity:
CIT
1.44MB
- Stored data in tracks
and sectors
Hard Disk - Consists of one or
more circular disks,
called platters
- Platters are made of
Aluminium, glass or
ceramic with a
magnetic coating.
- Read/White head is
responsible for
accessing the data
on one platter
surface
- To access data, the
access arm moves
the read/write head
on the platters, then
rotates the platters
to the proper
position
Magnetic - A magnetically
Types coated strip of plastic
on which data is
stored
- The type drive has to
move consecutively
through all preceding
data before it can
access the desired
data
CD-ROM Full name:
Compact Disk Read-Only
Memory
- A round plastic disk
coated with metallic
surface of the
Advantages
- Datacard:
memory can be stored
- and
DVD accessed
Small
have sizevia
inmany
- laser
Light
differenttechnology
- variations:
- Data stored in a CD-
Portable
2 - ROM
Quiet
DVD+R is represented
- byUsing
DVD-R pits and lands
direct on
access
- the
Low
DVD+RW reflective
power layer
- DVD-RW
Hold about 750MB of
consumption
data
DVD-RAM
- The original single-
speed drive could
7.3 Interface Cards

- Known as an expansion card
- A circuit board that can be slotted into the motherboard
- Expands the capabilities of a computer system
V0.99
CIT
Common types of
interface card:
Video or graphic card
Sound card
Modem card
Network interface
Video or graphic Card

- Convert computer output into video signals for display on a
monitor
- Some video cards offer added functions, such as video
capture, TV tuner adapter, MPEG-2 and MPEG-4 decoding,
Sound Card
2
V0.99
CIT
- Convert digital data into analogue audio signals so that a

computer can output audio signals through speakers
- Convert analogue sounds into digital data so that a computer
can record sound input from a microphone
Modem Card
- Transmit data over telephone lines so that a computer can be
connected to the Internet or other computers
Network Interface
2
- Transmit data over a cable so that a computer can connect to

other computers and peripherals via a network
V0.99
CIT
Chapter 8: System Software and Application Software
2
8.1 System Software, Application Software and Driver Programs

8.1.1 System Software
8.1.2 Application Software
8.1.3 Driver Programs
V0.99
CIT
8.2 The Basic Features of an Operating System
8.2.1 Basic Functions of the Operating System
8.2.2 Utility System
8.3 Common Operating Systems
8.3.1 Disk Operating System(DOS)
8.3.2 Microsoft Windows
8.3.3 Macintosh Operating System(Mac OS)
8.3.4 UNIX
8.3.5 Linux
8.3.6 Palm OS and Microsoft Windows Mobile
8.4 Cross-platform Issues
8.4.1 Machine-independent Programming Languages
8.4.2 Markup Languages
Chapter 9: Computer Network
2
9.1 The need for a Computer Network

9.1.1 Better Communication
9.1.2 Hardware Sharing
9.1.3 Centralized Data Management
V0.99
CIT
9.1.4 Software Sharing
9.1.5 Internet Access Service Sharing
9.1.6 Efficient Backup
9.2 LANs and WANs
9.2.1 Local Area Network(LAN)
9.2.2 Wide Area Network(WAN)
9.3 Connect to a computer Network
9.3.1 Network Interface Card
9.3.2 Connecting Devices
9.3.3 Network Cables
9.3.4 Wireless Networks
9.3.5 Network Topology
9.3.6 Intranet and Extranet
9.3.7 Network Operating Systems
9.4 Common Services Available in a Networked Environment
9.4.1 File Server
9.4.2 Print Server
9.4.3 Application Server

CIT Core Notes

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Исходное описание:

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

CIT Core Notes

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

CIT V0.

F.4 Computer and Information Technology

A large amount of financial resources have been spent on

Setting up computer networks

Developing computerizd education platforms

Providing broadband Internet access

Organizing training courses on information technology

Multimedia learning Projector(投影機)

Personal Computer( 個人電腦 )

Example of IT at Public Place:

2. Electronic money( 電子貨幣 )

3. Internet Access Service( 互聯網存取服務 )

Office Automation( 辦公室自動化 )

1. Electronic Service Delivery(ESD)(生活易)

1.2 Information Technology and the Information age

Why we should lifelong learning?

- Can do their work by transmitting(傳輸) data and documents to

Advantages of telecommuting are shown below:

1.2.3 Digital Divide(數碼隔膜)

People in the world are divided into two groups:

The Internet users:

The non-Internet users:

As the Internet becomes more popular and important in our daily

Chapter 2: Data and Information

2.2 Data Processing Cycle

2.2.1 Data Collection

- Usually done for a specific purpose

Common collection method:

The raw data is collected in file called source document.

2.2.2 Data Preparation

2.2.4 Data Validation

Validation for check of ISBN

2.2.5 Data Verification(確認)

2. Double data entry - Two operators enter the same

Key Field (Primary Key)

2.2.7 Processing Data

- We can use sequential(連續的) search or Binary(連續的) Search to

2.3.1 Reorganization of Information

2.3.2 Conversion of Information

2.3.3 Communication of Information

2.4 Batch Processing and Real-time Processing

2.5 Denary, Binary and Hexadecimal Number Systems

- The number systems that are used by computers

Chapter 3: Integrated Use of Common Application Software

3.1.1 Common Commands of Application Software

Chapter 4: Criteria(標準) for Effective(有效的) Presentation of

4.1 Different Ways to present Information

emohasize the key points of a message.;

- Help users understand the information more easily

4.2 Merits of Using Multimedia Elements

4.4.1 Planning for the Presentation

Section B: Computer System and Networking

- The hardware devices connected to the system called

5.2 Central Processing Unit(CPU)(中央處理器)

- CPU (Central processing Unit) is the brain(大腦) of a computer.

Arithmetic and logic Unit (ALU)

Control Unit (CU)

- Both ALU and CU contain registers.

5.2.3 Machine Cycle(機器週期)

Step of the machine cycle

5.2.4 Clock Rate and Word Size

It can handle more data for each