Propane Standby Systems ...

an overview
Propane
Propane-Air
Pump
Delivery
Propane
Station
Propane-Air
Natural
Gas
Pipeline
Vaporizer
Blender
Vapor
C H
3 8
Liuid
Vapor
Liuid
Propane
Natural Gas
Air
!uel
Propane Stora"e #an$s
%&DG'# &NC(
...about Standby Systems, Inc.
Standby Systems, Inc. is a total resource for propane peak shaving and standby
systems with over thirty years of superior service. We provide a full range of
engineering, equipment, construction and customer support.
We serve other needs of natural gas utilities and energy consumers, including:
natural gas city-gate systems for heating, metering and control!
industrial " commercial gas distribution systems, process burners and safety audits!
#$%&% and other control, communications, safety systems and software!
metering for gas, electric, water and steam systems!
training for operators, technicians and facility managers.
We hope you find Propane Standby Systems ...an overview informative.

)3)3 PL*+,-#H AV'N-' N,.#H
+&NN'AP,L&S/ +&NN'S,#A 001))-1230
-SA
PH,N' 3)4(54)(1153
!A6 3)4(541(8131
&N#'.N'# 7ttp899stand:y(;om
'+A&L ssimail<stand:y(;om
#'%(&)* #*#'+,#, -($. ,%.+# (/ W%00%('* /1 %(* .-(& W-'2 0+3%0&
'/ '2-# &/$4,+(', -($54&-(3, )4' (/' 5-,-'+& '/, '2+ -,65-+&
W%00%('-+# /1 ,+0$2%('%)-5-'* %(& 1-'(+## 1/0 % 6%0'-$45%0
6406/#+. #tandby #ystems, -nc. shall not be held liable for errors contained herein or
for incidental or consequential damages or loss in connection with the furnishing, use or
accuracy of this document. %ll information contained herein is sub7ect to change without
notice.
'his document contains proprietary information that is protected by copyright. %ll rights
are reserved. (o part of this document may be photocopied or reproduced by any other
means without the prior written consent of #tandby #ystems, -nc.
$opyright 8 9::9 ; <=99 #'%(&)* #*#'+,#, -($. %ll 0ights 0eserved.
e99.<=99.=>.<=
Propane Standby Systems ...an overview
&ntrodu;tion
) Propane Stand:y System ,peration
4 Gas 'ner"y Pro=ile
3 System Layout
1 Stora"e #an$s
0 !uel #rans=er
3 Pumps
5 Vaporizers
8 Propane-Air Blenders >+i?ers@
A Sa=ety Systems
)2 Control Systems
)) Se;urity/ #rainin" B Do;umentation
)4 Standards
Appendi?
#a:le ) #7ermodynami; Properties o= Saturated Propane
#a:le 4 #7ermodynami; Properties o= Saturated Butane
#a:le 3 P7ysi;al Constants o= Hydro;ar:ons
#a:le 1 Sample Propane-Air Data
!i"ure ) Propane DeC Points
!i"ure 4 Propane-Air DeC Points
!orm 333'D Con=idential Gas-'ner"y Pro=ile 9 Propane Stand:y System Data
&ntrodu;tion
Demand for clean-burning natural gas (composed primarily of methane) is growing around
the world. In North America, a dynamic gas-energy marketplace offers an array of
competitie choices - and risks - from wellhead to burner tip. !any gas utilities and
consumers gain enhanced security and fle"ibility - while reducing the oerall cost of
energy supply - using propane peak shaving and standby systems. !ost of these systems
produce #propane-air# for direct replacement of natural gas during peak demand periods.
Glossary
LDC Local
Distribution
Company
5&$s operate natural
gas distribution
systems linking
consumers ?
pipelines. 5&$s may
also provide gas
storage ? peaking
services.
LNG Liquefied
Natural Gas
When cooled to about
-<@=A 1, methane
becomes a liquid for
storage or transport in
insulated tanks, trucks
and ships.
LPG Liquefied
Petroleum
Gas
563 or 56-gas refers
to several gas liquids,
including propane and
butane.
NG Natural Gas
(3 is a miBture of
methane and various
other hydrocarbons
and inert gases.
NGLs Natural Gas
Liquids
(35s are hydrocarbon
components of natural
gas other than
methane, including
ethane, propane and
butane.
Propane is derived
during both natural gas
production and crude
oil refining. $ommon
trade names include
563, 56-gas and 2&-C
6ropane.
Nort7 Ameri;an Gas 'ner"y Grid8 Natural Gas and Propane >LPG@
%7at is
SNGE
SNG can mean seeral forms of $alternate$ natural gas. Synthetic Natural %as commonly
refers to the output of $coal gasification$ plants & but may also be used to indicate a mi"ture
of propane or other '(%s and air. Substitute Natural %as and Supplemental Natural %as
almost always refer to $'(%-air$ mi"tures - and $propane-air$ is the most common form.
Propane
Standby Systems
...an overview
Propane Standby Systems ...an overview offers a brief look at consumer-owned standby
systems, including general design considerations and e)uipment types.
*or further information, contact Standby Systems, Inc.
Internet+ http://standby.com ,elephone+ 612.721.447 -mail+ ssimail<stand:y(;om
Gas
Pro;essin"
Plant
NGLs
NGL !ra;tionation Plant
>'t7ane/ Propane/ Butane/ F@
NG Pipeline
Compressor Station
N
a
tu
r
a
l G
a
s
P
ip
e
lin
e
L
P
G
P
ip
e
lin
e
-nder"round LPG Stora"e
Natural Gas Produ;tion
B Gas Gat7erin" Systems
- /n land ? /ffshore -
&nterrupti:le
Natural Gas
Consumers
LPG-Air Systems
Stand:y or Base Load
H
i"
7
P
re
s
s
u
re
N
G
#
ra
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
S
y
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te
m
&n
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rm
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ia
te
P
re
s
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u
re

D
is
tri:
u
tio
n
S
y
s
te
m
#oCn
Border
Station
$ity 3ate
NG Pipeline
&nter;onne;ts
LPG 9 LPG-Air System
Base Load
LPG 9 LPG-Air
Lar"e B Small
'le;tri; PoCer Produ;ers
!uture 9 .emote
Natural Gas
Consumers
,il .e=inery
LPG
System
!irm Natural Gas
Consumers

8 9::9-<=99 #'%(&)* #*#'+,#, -($.

%ll rights reserved.
LNG
Pea$ S7avin"
Station
5iquefaction
DaporiEation
LNG
Base Load
Station
DaporiEation
LNG S7ip #ransport
LPG S7ip #ransport
Liue=ied
Petroleum Gas
LPG
Stora"e
LPG
#erminal
LNG
LPG
Liue=ied
Natural Gas
LNG
Stora"e
DaporiEation
- /ffshore -
B&G %&DG'#
&NC(
LPG-Air System
Pea$ S7avin" or Base Load
2igh 6ressure
(3 'ransmission
'o 5oad $enters
2igh 6ressure (3 'ransmission
to 5oad $enters
LPG .ail
#ransport
N
a
tu
ra
l G
a
s
L
i
u
id
s
Liue=ied
Natural Gas
LNG
Stora"e
DaporiEation
6% ,iBing
%ir
-nder"round
NG Stora"e
Satellite LNG System
Base Load 9 Pea$ S7avin"
)
Propane
Stand:y
System
,peration
(ropane standby systems
generally work as follows+
. 'i)uid is withdrawn from
the storage tank and, if
re)uired, the pressure is
raised ia motor-drien
pump.
. ,he li)uid is heated in a
apori/er and conerted
to a super-heated apor.
. 0apori/ed propane is
sometimes piped directly
to consuming appliances
that are each e)uipped
for dual-fuel (N% 1
'(%) firing. !ost
often, propane apor is
first diluted with air to
produce a #propane-air#
mi". (ropane-air is then
distributed ia the
natural-gas piping for use
without changes to
indiidual burners.
#ypi;al Propane-Air System - !loC Dia"ram
Distri:ution
System
#o Burners
Propane
Propane-Air
Pump
Delivery
Propane
Station
Propane-Air
Natural
Gas
Pipeline
Vaporizer
Blender
Vapor
C H
3 8
Liuid
Vapor
Liuid
Propane
Natural Gas
!uel
Propane Stora"e #an$s
Air
Air Compressor
>,;;asionally reuired@
4
Gas-'ner"y
Pro=ile
2hile not addressed here, the costs and terms of natural-gas supply for an indiidual
consumer need to be understood. 3f special interest are pro4ected saings and fle"ibility
associated with interruptible serice, balancing re)uirements, storage options, etc.
!ropane-system si"e and con#ig$ration depend on seeral factors. ,hese include+
Use Form 636EZ in Appendix to get help with your
standby system needs.
. si"e o# the connected gas-cons$ming %oad,
.
ma"imum5minimum instantaneo$s #%o& rates
. ma"imum cons$mption per ho$r and per day6
. press$re used for natural-gas distribution6
. #orm o# standby #$e% (undiluted propane, propane-air,
or both) suited to the task6
. specia% gas app%ications, if any, re)uiring methane
e"clusiely, such as atmosphere generators or 7N%6
. e'pected changes in gas use (e.g., plant e"pansion)6
. ins$rance re($irements (e.g., *!, I8I)6
.
vo%$me o# propane storage needed - depending on+
.
ma"imum consumption rate and #number of days#
backup desired6
.
re)uirements, if any, of natural gas utility or other
supplier6
.
aailable space and code or insurance constraints6
.
'(-gas sources and deliery ehicle si/e.
)ther $ses #or propane - such as forklifts or ehicle
fleets - should be ealuated to determine propane supply
re)uirements and system hardware.
Compete t!is "orm to #et !ep in evauatin# a propane standby system "or your ocation$
Lin$8 #7is =orm ;an :e doCnloaded as sin"le pa"e at((( 7ttp899stand:y(;om9propane9pd=9333ez(pd=
!orm333 'D
Con=idential Gas 'ner"y Pro=ile - Propane Stand:y System Data
Name
#itle
P7one '?t
!a? '?t
'mail
Company
Address
City State
Dip Country
Plant Lo;ation >&= not s7oCn a:ove@
Natural Gas Supply HoC do you pur;7ase natural "as at t7is lo;ationE
Lo;al natural "as distri:ution ;ompany
Do you pur;7ase GtransportedG "asE
Supplier
Annual natural "as ;onsumed

Natural "as delivery :asis -f both , please provide breakdown.
#otal annual natural "as ;ost
-f available, separate FdemandF and FcommodityF costs can
be provided under %ddFl -nfo below.
Load Pro=ile %7atHs your pea$ "as =loC rate and normal distri:ution pressureE
#otal ;onne;ted natural "as load
++:tu7 G,illions of )'4s per hour.H
!a;ility "as distri:ution pressure
psi" 'his is the pressure of the in-plant gas piping systemGsH.
Do you 7ave any pro;esses t7at must
use natural "as >met7ane@E

1or eBample, atmosphere generators.
Are any ;7an"es in "as use plannedE
1or eBample, facility and"or production eBpansions.

&nsuran;e Some insuran;e ;arriers 7ave spe;ial ;riteria =or propane systems(
,t7er
,t7er %7at else may :e o= interestE
Do you use propane-=ueled =or$li=tsE
-f yes, how manyI
Do you 7ave ot7er uses =or propaneE -f yes, please eBplain.
Additional &n=ormation Please provide C7atever additional in=ormation you :elieve may :e
o= use in evaluatin" a propane stand:y system =or your =a;ility(
If available, please send a site pan showing property lines and the location of natural gas meter(s).
%eturn to&
)3)3 Plymout7 Avenue Nort7 +inneapolis/ +N 001))-1230 -SA
6hone: 3)4(54)(1153 1aB: 3)4(541(8131 -nternet8 7ttp899stand:y(;om +-mail: ssimail<stand:y(;om
*S+
*es No
++:tu9De$at7erm #7erm +;=
&nterrupti:le !irm
*es No
*es No
!+ Glo:al &.&9G'-GAP
*es No
*es No
3
System Layout
A ariety of codes and technical standards (See 12, Standards) may affect the
configuration and construction of a specific propane system. ,he type of apori/er and
gas-air mi"er selected can also affect the basic layout, as can other actiities at the site.
N!PA 08
In the 9.:., the National *ire (rotection
Association publication N*(A ;<, Liquefied
Petroleum Gas Code, represents a common
minimum standard for commercial and
industrial '(-gas installations. (Note+ N*(A
;= addresses LP-Gases at tility Gas Plants!)
(:ee also+ 12, Standards.)
+inimum Distan;es
!inimum distances are re)uired between '(%
systems and arious e"posures.
*or storage containers (tanks), minimum
separations are needed from other tanks,
important buildings, ad4oining property which
may be built upon (:ee e.g., "#P$ %&, 'able
(!)!1) and from other e"posures.
N!PA 08 #a:le 3(3() >Partial Data/ 42)) 'd.H
,inim$m -istances
>etween 7ontainers, Important
>uildings and 3ther (roperties
#eet (meters)
.ater /apacity per ,o$nded or +bovegro$nd
/ontainer 0Ga%%ons1 *ndergro$nd /ontainers
/ontainers
231 to 24333 13 (?) 22 (@.A)
24331 to 34333 23 (B;) 23 (B;)
34331 to 734333 23 (B;) 72 (C?)
734331 to 534333 23 (B;) 133 (?D)
534331 to 1234333 23 (B;) 122 (?<)
1234331 to 2334333 23 (B;) 233 (AB)
2334331 to 143334333 23 (B;) 33 (=B)
6143334333 23 (B;) 433 (BCC)
(ropane apori/ers and most fuel transfer
stations (truck or rail deliery) also re)uire
separation from each other and from other
e"posures, including storage tanks, buildings
and property lines.
#7ird-Party .evieC
8eiew of a proposed '(% facility by state
and local agencies is often re)uired.
%uidelines hae also been deeloped by
insurers such as *! %lobal and Industrial 8isk
Insurers 5 %--%A(.
,t7er Propane -ses
If other uses of propane are likely at a site
(e.g., forklift or ehicle fuel), re)uirements
should be ealuated in initial plant design.
'?pansions
2here appropriate, future e"pansion of either
the standby system or the consuming plant
should be inestigated.
Small &ndustrial 9 Commer;ial Propane-Air System
Pump
!uel #rans=er Station
LPG #railer
Vaporizer
LPG Stora"e #an$
Propane-Air
Sendout
Propane-Air
Blender
Lar"e &ndustrial Propane-Air System
Pump
!uel #rans=er Station
LPG #railer
Propane-Air
Sendout
0ail 'ransfer #tation G/ptionalH
Dapor $ompressor
563 0ail $ar
Compressor>s@
Vaporizer
Propane-Air
Blender
LPG Stora"e #an$s
>Hi"7er pressures only@
Air
1
Stora"e
#an$s
!ost '(% storage tanks in standby-plant serice are steel, non-refrigerated pressure essels.
,anks are aailable in many si/es for both aboeground and underground serice. New propane
tanks are built to A:!- standards and are designed for at least C;D psig working pressure.
7ommon tank si/es and appro"imate dimensions are shown in the chart below. 'arger industrial
and commercial applications generally use B<,DDD gallon and larger tanks.
#an$ #rim
8e)uired tank trim
includes relief ales,
e"cess flow ales and
gauges for temperature,
pressure and li)uid leel.
8emote 5 automatic ale
features are often
re)uired or desired to
proide enhanced product
control and safety (:ee
also+ *, Safety Systems!)
!ire Prote;tion
At some locations,
#special protection# for
tanks (such as mounding,
burial, insulating coatings
and water-spray systems)
may be re)uired or
desired to reduce the
already small potential
for fire-induced tank
failures.
LPG Stora"e #an$s
Stora"e
Capa;ity

7*89 ): ;<*,=...

)) "allons
propane
euals )
++:tu
.elatin" Natural Gas B Propane Stora"e
,o allow for e"pansion of the li)uid propane, tanks are neer filled to BDDE. At ADF *, the
ma"imum filling density is about <;E. ,he chart and graph below show common tank si/es and
net fuel storage capacities in gallons and #millions of btus# (!!btu).
Net Propane Volume
Std( "als( < 80I =ill density
Gross Capa;ity
2
)/222
4/222
3/222
1/222
0/222
3/222
5/222
802 )/522 3/3)0 0/082 5/842 )2/422 )0/322 40/022 38/402 0)/222 53/022
58
)03
323
0))
5)3
A33
)/122
4/333
3/022
1/335
5/222
)/222 4/222 3/A22 3/030 A/422 )4/222 )8/222 10/222 32/222 32/222 A2/222
%ater "allons < )22I
++:tu 'uivalent
>) +;= J ) ++:tu@
Natural Gas
)4/222
)8/222
32/222
32/222
10/222
)/222
4/222
3/A22
3/030
A/422
A2/222
Gross
)2/422
)0/322
40/022
0)/222
38/402
Gallons
)/522
3/3)0
0/082
5/842
53/022
)/122
4/333
1/335
3/022
++:tu
58
)03
323
0))
5)3
5/222
Gallons
Net Net
Propane #an$ Capa;ity
A33
802
'6A+PL'8
A ;onsumerHs ma?imum "as use is 102 +;= per day(
!or a 0 day supply/
0 ? 102 J 4/402 +;= >or 4/402 ++:tu euiv(@
A 32/222 "allon >Cater ;apa;ity@ propane tan$
provides 40/022 net "allons propane stora"e/ or
a little more t7an 4/322 ++:tu(
++:tu
Propane #an$ Data
Diameter
)4/222
)8/222
32/222
32/222
10/222
Gallons
)/222
4/222
Len"t7
3/A22
3/030
%ei"7t
>&n;7es@ >!eet@
A/422
A2/222
32/222
1)
13
81
81
81
81
)28
)28
)3)
)3)
)3)
)3)
)3
41
)5
43
33
10
1)
33
15
3A
A2
)4/402
)5/322
44/122
32/122
0)/022
0)/122
53/422
)24/222
)03/122
3/330
1/))2
4/422
%ater Cap( >Pounds@
Appro?imate
)31
Liuid !ill
Vapor 'ualize
Liuid >#o Vaporizer@
Pressure Gau"e
80I Liuid Level Vent Valve
Liuid Level Gau"e
#emperature Gau"e
.elie= Sta;$s
Pressure .elie= Valves
'?;ess !loC 9 &nternal Valves
'mer"en;y S7uto== Valves >'SV@
Propane Pump
,ptional 'SV 9 Control
A;tuator
S7uto== Valve
Propane Liuid
Propane Vapor
'?;ess !loC 9
&nternal Valve
'SV A;tuator
.emote 9 Automati; ,peration
0
!uel #rans=er
Bo:tail
up to 3/022 "allons
#ransport
up to)2/222 "allons
.ail;ar
up to 32/222 "allons
Almost all consumer-owned standby systems are e)uipped to accept deliery of '(-gas ia
truck. A minority also use rail. In general, a consumer will get a better buy on propane if
purchased in transport or railcar )uantities.
#ru;$ !uel #rans=er Station
Plan VieC
Liquid
Vapor
'mer"en;y S7uto== Valves
Crash Post
Con;rete
>As .euired@
Breakaway
Bulkhead
#,P ,! C,NC(
G.AD'
#ru;$ !uel #rans=er Station
Side 'levation
,he location and construction of fuel transfer stations are important design factors. At
'(% plants with more than G,DDD gallons total storage capacity, N*(A ;< re)uires
emergency shutoff ales at transfer stations to allow )uick closure. A #breakaway#
feature is also re)uired to protect plant piping in the eent of a connected-truck pull away.
,rucks normally hae power-take-off pumps to transfer product. ,op-fitted railcars
re)uire the use of apor compressors to #push# the li)uid propane out and, on a secondary
cycle, recoer much of the remaining propane apor.
3
Pumps
>ecause the pressure of propane in a storage tank aries with temperature, many propane-
air systems utili/e pumps to ensure ade)uate product pressure. A wide ariety of motor-
drien pumps are aailable. *or continuous duty, redundant pump systems are adised.
3ptional controls can be applied for auto-start, etc.
Pump
Per=orman;e
Positive Displa;ement B
Horizontal &mpeller9#ur:ine Pumps
(umping a li)uid at its boiling point re)uires
careful attention to pump placement and the
design of related piping and controls. -ffectie
apor elimination is critical.
Verti;al #ur:ine Pump
Su;tion
Dis;7ar"e
Bypass >.eturn to tan$@
Su;tion Dis;7ar"e
,otor
)arrel
3rade
5
Vaporizers
:ome small propane loads can be supplied with apor drawn directly off the top of a tank.
Heat is conducted from outside the tank to the propane li)uid at a rate sufficient to support
the re)uired apori/ation. In the process, a gallon of li)uid propane will become appro".
?A cubic feet of apor. *or industrial and larger commercial loads, this simple approach to
apori/ation has limited application. Instead, #apori/ers# are used to heat the li)uid
propane, creating the needed olume of apori/ed gas.
0apori/ers are aailable in si/es from ten gallons to thousands of gallons per hour.
:eeral basic configurations are shown in the diagrams below. Note that re($ired
contro%s and sa#ety devices are not sho&n in detai%.
Dire;t !ired
With burners
providing heat for
vaporiEation, &1
vaporiEers
require
separation from
storage tanks,
fuel transfer
stations and other
eBposures.
Dire;t-!ired Vaporizer
Vapor
Liuid
Burners
Steel
,utlet
&nlet
Vessel
Dire;t-!ired %ater:at7 Vaporizer
&ndire;t-!ired
)ecause heat is
provided by
steam, electricity
or a remote fired
source, indirect-
fired vaporiEers
require less
separation from
most eBposures.
&ndire;t-!ired %ater:at7 Vaporizer 'le;tri; Vaporizer
Vapor
Liuid
,utlet
&nlet
'le;tri;
PoCer
'le;tri;
Heatin"
'lements

7*89 ): ;<*,=...

A "allon o= liuid
propane Cill
produ;e a:out 33
standard ;u:i;
=eet >s;=@ o= vapor(
'a;7 s;= o=
propane vapor
;ontains a:out
4/042 :tu o=
availa:le ener"y
C7en :urned(
%at;7 *our
DeC PointK
&ndire;t-!ired %ater:at7 Vaporizer >GDual LoopG 9 Steam@
(roper design of piping, pressure control and oerpressure
protection can ensure safe and reliable apori/er operation. *or
e"ample, the operating pressure downstream of a apori/er must
be low enough to aoid condensation of apori/ed propane under
the coldest ambient conditions. (:ee :ig$re 1 in Appendi" for
propane dew points.)
Steam Vaporizer
G)ayonet #tyleH
Vapor
Liuid
,utlet
&nlet
Steam
&nlet
Condensate
,utlet

Vapor
Liuid
,utlet
&nlet
%ater:at7
Burner
!iretu:e
>%ater9Gly;ol@
Pump
.emote Heat Sour;e
Natural
Gas or
Propane
%ater9
Gly;ol
Heater
Supply
.eturn
Burner
Vapor
Liuid
&nlet
,utlet
%ater:at7 >%ater9Gly;ol@
Pump
Supply
.eturn
Steam
Condensate
S7ell B #u:e
Heat
'?;7an"er
Vapor
Liuid
&nlet
,utlet
%ater:at7 >%ater9Gly;ol@
8
Propane-Air
Blenders
>+i?ers@
:ometimes a part - or all - of a consumer$s load can run on undiluted propane apor. ,his
normally re)uires separate distribution piping and modifications to each appliance burner
train. 'arge, centrali/ed loads such as boilers are candidates for this approach.
!ropane-air is the more uniersal approach to standby fuel. >y mi"ing appro". ;;E
propane and G;E air, a gas is produced that performs well in natural-gas burners without
indiidual ad4ustment. ,he mi" is in4ected into the natural-gas system as partial or full
replacement.
,here are seeral approaches to mi"ing propane and air, and many blender (mi"er) options
can be considered. ,he mi"er type influences selection of other e)uipment used in the
system. 7ommon types of propane-air blenders with related mi"ed-gas pressure ranges are
shown in the diagrams below.
Note that re($ired contro%s and sa#ety devices are not sho&n in detai%.

7*89 ): ;<*,=...

A propane-air
mi?ture ;ontainin"
)/152 :tu9;= 7as
:urnin"
;7ara;teristi;s
similar to natural
"as ;ontainin"
)/222 :tu9;= Cit7 a
spe;i=i; "ravity o=
(32(
>ent$ri style mi"ing systems use
high-pressure propane apor to
entrain air directly from the
atmosphere by enturi action.
0enturi systems are the most popular
choice for applications with mi"ed-
gas pressures up to B; psig. Higher
pressures can be achieed with
compressed air.
Venturi up to )0 psi"
Vaporizer
Sur"e
#an$
Vapor
Am:ient
Air
Venturi
Assem:ly
Pressure
.e"ulator
Solenoid
Valve
Liuid
&nlet
+i?ed
Gas
+tmospheric /arb$retor systems use a
#pull-thru# mi"ing ale and gas booster.
!ress$ri"ed /arb$retor systems use a
#push-thru# mi"ing ale and compressed air.
-n %ppendiB...
#ee #a:le 1 for
typical propane-air
compositions and
associated specific
gravity and Wobbe
values.
#ee !i"ure 4 for
propane-air dew
points.
Atmosp7eri; Car:uretor to )2 psi" Pressurized Car:uretor to )02 psi"
!ara%%e% !ipe systems
include a ariety of control
mechanisms (e.g., mass flow
control) to proportion
compressed air and gas.
At the top end, fully
#digital# systems, such as
::i$s !*7 series blenders,
proide ery precise control
of gas )uality under arying
process conditions.
Parallel Pipe )2 - 402 psi"
LPG
Vapor
Compressed
Air
LPG-Air
LPG-Air
Compressed Air LPG Vapor
A
Sa=ety
Systems
(ublic safety agencies, building officials, insurance carriers, the system designer and owner
may all hae roles in analy/ing ha/ards, risks and emergency-response factors for a specific
'(% facility. -nhanced safety systems can be an attractie component in addressing
concerns.
P.,PAN'
'+'.G'NC*
SH-#,!!
P-SH #, SH-# ,!!
'mer"en;y S7utdoCn System
!uel
#rans=er
Station
LPG #railer
.ail
#rans=er
Station
LPG .ail Car
'SD Control
$harge
P.,PAN'
'+'.G'NC*
SH-#,!!
P-SH #, SH-# ,!!
Control System
Gas Dete;tion >Dete;tor@
!ire Dete;tion >Dete;tor@
Li"7tin" >Pole@
!ire %ater >Nozzle@ Not S7oCn(
Le"end
'SD Pus7 Button
Note8 !ire %ater System - Not S7oCn
'SD
Stations
!inimi/ing the potential olume
and duration of accidental '(%
release is an important safety
area. >eyond the protection
against a system breech proided
by e"cess flow ales, Total
Product Control Systems and
comprehensie Emergency
ShutDo+n systems hae eoled
oer time to offer superior
containment capabilities.
,(7:5-:D applications
normally include actuated ales
to isolate all tank openings, fuel
transfer connections and other
selected piping and process
e)uipment. 8emote and
automatic closure of these ales
can )uickly seal the system.
Interlocks to main system
control, site power supply,
off-site alarms, etc. can yield
controlled, safe shutdown and
improed emergency response.
Gas B !ire
Dete;tion
Gas and #ire detection systems can be installed to monitor critical plant areas. Detection can
be integrated within an -:D system for alarm and5or automatic shutdown of the plant.
)2
Control
Systems
As with any process system, #control# of propane standby systems is a fle"ible concept. A
well-designed system will include at least basic integration of the operating e)uipment and
subsystems. >etter still, integrated control of entire systems should be considered, ensuring
that the process is made as safe, simple and reliable as possible.
&nte"rated Control Systems

-en for smaller standby systems, adanced
electronic process-control technology is easily
applied. *rom smart transmitters to ('7s to
computers, a well-e"ecuted control strategy can
delier improed accuracy and safety,
automatic gas )uality control, comprehensie
monitoring, programmed start 5 stop routines,
remote operation, and more.
7onnection with natural-gas measurement
e)uipment can allow automated #balancing# of
natural-gas delieries, aoiding potentially
large penalties for using too much (or too little)
gas. Integration with local or multi-site control
networks is also possible. In the new #real-
time# business of gas energy, a smart, reliable
standby system is certain to be a plus.
G, PA DA#A ALA.+S NG V,L D,+&N,S
P.,PAN'-A&. BL'ND'. S#A#-S
J VAP,.&D'. S#A#-S
#-N'
SEC
'SD
Pump
#an$
Blender
Vaporizer
+#&
!uel
#rans=er
NG +eter
Compressor
A&.
J
VAP #'+PS
BA#H VAP,.
)12L ! ))0L !
Control
System
P.,PAN'
'+'.G'NC*
SH-#D,%N
P-SH #,S#,P
VAP,.
30 PS&G
P.'SS-.'
))
Se;urity
:ecurity measures at '(% plants should include physical barriers such as perimeter
fencing and5or locked enclosures. Access to a facility should normally be limited to
trained personnel.
#rainin" B
Do;umentation
'(% system owners and operators need to understand the basic properties and ha/ards of
gaseous fuels as well as operating and maintenance re)uirements of a specific system. A
wealth of materials is aailable to assist with generic safety training for '(-gas.
A well-documented design and as-built construction record can help ensure long-term
success in operating and maintaining a standby plant. Detailed operating instructions are
also a must. ,hese areas can be addressed early in the design process.
)4
Standards
N!PA 08
'P()as Code
8e)uirements of arious parties affect construction and operation of '(% systems in the
9. :. ,hese may include city and state agencies, the 3ccupational :afety and Health
Administration, the -nironmental (rotection Agency, the Department of Homeland
:ecurity and insurance carriers. A similar range of re)uirements may e"ist in other
countries. A clear understanding of all applicable re)uirements is a first step in design.
,he National *ire (rotection Association publication N*(A ;<, Liquefied Petroleum Gas
Code (formerly, Standard for the Storage and ,andling of Liquefied Petroleum Gases) is
commonly applied as a minimum standard for commercial and industrial '(-gas
installations. ,he standard addresses materials of construction, installation and operation,
with reference to other standards. 'isted below are sources for other documents
considered part of N*(A ;< (CDBB -dition) re)uirements.
Section ? So$rce
C.C N:!+ !$b%ications. National *ire (rotection Association, B >atterymarch (ark, (3 >o" =BDB,
Iuincy, !A DCBA=-@G@B.
C.? )ther !$b%ications.
C.?.B +NS@ !$b%ications. American National :tandards Institute, Inc., C; 2est G?
rd
:treet, G
th
*loor, New
Jork, NJ BDD?A.
C.?.C +!@ !$b%ications. American (etroleum Institute, BCCD ' :treet, N.2., 2ashington, D7 CDDD;-
GD@D.
C.?.? +S/9 !$b%ications. American :ociety of 7iil -ngineers, B<DB Ale"ander >ell Drie, 8eston, 0A
CDB=B-GGDD.
C.?.G +S,9 !$b%ications. American :ociety of !echanical -ngineers, ,hree (ark Aenue, New Jork,
NJ BDDBA-;==D.
C.?.; +S;, !$b%ications. A:,! International, BDD >arr Harbor Drie, (.3. >o" 7@DD, 2est
7onsholhocken, (A B=GC<-C=;=.
C.?.A /G+ !$b%ications. 7ompressed %as Association, GCCB 2alney 8oad, ;
th
floor, 7hantilly, 0A
CDB;B-C=C?.
C.?.@ /S+ +merican !$b%ications. 7:A America, Inc., <;DB -ast (leasant 0alley 8oad, 7leeland, 3H
GGB?B-;;@;.
C.?.< N+/9 !$b%ications. NA7- International, BGGD :outh 7reek Drie, Houston, ,K @@D<G-G=DA.
C.?.= N==!>@ !$b%ications. National >oard of >oiler and (ressure 0essel Inspectors, BD;; 7rupper
Aenue, 7olumbus, 3H G?CC=.
C.?.BD *8 !$b%ications. 9nderwriters 'aboratories Inc., ??? (fingsten 8oad, Northbrook, I' ADDAC-
CD=A.
C.?.BB *8/ !$b%ications. 9nderwriters 'aboratories of 7anada, @ 9nderwriters 8oad, ,oronto, 3N,
7anada !I8?A=.
C.?.BC *.S. Government !$b%ications. 9L:L %oernment (rinting 3ffice. 2ashington, D7 CDGDC.
Consult each AHJ /ons$%t each a$thority having A$risdiction to determine a%% e##ective re($irements.
NFPA 58
2011Edition
N);9: ,he CDBB edition of N*(A ;< was effectie and approed as an American National
:tandard on August C;, CDBD. In some 4urisdictions, this new edition became effectie immediately.
-lsewhere, older editions of N*(A ;< may be effectie.
International
Fire Code
N);9: ,he -nternational #ire Code, published by the International 7ode 7ouncil, is adopted by
many 4urisdictions. I*7 7hapter ?< addresses '(%s.
Appendi?
#a:le ) #7ermodynami; Properties o= Saturated Propane
#a:le 4 #7ermodynami; Properties o= Saturated Butane
#a:le 3 P7ysi;al Constants o= Hydro;ar:ons
#a:le 1 Sample Propane-Air Data
!i"ure ) Propane DeC Points
!i"ure 4 Propane-Air DeC Points
!orm 333'D Con=idential Gas-'ner"y Pro=ile 9 Propane Stand:y System Data
#a:le ) #7ermodynami; Properties o= Normal Saturated P.,PAN'
-nthalpies and -ntropies are referred to saturated li)uid at -CDD F* where the alues are /ero.
A,!3:(H-8I7 (8-::98- M BG.@? (:IA
;9,! !79SS*79N
((:I)
S!9/@:@/ >)8*,9N
(7f 5 'b)
-9NS@;BN
('b 5 7f)
9N;<+8!BNN
(>tu 5 'b)
8+;9N;
<9+;NN
9N;7)!BNN
(>tu 5 'b 5 F*)
F* A>:3'9,- %A9%- 'II9ID 0A(38 'II9ID 0A(38 'II9ID 0A(38 (>tu5'b) 'II9ID 0A(38
,emp A(ress %(ress ':p0ol 0:p0ol 'Den 0Den '-nthal 0-nthal 'atent '-ntrop 0-ntrop
-;D BC.AD -C.BD D.DC@?C @.@G ?A.AD D.BC= @=.; CAC.@ B<?.C D.B@? D.AB@
-G; BG.GD -D.?D D.DC@G< A.<= ?A.?= D.BG; <C.? CAG.C B<B.= D.B@= D.AB;
-GD BA.CD B.;D D.DC@A? A.B? ?A.B= D.BA? <;.D CA;.< B<D.< D.B<; D.ABG
-?; B<.BD ?.GD D.DC@@= ;.;B ?;.== D.B<B <@.; CA@.C B@=.@ D.B=D D.AB?
-?D CD.?D ;.AD D.DC@=; G.=? ?;.@< D.CD? =D.C CA<.= B@<.@ D.B=A D.ABC
-C; CC.@D <.DD D.DC<BB G.GA ?;.;< D.CCG =C.< C@D.? B@@.; D.CDC D.ABD
-CD C;.GD BD.@D D.DC<C@ G.DD ?;.?@ D.C;D =;.A C@B.< B@A.C D.CD< D.AD<
-B; C<.?D B?.AD D.DC<GG ?.AD ?;.BA D.C@< =<.? C@?.C B@G.= D.CBG D.AD@
-BD ?B.GD BA.@D D.DC<AD ?.CA ?G.=A D.?D@ BDB.D C@G.= B@?.= D.CCD D.AD@
-; ?G.@D CD.DD D.DC<@< C.=@ ?G.@; D.??@ BD?.< C@A.C B@C.G D.CCA D.ADA
D ?<.CD C?.;D D.DC=<; C.@B ?G.;G D.?A= BDA.C C@@.@ B@B.; D.C?B D.AD;
; GB.=D C@.CD D.DC=B? C.G< ?G.?? D.GD? BD<.< C@=.D B@D.C D.C?A D.ADG
BD GA.DD ?B.?D D.DC=?B C.C@ ?G.BC D.GGB BBB.? C<D.; BA@.C D.CGA D.AD?
B; ;D.AD ?;.=D D.DC=;D C.D@ ??.=D D.G<? BBG.D C<B.< BA@.< D.CG< D.ADC
CD ;;.;D GD.<D D.DC=@D B.=D ??.A@ D.;CA BBA.< C<?.B BAA.? D.C;G D.ADB
C; AD.=D GA.CD D.DC==B B.@G ??.G? D.;@; BB=.@ C<G.G BAG.@ D.CAD D.ADD
?D AA.?D ;B.AD D.D?DBC B.AD ??.CD D.AC; BCC.? C<;.@ BA?.G D.CAA D.;==
?; @C.DD ;@.?D D.D?D?? B.G< ?C.=@ D.A@A BC;.D C<@.D BAC.D D.C@C D.;=<
GD @<.DD A?.?D D.D?D;; B.?@ ?C.@? D.@?D BC<.D C<<.? BAD.? D.C@< D.;=@
G; <G.AD A=.=D D.D?D@< B.C@ ?C.G= D.@<@ B?B.B C<=.; B;<.G D.C<; D.;=A
;D =B.<D @@.BD D.D?BDC B.B< ?C.CG D.<G@ B?G.C C=D.@ B;A.; D.C=C D.;=A
;; ==.?D <G.AD D.D?BC; B.BD ?C.DD D.=D= B?@.C C=C.D B;G.< D.C=< D.;=A
AD BD@.BD =C.GD D.D?B;D B.DB ?B.@; D.==D BGD.A C=?.C B;C.A D.?DA D.;=;
A; BB;.GD BDD.@D D.D?B@G D.=G; ?B.;D B.DAD BG?.< C=G.; B;D.@ D.?B? D.;=G
@D BCG.DD BD=.?D D.D?CDB D.<<? ?B.CG B.B?D BG@.; C=;.< BG<.? D.?CB D.;=G
@; B??.CD BB<.;D D.D?CC= D.<C; ?D.=@ B.CBD B;D.? C=A.= BGA.A D.?C@ D.;=G
<D BGC.<D BC<.BD D.D?C;@ D.@@D ?D.@D B.?DD B;G.D C==.B BG;.B D.??; D.;=?
<; B;?.BD B?<.GD D.D?C<@ D.@CC ?D.GC B.?=D B;@.D C==.C BGC.C D.?GC D.;=?
=D BAG.DD BG=.?D D.D??B@ D.A@? ?D.B; B.G=D BAD.? ?DD.? BGD.D D.?G= D.;=?
=; B@;.DD BAD.?D D.D??G< D.A?C C=.<@ B.;<D BA?.G ?DB.? B?@.= D.?;A D.;=C
BDD B<@.DD B@C.?D D.D??<B D.;=B C=.;< B.A=D BAA.< ?DC.G B?;.A D.?A? D.;=C
BD; CDD.DD B<;.?D D.D?GBA D.;;? C=.C@ B.<BD BA=.< ?D?.C B??.G D.?@D D.;=C
BBD CBC.DD B=@.?D D.D?G;? D.;CD C<.=A B.=CD B@C.< ?DG.D B?B.C D.?@A D.;=B
BB; CCA.DD CBB.?D D.D?G=? D.G<< C<.A? C.D;D B@A.C ?DG.@ BC<.; D.?<? D.;=D
BCD CGD.DD CC;.?D D.D?;?G D.G;= C<.?D C.B<D B@=.< ?D;.C BC;.G D.?=B D.;<=
BC; C;G.DD C?=.?D D.D?;@; D.G?C C@.=@ C.?BD B<?.; ?D;.< BCC.? D.?== D.;<<
B?D C@C.DD C;@.?D D.D?AB< D.GDG C@.AG C.G<D B<A.< ?DA.B BB=.? D.GDA D.;<@
B?; C<<.DD C@?.?D D.D?AAC D.?<C C@.?C C.ACD B=D.D ?DA.? BBA.? D.GB? D.;<A
BGD ?D;.DD C=D.?D D.D?@D@ D.?AD C@.DD C.@<D B=G.D ?DA.; BBC.; D.GCC D.;<;
N>ased on material from Dana, Oenkins, >urick and ,imm, .efrigerating /ngineering, Oune B=CA, 0ol. BC, No. BC, page GD?
NN*rom !ollier Diagrams for (ropane, 2.7. -dminster, :tandard 3il 7o., (Indiana)
#a:le 4 #7ermodynami; Properties o= Normal Saturated B-#AN'
-nthalpies and -ntropies are referred to saturated li)uid at -CDD F* where the alues are /ero.
A,!3:(H-8I7 (8-::98- M BG.@? (:IA
;9,
!
!79SS*79C
((:I)
S!9/@:@/ >)8*,9C
(7f 5 'b)
-9NS@;BC
('b 5 7f)
9N;<+8!BCC
(>tu 5 'b)
8+;9N;
<9+;CC
9N;7)!BCC
(>tu 5 'b 5 F*)
F* A>:3'9,- %A9%- 'II9ID 0A(38 'II9ID 0A(38 'II9ID 0A(38 (>tu5'b) 'II9ID 0A(38
,emp A(ress %(ress ':p0ol 0:p0ol 'Den 0Den '-nthal 0-nthal 'atent '-ntrop 0-ntrop
D @.?D -@.GD D.DC;=B BB.BD ?<.;= D.D=DB BD?.< C@;.? B@B.; D.CAA D.;@C
; <.CD -A.;D D.DCAD? =.=< ?<.GB D.BDD BDA.C C@A.= B@D.@ D.C?B D.;@C
BD =.CD -;.;D D.DCAB; <.=; ?<.CG D.BBC BD<.< C@<.; BA=.@ D.C?A D.;@G
B; BD.GD -G.?D D.DCAC@ <.D; ?<.D@ D.BCG BBB.; C<D.D BA<.; D.CGC D.;@B
CD BB.AD -?.BD D.DCA?= @.C? ?@.<= D.B?< BBG.D C<B.A BA@.A D.CG< D.;@B
C; B?.DD -B.@D D.DCA;B A.;; ?@.@C D.B;? BBA.@ C<?.B BAA.G D.C;G D.;@B
?D BG.GD -D.?D D.DCAAG ;.=D ?@.;G D.BA= BB=.C C<G.= BA;.@ D.CAD D.;@B
?; BA.DD B.?D D.DCA@A ;.?@ ?@.?@ D.B<A BCB.< C<A.G BAG.A D.CAG D.;@B
GD B@.@D ?.DD D.DCA<= G.<< ?@.B= D.CD; BCG.C C<<.D BA?.< D.C@D D.;@B
G; B=.AD G.=D D.DC@D? G.G@ ?@.DD D.CCG BCA.< C<=.; BAC.@ D.C@A D.;@B
;D CB.AD A.=D D.DC@BA G.D@ ?A.<C D.CGA BC=.A C=B.C BAB.A D.C<C D.;@B
;; C?.<D =.BD D.DC@?D ?.@? ?A.A? D.CA< B?C.B C=C.@ BAD.A D.C<@ D.;@D
AD CA.?D BB.AD D.DC@G? ?.GD ?A.G; D.C=G B?G.< C=G.C B;=.G D.C=? D.;@D
A; C<.=D BG.CD D.DC@;= ?.BC ?A.CG D.?CB B?@.? C=;.= B;<.A D.C=< D.;@D
@D ?B.AD BA.=D D.DC@@? C.<< ?A.DA D.?G@ BGD.B C=@.; B;@.G D.?DG D.;@D
@; ?G.;D B=.<D D.DC@<= C.A; ?;.<A D.?@@ BGC.A C=<.= B;A.? D.?BD D.;@D
<D ?@.AD CC.=D D.DC<D; C.GA ?;.A; D.GD@ BG;.D ?DD.? B;;.? D.?B; D.;@D
<; GD.=D CA.CD D.DC<CB C.C< ?;.G; D.G?= BG@.< ?DC.D B;G.C D.?CC D.;@D
=D GG.;D C=.<D D.DC<?< C.BD ?;.CG D.G@A B;D.; ?D?.; B;?.D D.?CA D.;@B
=; G<.CD ??.;D D.DC<;G B.=A ?;.DG D.;BD B;?.B ?D;.D B;B.= D.??C D.;@B
BDD ;C.CD ?@.;D D.DC<@D B.<B ?G.<G D.;;C B;A.C ?DA.@ B;D.; D.?GD D.;@B
BD; ;A.GD GB.@D D.DC<<= B.@D ?G.AC D.;<< B;=.B ?D<.B BG=.D D.?GA D.;@C
BBD AD.<D GA.BD D.DC=DA B.;< ?G.GB D.A?? BAB.= ?D=.; BG@.A D.?;C D.;@C
BB; A;.AD ;D.=D D.DC=C; B.G< ?G.B= D.A@A BA;.D ?BB.B BGA.B D.?;= D.;@C
BCD @D.<D ;A.BD D.DC=G; B.?@ ??.=A D.@?D BA@.< ?BC.@ BGG.= D.?A; D.;@C
BC; @A.DD AB.?D D.DC=AC B.C< ??.@@ D.@<? B@B.D ?BG.D BG?.D D.?@C D.;@?
B?D <B.GD AA.@D D.DC=<D B.B= ??.;A D.<GD B@G.D ?B;.; BGB.; D.?@< D.;@?
B?; <@.DD @C.?D D.D?DDD B.BB ??.?G D.=DD B@@.B ?B@.D B?=.= D.?<; D.;@?
BGD =C.AD @@.=D D.D?DCD B.DG ??.BG D.=A; B@=.= ?B<.C B?<.? D.?=B D.;@G
BG; BDD.DD <;.?D D.D?DGD D.=AA ?C.=C B.D?; B<?.B ?B=.; B?A.G D.?=< D.;@G
B;D BD<.DD =?.@D D.D?DAD D.<=@ ?C.@D B.BB; B<A.; ?CB.D B?G.; D.GD; D.;@G
B;; BB;.DD BDD.?D D.D?D<G D.<GD ?C.G? B.B=D B<=.? ?CC.? B??.D D.GBB D.;@G
BAD BCC.DD BD@.?D D.D?BBC D.@<; ?C.B; B.C@; B=C.@ ?C?.< B?B.B D.GB< D.;@;
BA; B?D.DD BB;.?D D.D?BGD D.@?? ?B.=D B.?A; B=;.< ?C;.D BC=.C D.GC; D.;@;
B@D BGD.DD BC;.?D D.D?BA; D.A<@ ?B.AC B.G;; B==.C ?CA.B BCA.= D.G?? D.;@;
B@; B;D.DD B?;.?D D.D?B=? D.AG? ?B.?A B.;;@ CDC.B ?C@.C BC;.B D.G?= D.;@;
B<D BAD.DD BG;.?D D.D?CB< D.ADC ?B.BD B.AAD CD;.D ?C<.G BC?.G D.GG; D.;@;
N>ased on material from Dana, Oenkins, >urick and ,imm, .efrigerating /ngineering, Oune B=CA, 0ol. BC, No. BC, page GDC
NN*rom !ollier Diagrams for (ropane, 2.7. -dminster, :tandard 3il 7o., (Indiana)
#a:le 3 P7ysi;al Constants o= Hydro;ar:ons
G#elected $ompounds found in 56-3asH
,ethane 9thene 9thane !ropene !ropane @so-=$tane N-=$tane +ir .ater
*ormula 7H
G
7
C
H
G
7
C
H
A
7
?
H
A
/

<
D
7
G
H
BD
7
G
H
BD
H
C
3
>apor !ress$re E 133 F:
(:I% (gauge) ..... ..... ..... CBC.; 174.D ;<.< ?@.? ..... .....
(:IA (absolute) ..... ..... ..... CC@.C 1D5.2 @?.; ;C ..... D.=;
Norma% State E S;! (N) %A: %A: %A: %A: G+S %A: %A: %A: 'II9ID
=oi%ing !oint o# 8i($id E atmospheric press$re
F* -C;<.; -B;G.@ -BC<.C -;?.= -4.D BD.= ?B.B -?B@.@ CBC
F7 -BAB.G -BD?.@ -<= -G@.@ -42.1 -BB.@ -D.; -B=G.? BDD
.eight o# 8i($id E 63 F:
(ounds 5 gallon C.; ?.? ?.BB G.?; 4.2 G.A= G.<A @.B?A <.??@
:pecific %raity .? ..... .?@G .;CB< .23D .;A? .;<G .<;A B.DDD
A(I %raity ?GD.D ..... CG@.D B?=.@ 147.3 BB=.< BBD.< BA;.? BD.D
/$bic :eet o# >apor E S;! #ormed #rom
B %allon 'i)uid P ADF* ;=.D GG.A ?=.?; ?@.= 6.42 ?D.A; ?B.@= ..... .....
B (ound 'i)uid C?.A B?.CB BC.A; <.@B D.62 A.;? A.;G ..... .....
.eight o# >apor E S;!
(ounds 5 hundred cubic foot G.CC@ @.?=? @.=C? BB.D= 11.62 B;.?B B;.?B @.AG .....
:pecific %raity (AirMB) .;;G .=A<G B.D?< B.G;C@ 1.222 C.DDA C.DDA B.DDD .....
Gross <eat o# /omb$stion
>tu 5 pound C?,=CD CB,A;D CC,?;D CB,DAD 214653 CB,C=D CB,?GD ..... .....
>tu 5 cubic foot P ADF* B,DBB B,ADB B,@@B C,??; 24221 ?,C;= ?,CA@ ..... .....
>tu 5 gallon P ADF* ..... @D,=BD A<,=DD <@,@GD 51433 ==,?DD BD?,DDD ..... .....
/# o# +ir to =$rn 1 c# o# Gas E S;! =.;; BG.C= BA.@B CB.GG 2.D7 ?B.D? ?B.D? ..... .....
!o$nds o# +ir to =$rn 1 po$nd o# Gas B@.CG BG.@A BA.B? BG.@A 12.71 B;.G= B;.G= ..... .....
9'p%osive 8imits
'ower E in Air G.= - A.C C.@; ?.D - ?.? C.D 2.3 - 2.4 B.<D B.; - B.= ..... .....
9pper E in Air BC.@ - BA.D C<.AD BD.A - B;.D BB.D 7.3 - 5.2 <.GG ;.@ - <.; ..... .....
<eat o# >apori"ation o# 8i($id E boi%ing
point G atmospheric press$re
>tu 5 pound CG; CD< CBB B<= 1D B;< BAA =C =@D.?
>tu 5 gallon @BC A<A A=A <CC 774 @GB @=@ A;A.; <D<=.G
7atio o# 8i($id >o%$me E 63 F: to
Gas >o%$me E S;! GG? ???.@ C=G.? C<?.; 272.7 CC=.? C?@.< ..... .....
:ree"ing !oint o# 8i($id E atmospheric press$re
F* -C=A.; -C@C.A -C=@.< -?DB.G -32.5 -C;;.? -CBA.= ..... ?C
F7 -B<C.; -BA=.C -B<?.C -B<;.C -1D7.7 -B;=.G -B?<.? ..... D
,o%ec$%ar .eight BA.DGC C<.D;C ?D.DA< GC.D@= 44.354 ;<.BC ;<.BC C<.=AA B<.DBA
Ga%%ons / po$nd mo% E 63 F: A.G <.; =.AG =.@ 13.41 BC.?< BB.=G G.DA C.BA
Speci#ic <eat E S;!
7p 'i)uid - >tu 5 pound 5F* ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .;;P?CF* ..... .....
7p 0apor - >tu 5 pound 5F* D.;CA D.?AC D.GB? D.?;C 3.53 D.GDA D.?=A ..... .....
7 0apor - >tu 5 pound 5F* D.GDC D.C<< D.?G@ D.C=< 3.46 D.?@? D.?A? ..... .....
7p57 0apor - >tu 5 pound 5F* B.?DA B.C;< B.B<= B.B< 1.12D B.D<< B.D= ..... .....

/ritica% /onditions
,emperature - F* -BBA.; G=.< =D.B B=A.; 236.2 C@?.C ?D;.A -CCB.? @D;
,emperature - F7 -<C.; =.= ?C.? =B.G 56.D B?G.D B;C.D -BGD.@ ?@G.B
(ressure - (:IA A@? @GC @D< AA@ 617 ;?D ;;B.D ;G@ ?CDA
(ressure - atmospheres G;.< ;D.; G<.C G;.G 42.3 ?A.B ?@.; ?@.C CB<.C
Density - pounds 5 gallon B.?;B ..... B.A=; ..... 1.DDD B.=GA B.<=B ..... .....
0olume - cubic feet 5 pound mol B.;<A ..... C.?@B ..... .12 ?.==D G.B?D ..... .....
N S;! M Standard ;emperature 1 !ressure 7onditions M ADF* 1 atmospheric pressure.
>ased on material from ,andboo0 1utane-Propane Gases, ,hird -dition, B=;B, Oenkins (ublications, Inc.
!i"ure ) Propane DeC Points
:ource+ 8uffcorn, :. D., Hoch, O. (. (B==G). /nergy Gases 2ata /3tensions, :tandby
:ystems, Inc.
#a:le 1 Sample Propane-Air Data
=t$ per
/$bic :oot
o# !+
,i't$re
H
!ropane
by
>o%$me
H
+ir
by
>o%$me
H
)2
by
>o%$me
Speci#ic
Gravity
o# !+
,i't$re
.obbe
N$mber
011
!i"ure 4 Propane-Air DeC Points
1633 6.45 6.21 7.63 1.3 1D7
B;=D A?.BD ?A.=D @.@B? B.?C< B?<D
B;<D AC.@D ?@.?D @.@=A B.?CA B?@C
B;@D AC.?D ?@.@D @.<@= B.?CG B?AG
B;AD AB.=D ?<.BD @.=AC B.?CC B?;@
1223 61.21 D.45 D.342 1.23 145
B;GD AB.BB ?<.<= <.BC< B.?B< B?GC
B;?D AD.@B ?=.C= <.CBB B.?BA B??G
B;CD AD.?C ?=.A< <.C=G B.?B B?CA
B;BD ;=.=C GD.D< <.?@@ B.?BC B?B<
1233 25.22 43.4D D.463 1.13 111
BG=D ;=.B? GD.<@ <.;GC B.?D@ B?D?
BG<D ;<.@? GB.C@ <.AC; B.?D; BC=;
BG@D ;<.?? GB.A@ <.@D< B.?D? BC<<
BGAD ;@.=G GC.DA <.@=B B.?DB BC<D
1423 27.24 42.46 D.D74 1.255 1272
BGGD ;@.BG GC.<A <.=;@ B.C=@ BCAG
BG?D ;A.@; G?.C; =.DGD B.C=; BC;@
BGCD ;A.?; G?.A; =.BC? B.C=? BCG=
BGBD ;;.=; GG.D; =.CDA B.C=B BCGB
1433 22.26 44.44 5.2D5 1.2D5 12
B?=D ;;.BA GG.<G =.?@C B.C<@ BCC;
B?<D ;G.@A G;.CG =.G;; B.C<; BCB@
B?@D ;G.?@ G;.A? =.;?< B.C<? BCBD
B?AD ;?.=@ GA.D? =.ACB B.C<B BCDC
123 2.27 46.4 5.734 1.275 1154
B?GD ;?.B@ GA.<? =.@<@ B.C@@ BB<A
B??D ;C.@< G@.CC =.<A= B.C@G BB@<
B?CD ;C.?< G@.AC =.=;C B.C@C BB@D
B?BD ;B.=< G<.DC BD.D?; B.C@D BBAC
133 21.25 4D.41 13.11D 1.22D 1112
:pecific graity alues based on propane apor at C;CD >tu5cf and
specific graity of B.;C at standard conditions.
:ource+ 8uffcorn, :. D., Hoch, O. (. (B==G-CDDG). /nergy Gases 2ata /3tensions, :tandby
:ystems, Inc.
Dew points based on ;;E5G;E propane-air mi" and natural gas
containing =;E methane.
:ource+ 8uffcorn, :. D., Hoch, O. (. (B==G). /nergy Gases 2ata /3tensions,
:tandby :ystems, Inc.
011 2obbe Number is the High Heating 0alue of the gas (e"pressed in
units $>,9 per :7*$ aboe) diided by the s)uare root of the :pecific
%raity of the gas (where the :% of Air M B.D).
P.'SS-.' >PS&G@
-02
2
02
)22
)02
2 02 )22 )02 422
D'%P,&N#
> M ! @
Propane DeCpoint Curve
>)22I C3H8@
D'%P,&N#
> M ! @
P.'SS-.' >PS&G@
-02
2
02
)22
)02
422
2 02 )22 )02 422 402 322 302 122
Sour;e8 Ener#y )ases *ata Extensions, .u==;orn/ S( D( B Ho;7/ N( P( >)AA1@(
+inneapolis/ +N8 Stand:y Systems/ &n;(
-)22
-02
2
02
)22
)02
D'%P,&N#
2 02 )22 )02 422 402 322 302 122
P.'SS-.' >PS&G@
Propane-Air DeCpoint Curve
>00I Propane 9 10I Air +i?@
> M ! @
Sour;e8 Ener#y )ases *ata Extensions, .u==;orn/ S( D( B Ho;7/ N( P( >)AA1@(
+inneapolis/ +N8 Stand:y Systems/ &n;(
Propane-Air
02I Natural Gas
02I Propane-Air B
-)22
-02
2
02
)22
2 02 )22 )02 422
P.'SS-.' >PS&G@
02I Propane-Air B
02I Natural Gas
Propane-Air D'%P,&N#
> M ! @
Notes
Compete t!is "orm to #et !ep in evauatin# a propane standby system "or your ocation$
Lin$8 #7is =orm ;an :e doCnloaded as sin"le pa"e at((( 7ttp899stand:y(;om9propane9pd=9333ez(pd=
!orm 333 'D
Con=idential Gas 'ner"y Pro=ile - Propane Stand:y System Data
Name
#itle
P7one '?t
!a? '?t
'mail
Company
Address
City State
Dip Country
Plant Lo;ation >&= not s7oCn a:ove@
Natural Gas Supply
HoC do you pur;7ase natural "as at t7is lo;ationE
Lo;al natural "as distri:ution ;ompany
Do you pur;7ase GtransportedG "asE

Supplier
Annual natural "as ;onsumed

Natural "as delivery :asis -f both , please provide breakdown.
#otal annual natural "as ;ost
-f available, separate FdemandF and FcommodityF costs can
be provided under %ddFl -nfo below.
Load Pro=ile
%7atHs your pea$ "as =loC rate and normal distri:ution pressureE
#otal ;onne;ted natural "as load
++:tu7 G,illions of )'4s per hour.H
!a;ility "as distri:ution pressure
psi"
'his is the pressure of the in-plant gas piping systemGsH.
Do you 7ave any pro;esses t7at must
use natural "as >met7ane@E

1or eBample, atmosphere generators.
Are any ;7an"es in "as use plannedE

1or eBample, facility and"or production eBpansions.

&nsuran;e
Some insuran;e ;arriers 7ave spe;ial ;riteria =or propane systems(
,t7er
,t7er
%7at else may :e o= interestE
Do you use propane-=ueled =or$li=tsE
-f yes, how manyI
Do you 7ave ot7er uses =or propaneE
-f yes, please eBplain.
Additional &n=ormation
Please provide C7atever additional in=ormation you :elieve may :e
o= use in evaluatin" a propane stand:y system =or your =a;ility(
If available, please send a site pan showing property lines and the location of natural gas meter(s).
%eturn to&
)3)3 Plymout7 Avenue Nort7 +inneapolis/ +N 001))-1230 -SA
6hone: 3)4(54)(1153 1aB: 3)4(541(8131 -nternet8 7ttp899stand:y(;om +-mail: ssimail<stand:y(;om
*es No
++:tu9De$at7erm #7erm +;=
&nterrupti:le !irm
*es No
*es No
!+ Glo:al &.&9G'-GAP
*es No
*es No
USA

)3)3 PL*+,-#H AV'N-' N,.#H
+&NN'AP,L&S/ +&NN'S,#A 001))-1230
-SA
PH,N' 3)4(54)(1153
!A6 3)4(541(8131
&N#'.N'# 7ttp899stand:y(;om
'+A&L ssimail<stand:y(;om