HANDOUT

ACADEMIC YEAR: 2012-2013

ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
CLASS : IV B.TECH-I SEM
NAME OF THE STAFF MEMBER: Mrs K.LALITHA, Asst.Prof., EEE
IMPORTANCE OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS:
Distribution system is one part of the Electric Power system.It is very near to the customers
compared to the generation and transmission systems.Therefore distribution system planning
starts at the consumer level.System planning is essential to assure the growing demand for
electricity which is both technically adeuate and reasonably economic.The ob!ective of the
distribution system planning is to assure the growing demand for electricity,in terms of
increasing growth rates and high load densities in an optimum way and reasonably economical.

OBECTIVES OF ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS:
The ob!ective is to guide the students about the distribution system which is the part of an
Electrical Power System and is the most important from the customer point of view. The proper
planning of distribution system ensures reliable and economic power.
PRESCRIBED TE!T BOOKS AND REFERENCE BOOKS
1.TE!T BOOKS:
T1" #Electric Power Distribution System, Engineering$"by Turan %onen,&c
%raw"hill 'oo( )ompany.
T2" Electric Power Distribution " by A.S.Pabla, Tata &c %raw"hill Publishing
company,*
th
edition ,+,,-.
2.REFERENCES:
R1" .Electrical Power Distribution and Automation by S. Sivanagar!u, ..San(ar,
Dhanpat /ai 0)o,1223.
R2". Electrical Power Distribution Systems by ..4amara!u,/ight Publishers.
3. "UIDANCE ON URLS RELATED TO THE SUBECTS:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power_distribution

www.cfroundtable.org/meetings/060206/eaton.pdf
#.SESSION PLANS $ REVISION SCHEDULE:
In the beginning of the every ne5t class the previous topic will be reviewed for a while,
besides, after completing one unit again entire unit will be reviewed in a class for one period.
%. A& ASSI"NMENT:
Assignments will be given on the topic so far completed in the unit.
B& TUTORIALS: Tutorials will be arranged according to the Instructions received from the
6ead of the Department.
'.DISTRIBUTION OF SESSONAL MARKS:
The performance of the student will be evaluated for +22
mar(s in the sub!ect #Electrical Distribution Systems7. As per the 89T: curriculum, the
distribution shall be 12 mar(s for Internal evaluation and ;2 mar(s for the end semester
descriptive type e5amination.
In internal evaluation ,there will be two ob!ective tests for the duration of 12
minutes each and descriptive type tests for duration of ,2 minutes. <ut of * internal
tests ,best three tests will be considered for the award of 12 sessional mar(s.
(. ATTENDANCE:
Attendance will be called for the students in the beginning of the every class.
LESSON PLAN
UNIT
NO.
TOPICS TO BE COVERED
NO. OF
PERIODS
RE)UIRED
REFERENCE
BOOKS
I
+.+ Introduction to Distribution systems
+.1 =oad modelling and characteristics
+.> ?actors
+.* /elationship between the load factor and loss factor.
+.@ )lassification of loads
1
1
>
+
1
T+,/1
II
1.+ Design )onsiderations of Distribution ?eeder
1.1/adial and loop types of primary feeders
1.> .oltage levels,feeder loading
1.*Design practice of the secondary distribution
system,problems
>
1
1
>
T1
III
>.+=ocation of Substations

>.1 /ating of distribution substation
>.> Service area within primary feeders
>.* 'enefits derived through optimal location of substations
1
1
1
*
T+
IV
*.+ .oltage drop and power loss calculationsA
*.1 Derivation for voltage drop and power loss in lines,
*.> &anual methods of solution for radial networ(s,
*.* Three phase balanced primary lines
1
>
>
1
T+
@.+ <b!ectives of distribution system protection,

@.1 Types of common faults
@.> Procedure for fault calculations
+
*
+
+
V
@.* Protective Devices
@.@ Principle of operation of ?uses,)ircuit /eclosures,
line sectionaliBes and circuit brea(ers.

>
T+,/+
VI
3.+ )oordination of Protective Devices
3.1 %eneral coordination procedure
*
* T+
VII
-.+ )apacitive compensation for power"factor control
-.1 Different types of power capacitors, shunt and series
capacitors,
-.> Effect of shunt capacitor
-.* Series )ompensation
-.@ Power factor correction
-.3 Economic !ustification

-.- Procedure to determine the best capacitor location.
+
>
+
+
1
1
>
Cadhwa
VIII
.oltage )ontrol
Euipment for voltage control
Effect of series capacitors
Effect of A.'DA./
=ine drop compensation.
+
>
1
1
+
T+
Total classes ;2E
E=esson Plan may change as per the convenience.
ASSI"NMENT )UESTIONS
UNIT-I:
+FaG E5plain how the load growth in a distribution system can be obtained.
FbG A distribution substation e5periences an annual pea( load of >,@22 (C. The
total annual energy supplied to the primary feeder circuits is +2- (Ch. ?ind
i. the annual average power
ii. the annual load factor
1 FaGDiscuss why loads are classified in distribution systems and how they are classifiedH
FbGE5plain the different load characteristics and their modeling.
>FaGE5amine the present trend for the future distribution system planning.
FbG E5plain the various factors affecting the distribution system planning.
UNIT-IIA
+FaG 6ow do you apply the concept of A')D constants to radial feeders. I;J
FbG Derive an euation for receiving end voltage
.
1 FaG Discuss the basic differences between radial and loop types of primary distri"
bution feeders.
FbG E5plain their basic design considerations.
FcG The annual input to a sub " transmission system is ;-322&wh. <n the pea(
load day of the year, the pea( is 1@&w and the energy input on that day is
>22&wh. ?ind the load factor for the year and for the pea( load day.
>.Discuss in detail the factors which influence the selection of primary feeder
/ating
UNIT-III:
+ FaG A > " K, *.+3(. wye grounded feeder main has * copper conductors with
an euivalent spacing of +.2 m between phase conductors and a lagging load
power factor of 2.,. Determine the L($ constant of the main feeder. =et r M
+.@2>Dm and 5M2.-*@3 Dm. Also calculate the percent voltage drop in the
main if a lumped sum load of @22 (.A with a lagging p.f. of 2., is connected
at the end of +m long feeder main.
FbG =ist out the benefits obtained from optimal location of substations.
1 aG )ompare four and si5 feeder patterns.
FbG &ention the various factors that are to be considered in selecting the location
of substation.
>. 6ow do you analyse a substation service area with Ln$ primary feeders.
UNIT- IV:
+.Show that power loss due to load currents of the two phase, > wire lateral with
full capacity neutral is e5actly eual to 1.1@ times larger than the one in which
euivalent three phase lateral is used.
Also prove that .D pu,1K M 1.+ N .Dpu,>K for the above system.
.
1.Derive the e5pression for voltage drop and power loss for > phase balanced system
and non"three phase system. )ompare both of them.
*. %ive a detailed analysis of suare shaped and he5agonal shaped distribution sub"
station areas.
UNIT-V:
+.Chat are the different types of over current protective devices and e5plain their
merits and demerits.
1.FaG Chat are the types of common faults that occur in a distribution systemH
E5plain them with proper line diagram.
FbG )onsidering a typical e5ample, describe the procedure for fault current calcu"
lations in a distribution system, mentioning the assumptions to be made for
the analysis.

>.Discuss the procedure for fault current calculation in following faultsA
FaG >"phase fault.
FbG Single =ine"%round fault.
FcG Double =ine"%round fault.
FdG =ine " =ine fault.
UNIT-VI:
+FaG E5plain the principle of operation of line sectionaliBer
FbG E5plain the coordination procedure between fuse and circuit brea(er.
1FaG E5plain the salient points in general co"ordination procedure.
FbG E5plain ?use"/ecloser coordination.
UNIT-VII:
+FaG Cith the help of a phasor diagram, show how a series capacitor boosts the
voltageH Chat are the drawbac(s of this methodH
FbG A synchronous motor having a power consumption of @24C is connected in
parallel with a load of 1224C a lagging p.f of 2.;. If the combined load has
a power actor of 2.,, what is the value of leading reactive 4.A supply by the
motor and at what p.f is it wor(ing
1FaG E5plain the effect of shunt compensation on distribution system.
FbG A >"phase substation transformer has a name plate rating of -1@24.A and a
thermal capability of +12O of the name plate rating. If the connected load is
;;+34.A with a 2.;@pf lagging p.f., determine the followingA
i. The 4.A/ rating of the shunt capacitor ban( reuired to decrease the
4.A load of the transformer to its capability level.
>FaG 'riefly e5plain the economic !ustification for capacitors installation .
FbG Cith the help of a phasor diagram, show how a series capacitor boosts the
voltageH Chat are the drawbac(s of this methodHii. The power factor of the corrected level.
UNIT- VIII:
+.A >"phase transformer rated -2224.A and has a over load capability of +1@O of
the rating. If the connected load is ++@24.A with a 2.; pf FlagG, determine the
following A
FaG The 4.A/ rating of shunt capacitor ban( reuired to decrease the 4.A load
of the transformer to its capability level,
FbG the p.f. of the corrected level
1FaG Crite short notes on any two methods of voltage control
FbG #.oltage control and p.f. correction why these are necessary in power systems
Chat are the disadvantages of low voltage and low p.f. of the system
>.FaG Describe the operation of A./DA.' with neat diagram.
FbG E5plain the basic functions of booster transformer and how it increases the
line voltage.