AP Chemistry Course and Exam Description

160
Appendix B: AP Chemistry
Equations and Constants
ADVANCED PLACEMENT CHEMISTRY EQUATIONS AND CONSTANTS
Throughout the test the following symbols have the definitions specified unless otherwise noted.
L, mL = liter(s), milliliter(s) mm Hg = millimeters of mercury
g = gram(s) J, kJ = joule(s), kilojoule(s)
nm = nanometer(s) V = volt(s)
atm = atmosphere(s) mol = mole(s)
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
E = h
c =



E = energy
= frequency
= wavelength
Plancks constant, h = 6.626 10
34
J s

Speed of light, c = 2.998 10
8
ms
1

Avogadros number = 6.022 10
23
mol
1


Electron charge, e = 1.602 ! 10
19
coulomb
EQUILIBRIUM

K
c
=
[C] [D]
[A] [B]
c d
a b
, where a A + b B c C + d D
K
p
=
C
A B
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
c d
D
a b
P P
P P

K
a
=
[H ][A ]
[HA]


K
b
=
[OH ][HB ]
[B]


K
w
= [H
+
][OH

] = 1.0 10
14
at 25C
= K
a
K
b

pH = log[H
+
] , pOH = log[OH

]

14 = pH + pOH
pH = pK
a
+ log
[A ]
[HA]

pK
a
= logK
a
, pK
b
= logK
b

Equilibrium Constants
K
c
(molar concentrations)
K
p
(gas pressures)
K
a
(weak acid)
K
b
(weak base)
K
w
(water)


KINETICS

ln[A]
t
ln[A]
0
= kt

0
A A
1 1
t
= kt

t

=
0.693
k

k = rate constant
t = time
t

= half-life
ADVANCED PLACEMENT CHEMISTRY EQUATIONS AND CONSTANTS
Throughout the test the following symbols have the definitions specified unless otherwise noted.
L, mL = liter(s), milliliter(s) mm Hg = millimeters of mercury
g = gram(s) J, kJ = joule(s), kilojoule(s)
nm = nanometer(s) V = volt(s)
atm = atmosphere(s) mol = mole(s)
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
E = h
c =



E = energy
= frequency
= wavelength
Plancks constant, h = 6.626 10
34
J s

Speed of light, c = 2.998 10
8
ms
1

Avogadros number = 6.022 10
23
mol
1


Electron charge, e = 1.602 ! 10
19
coulomb
EQUILIBRIUM

K
c
=
[C] [D]
[A] [B]
c d
a b
, where a A + b B c C + d D
K
p
=
C
A B
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
c d
D
a b
P P
P P

K
a
=
[H ][A ]
[HA]


K
b
=
[OH ][HB ]
[B]


K
w
= [H
+
][OH

] = 1.0 10
14
at 25C
= K
a
K
b

pH = log[H
+
] , pOH = log[OH

]

14 = pH + pOH
pH = pK
a
+ log
[A ]
[HA]

pK
a
= logK
a
, pK
b
= logK
b

Equilibrium Constants
K
c
(molar concentrations)
K
p
(gas pressures)
K
a
(weak acid)
K
b
(weak base)
K
w
(water)


KINETICS

ln[A]
t
ln[A]
0
= kt

0
A A
1 1
t
= kt

t

=
0.693
k

k = rate constant
t = time
t

= half-life
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2013 Te College Board.
Appendix B
161
GASES, LIQUIDS, AND SOLUTIONS

PV = nRT
P
A
= P
total
X
A
, where X
A
=
moles A
total moles

P
total
= P
A
+ P
B
+ P
C
+ . . .
n =
m
M

K = C + 273

D =
m
V

KE per molecule =
1
2
mv
2

Molarity, M = moles of solute per liter of solution

A = abc


1 1
pressure
volume
temperature
number of moles
mass
molar mass
density
kinetic energy
velocity
absorbance
molar absorptivity
pathlength
concentration
Gas constant, 8.314 J mol K
0.08206
P
V
T
n
m
D
KE
A
a
b
c
R

M
1 1
1 1
L atm mol K
62.36 L torr mol K
1atm 760 mm Hg
760 torr
STP 0.00 C and 1.000 atm

THERMOCHEMISTRY/ ELECTROCHEMISTRY

products reactants
products reactants
products reactants
ln
f f
f f
q mc T
S S S
H H H
G G G
G H T S
RT K
n FE
q
I
t

heat
mass
specific heat capacity
temperature
standard entropy
standard enthalpy
standard free energy
number of moles
standard reduction potential
current (amperes)
charge (coulombs)
t
q
m
c
T
S
H
G
n
E
I
q
t

ime (seconds)
Faradays constant , 96, 485 coulombs per mole
of electrons
1 joule
1volt
1coulomb
F

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2013 Te College Board.