p. II.

1/1
T
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t

P
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
a


-


G
e
r
h
a
r
d

E
d
e
r
,

I
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
e

o
f

P
o
l
y
m
e
r

S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,


L
i
n
z

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
,

A
u
s
t
r
i
a

-

S
S
2
0

!
Chapter II.1 Flow Phenomena Laminar Flow
"ha#ter II $ %lo& Phenomena

'rans#ort of momentum

(esistance due to )oundaries or o)stacles in the flo& field

laminar means$ the fluid elements move in *almost+ #arallel streamlines
&ith different velocities leadin, to a velocity gradient
'&o -inds of flo&$ laminar turbulent
II. $ Laminar %lo&
/
y
t
0
t

v
/
*y+
( )
x
yx
dv y
dy
t h h r = - = viscosity with in Pa.s
s#ecial case -
incom#ressi)le fluids$
( ( ))
x
yx
d v y
dy
r
t = -
%irst inde/ in t$
direction of ,radient
Second inde/ in t$
direction of flo&
p. II.1/2
T
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t

P
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
a


-


G
e
r
h
a
r
d

E
d
e
r
,

I
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
e

o
f

P
o
l
y
m
e
r

S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,


L
i
n
z

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
,

A
u
s
t
r
i
a

-

S
S
2
0

!
Chapter II.1 Flow Phenomena Laminar Flow
E/am#les for relations )et&een shear stress and velocity ,radient$
linear linear &ith offset #o&er la&
h 0 *1e&tonian+ t
0
0 yield stress n 0 #o&er la& inde/
viscosity K 0 viscosity for s
-
%irst &e consider a fe& very im#ortant cases of flo&s &ith sim#le relationshi#s
p. II.1/3
T
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t

P
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
a


-


G
e
r
h
a
r
d

E
d
e
r
,

I
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
e

o
f

P
o
l
y
m
e
r

S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,


L
i
n
z

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
,

A
u
s
t
r
i
a

-

S
S
2
0

!
Chapter II.1 Flow Phenomena Laminar Flow
II..a $ Stationary laminar flo& )et&een t&o horizontal #lates
23
p
1
223
p
2
x
y
W
L
d
L 0 len,th
d 0 thic-ness
W 0 &idth
'he )alance e4uation reads in this case$
( )
, , , ,
0;
0;
( )
( ) ( )
x
V in x in V out x out x
d v
V v v F
dt
r
f r f r
=
=
= - +

constant flow and cross section

stationarity
'he e4uation is reduced to a mere force )alance$
0
x
F =

'his force )alance reads for the test volume &ith coordinates *05x65L, 05y65y,
05z65W+ as follo&s$
1 2
0 ( ) ( ) ( )
x yx
F p Wy p Wy LW t = = - -

volume forces surface force

and thus$
1 2
( )
yx
p p
y y
L
t
-
=
p. II.1/4
T
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t

P
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
a


-


G
e
r
h
a
r
d

E
d
e
r
,

I
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
e

o
f

P
o
l
y
m
e
r

S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,


L
i
n
z

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
,

A
u
s
t
r
i
a

-

S
S
2
0

!
Chapter II.1 Flow Phenomena Laminar Flow
1 2
( )
x
dv y p p
y
dy L h
-
= - %or 1e&tonian li4uids one ,ets$
'he solution of this e4uation &ith )oundary conditions$
( ) 0
2
for
x
d
v y y = =
reads$
In #articular one has for
the ma/imum velocity$
2
1 2
max
(0)

x
p p d
v v
L h
-
= =
for the mean velocity$
/ 2
2
1 2
max
/ 2
1 2
( )
12 3
d
x
d
p p d
v v y dy v
d L h
+
-
-

= = =

and the velocity ,radient at the &all$

1 2
/ 2
( )
2
x
y d
dv y p p d
dy L h
=
-
= -
2
2
1 2
2
( ) 1

x
p p d y
v y
L d h

-

= -





p. II.1/!
T
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t

P
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
a


-


G
e
r
h
a
r
d

E
d
e
r
,

I
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
e

o
f

P
o
l
y
m
e
r

S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,


L
i
n
z

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
,

A
u
s
t
r
i
a

-

S
S
2
0

!
Chapter II.1 Flow Phenomena Laminar Flow
II..) $ Stationary laminar flo& throu,h a horizontal circular tu)e
'he )alance e4uation reduces a,ain to a force )alance, &hich reads for the
test volume &ith coordinates *x

5x65x
2
, 05r'5r+ as follo&s$$
2 2
1 2 2 1
0 ( ) ( ) (2 ( ))
x rx
F p r p r r x x p p t p = = - - -

and thus$
1 2
2 1
( )
2
rx
p p r
r
x x
t
-
=
-
R 0 radius
r 0 radial coordinate
x 0 a/ial coordinate
R
r
x
2
-x

r
x
%or 1e&tonian li4uids one ,ets$
1 2
1 2
( )
2
x
dv r p p r
dr x x h
-
=
-
p. II.1/"
T
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t

P
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
a


-


G
e
r
h
a
r
d

E
d
e
r
,

I
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
e

o
f

P
o
l
y
m
e
r

S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,


L
i
n
z

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
,

A
u
s
t
r
i
a

-

S
S
2
0

!
Chapter II.1 Flow Phenomena Laminar Flow
'he solution of this e4uation &ith )oundary conditions$
( ) 0 for
x
v y y R = =
reads$
and for the mean velocity$
2
1 2
max
2
2 1 0
1 1
( ) 2
2
R
x
p p R
v v r r dr v
R x x
p
p h
-

= = =

-

2
2
1 2
2 1
( ) 1
4
x
p p R r
v r
x x R h

-

= -



-


%or the velocity ,radient at the &all$
1 2
1 2
( )
2
x
r R
dv r p p R
dr x x h
=
-
= -
-
In #articular one has for the
ma/imum velocity$
2
1 2
max
2 1
4
p p R
v
x x h
-
=
-
and for the volume flu/ *Hagen-Poisseuille+$
4
2
1 2
2 1

V
p p R
R v
x x
p
f p
h
-
= =
-
p. II.1/#
T
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t

P
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
a


-


G
e
r
h
a
r
d

E
d
e
r
,

I
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
e

o
f

P
o
l
y
m
e
r

S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,


L
i
n
z

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
,

A
u
s
t
r
i
a

-

S
S
2
0

!
Chapter II.1 Flow Phenomena Laminar Flow
II..c $ Stationary laminar flo& throu,h a horizontal annulus
'he )alance e4uation reduces a,ain to a
force )alance, &hich reads for the test
volume &ith coordinates *05x65L, r5r'5r7dr+
as follo&s$
1 2
0 (2 ) (2 ) (2 $ ) (2 $ )
x rx rx
r r dr
F p r dr p r dr r L r L p p t p t p
+
= = - + -

#ressure forces shear forces

Since one has$
( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) )
rx rx rx
r dr r
d r r r r r r dr t t t
+

= -

one ends at$
1 2
( ( ) )
rx
p p
d r r r dr
L
t
-
=
%irst inte,ration leads to$
1 2 1
( )
2
rx
p p C
r r
L r
t
-
= +
&ith some inte,ration constant C

p. II.1/
T
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t

P
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
a


-


G
e
r
h
a
r
d

E
d
e
r
,

I
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
e

o
f

P
o
l
y
m
e
r

S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,


L
i
n
z

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
,

A
u
s
t
r
i
a

-

S
S
2
0

!
Chapter II.1 Flow Phenomena Laminar Flow
%or 1e&tonian li4uids the second inte,ration leads to$
'he shear stress is zero and the
velocity is ma/imum at radial
#osition
( )
( )
2
1
2ln
a
b
r b
b
a
-
=
2
1 2 1
2
1
( ) ln( )
4
x
p p C
v r r r C
L h h
-
= + +
( ) 0
x
v r r a r b = = = for and
&ith a second inte,ration constant. Usin, as )oundary conditions the
21o flo& condition3 at the t&o &alls$
one ,ets the follo&in, velocity distri)ution$
( )
2
2
2
1 2
1
( ) 1 ln
4
ln( )
x
a
p p b r r
b
v r
b
L b b
a
h

-
-

= - +





p. II.1/%
T
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t

P
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
a


-


G
e
r
h
a
r
d

E
d
e
r
,

I
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
e

o
f

P
o
l
y
m
e
r

S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,


L
i
n
z

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
,

A
u
s
t
r
i
a

-

S
S
2
0

!
Chapter II.1 Flow Phenomena Laminar Flow
II..d $ %lo& caused )y movin, surfaces
In contrast to II..c &e re#lace the #ressure
forces )y an a/ial movement of the inner
cylinder.
'he )alance e4uation reduces a,ain to a
force )alance, &hich reads for the test
volume &ith coordinates *05x65L, r5r'5r7dr+
as follo&s$
0 (2 $ ) (2 $ )
x rx rx
r r dr
F r L r L t p t p
+
= = + -

only shear forces

'hus one ,ets$
1
( ( ) )
0 ( )
rx
rx
d r r
r r C
dr
t
t = =
Second inte,ration for 1e&tonian li4uids leads to$
1
2
( ) ln( )
x
C
v r r C
h
= - +
0
( ) 0 ( )
x x
v r r b v r v r a = = = = for and for
&ith a second inte,ration constant. Usin, as )oundary conditions the
conditions at the t&o &alls$
one ,ets the follo&in, velocity distri)ution$
p. II.1/10
T
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t

P
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
a


-


G
e
r
h
a
r
d

E
d
e
r
,

I
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
e

o
f

P
o
l
y
m
e
r

S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,


L
i
n
z

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
,

A
u
s
t
r
i
a

-

S
S
2
0

!
Chapter II.1 Flow Phenomena Laminar Flow
'he shear stress distri)ution is
,iven )y$
( )
0
1
( )
ln
rx
v
r
b r
a
h
t =
In the limitin, case b/a87x &ith
small x one o)tains the follo&in,
a##ro/imation$
( ) ( )
( )
2
0 0 0 0
2 2
1 1 2
( )
1
ln 1 1
rx
v v v v a b a a
r
b r r r b a b a r b a b
a
a
h h h h
t
+
= ! = =
- + -
-
+ -
%or r 8 a,b the limitin, e/#ressions of the fi,ure a)ove are o)tained. In the
denominator of the last e/#ression a
2
can also )e re#laced )y b
2 .
( )
( )
0
ln
( )
ln
x
b
r
v r v
b
a
=
p. II.1/11
T
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t

P
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
a


-


G
e
r
h
a
r
d

E
d
e
r
,

I
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
e

o
f

P
o
l
y
m
e
r

S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,


L
i
n
z

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
,

A
u
s
t
r
i
a

-

S
S
2
0

!
Chapter II.1 Flow Phenomena Laminar Flow
II..e $ %lo& caused )y movin, surfaces *rotatin, inner tu)e+
In contrast to II..d &e re#lace the a/ial movement of the
inner cylinder )y a rotation &ith rotational s#eed n in s
-
.
Instead of a force )alance &e have no& a )alance
e4uation for the tor4ue *rotational moments+, &hich reads
for the test volume &ith coordinates *05x'5L, r5r'5r7dr+ as
follo&s$
0 $.(2 $ ) $.(2 $ )
r r
r r dr
M r r L r r L
" " "
p t p t
+
= = + -

lever . force
'hus one ,ets$
2
2
1
( ( ) )
0 ( )
r
r
d r r
r r C
dr
"
"
t
t = =
In cylinder coordinates one has for the 1e&tonian la&$
r
v
d
r
r
dr
"
"
t h



=
9hich leads finally to$
&ith a second inte,ration constant C
2
.
1 2
( )
2
C C
v r r
r
"
h h
= -
p. II.1/12
T
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t

P
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
a


-


G
e
r
h
a
r
d

E
d
e
r
,

I
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
e

o
f

P
o
l
y
m
e
r

S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,


L
i
n
z

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
,

A
u
s
t
r
i
a

-

S
S
2
0

!
Chapter II.1 Flow Phenomena Laminar Flow
2 2 2
2 2
( )
na b r
v r
b a r
"
-
=
-
0
( ) ( ) 0 v r v na r a v r r b
" "
= = = = = for and for
Usin, as )oundary conditions the conditions at the t&o &alls$
one ,ets the follo&in, velocity distri)ution$
And for the shear stress distri)ution$
2 2
2 2 2
2
( )
r
na b
r
b a r
#
h
t =
-
%or the tor4ue one has of course$
( )
( )
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
( ) ( ) 2 ( ) 4
( ) ( ) 2 ( ) 4
r
r
a b
M a a F a a aL a L n
b a
a b
M b b F b b bL b L n
b a
" " #
" " #
p t p h
p t p h

= = =

-
=

= = =

-
p. II.1/13
T
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t

P
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
a


-


G
e
r
h
a
r
d

E
d
e
r
,

I
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
e

o
f

P
o
l
y
m
e
r

S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,


L
i
n
z

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
,

A
u
s
t
r
i
a

-

S
S
2
0

!
Chapter II.1 Flow Phenomena Laminar Flow
II..f $ %lo& throu,h #i#es &ith other cross sections
In II..a flo& throu,h #arallel #lates and in II..) flo& throu,h circular #i#es
have )een considered. %or elli#tic, trian,ular and s4uare cross sections also
analytical solutions e/ist.
'he results can )e summarized in ,eneralizin, the result from II..a
&here d is a characteristic thic-ness and B a characteristic &idth of the #i#e.
'he follo&in, fi,ure ,ives the flo& coefficient M
0
for stationary flo& of
1e&tonian li4uids in various cross-sections as functions of the ratio d:B $
for the volumetric flo& rate$
3
12
V
p Bd
v Bd
L
f
h
$
= =
)y introduction of a flow coefficient M
0
to$
3
0
12
V
p Bd
M
L
f
h
$
=
p. II.1/14
T
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t

P
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
a


-


G
e
r
h
a
r
d

E
d
e
r
,

I
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
e

o
f

P
o
l
y
m
e
r

S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,


L
i
n
z

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
,

A
u
s
t
r
i
a

-

S
S
2
0

!
Chapter II.1 Flow Phenomena Laminar Flow
p. II.1/1!
T
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t

P
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
a


-


G
e
r
h
a
r
d

E
d
e
r
,

I
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
e

o
f

P
o
l
y
m
e
r

S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,


L
i
n
z

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
,

A
u
s
t
r
i
a

-

S
S
2
0

!
Chapter II.1 Flow Phenomena Laminar Flow
II.., $ 1on-stationary flo&
1e/t &e consider the #ro)lem, that for
a 1e&tonian fluid at rest occu#yin,
the half-infinite s#ace *y ;0+ the
confinin, &all *at y 80+ starts to move
at constant velocity v
0
for t ;0.
&hich reads$ ( )
x
yx yx
y y dy
d v
dx dy dz dx dz dx dz
dt
r
t t
+
= -
9e start &ith a micro-momentum balance for the volume &ith coordinates in
% & % & % &
, , , x x dx y y dy z z dz + ' + ' +
Usin,
yx yx yx
y dy y
d dy t t t
+

= -

one ends u# &ith$
2
2
x x
v v
t y
( (
=
( (

&ith the -inematic viscosity )

p. II.1/1"
T
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t

P
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
a


-


G
e
r
h
a
r
d

E
d
e
r
,

I
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
e

o
f

P
o
l
y
m
e
r

S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,


L
i
n
z

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
,

A
u
s
t
r
i
a

-

S
S
2
0

!
Chapter II.1 Flow Phenomena Laminar Flow
'he solution of this #artial differential e4uation &ith initial and )oundary
conditions
reads$
'his is one of the most im#ortant solutions for diffusion e4uations, &hich &ill )e
discussed more in cha#ter III and I<. =ere only one im#ortant feature &ill )e
discussed. 'he velocity distri)ution near the &all can )e a##ro/imated )y$
&ith the error function defined as$
2
0
2
er&( )
z
u
z e du
p
-
=

0
( , ) 1 er&
4
x
y
v y t v
t


= -
* +

0
( 0, 0) 0 ( 0, 0)
x x
v y t v y t v , = = = , = and
0 0
( , ) (0, ) 1
x
x
v y
v y t v t y v
y
t p
(
! - = -

(

'he )ro-en lines in the left fi,ure re#resent

this linear a##ro/imation. >ne thus defines
the penetration depth
( )
pen
y t t p =
%or the &all shear
stress one ,ets$
0
( ) (0, )
x
w
v v
t t
y
t
h
t h
p
(
= =
(