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Introduction
The biological world is enormously diverse. There are so many varieties of living organisms the it would
be almost impossible to study them all in a life time. There has to be an approach that enables us to get
an idea of a group of organisms by studing a particular type. This calls for a systematic arrangement of
organisms on the basis of their similarities and dissimilarities. Systematic arrangement of organisms on the
basis of their relatedness is called taxonomy. As defined by Earnst Mayr, taxonomy is the theory and
practice of classifying organisms. The study of taxonomy gives an idea of the range of diversity of
organisms, and also throws light on their relatedness. This chapter deals with the systematic arrangement
of living beings, also called classification, and the diversity of the life forms, called biodiversity.
Linnaeus : Father of Taxonomy
Carolus Linnaeus, a Swedish botanist, is considered the father of taxonomy. He formulated a method of
naming organisms called the binomial system of nomenclature.
Systems of classification and evolution.
Two kingdom classification: Linnaeus (1758) divided all organisms into two kingdoms - plants (plantae)
and animals (Animalia).
Three kingdom clasification: With time, biologists started finding it more and more difficult to follow
3
CHAPTER
CONTENTS
Introduction
Linnaeus : Father of Taxonomy
Systems of classifications and evolution
Monera
Protista
Fungi
Plantae or Plant kingdom
Animal Kingdom
TAXONOMY

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this system because some microorganism showed characteristics of both plants and animals, and could
not be placed clearly in either kingdom. to solve the problem, a third kingdom called Protista was created
by Ernst Haeckel (1866), a German zoologist. All unicellular animals were placed in this kingdom.
Four kingdom clasification: Then two superkingdoms were created. One for prokaryotes, or unicellualr
organisms lacking a true nucleus. And the other for ecukaryotes, or all organism (unicellular and multicelluar)
with a true nucleus. The prefixes 'super' and 'sub' are often used to divide or join the groups (kingdom,
phylum, etc) under the system of classification we have already discussed. The superkingdom Prokaryota
includes bacteria and cyanobacteria. It has only one kingdom under it. This kingdom of bacteria and
cynobactria is called Monera. Cyanobacteria are prokaryotic like bacteria, but can photosynthesize like
plants.The creation of the kingdom Monera did not solve all the problems with classifying organisms.
Fungi created the next problem. Like bacteria, they cannot photosynthesize, but they are eukaryotic. They
could neither be placed in Monera, nor in Protista, which now includes photosynthesizing algae. A new
kingdom was then created for fungi. Robert Whittaker (1969) is credited with the creation of the
kingdoms Monera and Fungi.
Five kingdom clasification: The five kingdom of Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia include
all organisms except viruses. Viruses cannot really be called living organisms because they are noncellular.
A virus is just a bit of DNA or RNA inside a converging of protein. the kingdom Monera falls under the
superkingdom Prokaryota. The other four kingdoms fall under the superkingdom Eukaryota.
Living world
Prokaryotes
Kingdom 1. Monera
Eukaryotes
Unicellular
Multicellular
Kingdom 2. Protista
With cell wall
Without cell wall
Not capable of
synthesizing food
Capable of
synthesizing food
Kingdom 3. Fungi Kingdom 4. Plantae
Kingdom 5. Animalia
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Monera
This kingdom comprises of single-celled prokaryotic
bacteria, filamentous actinomycetes and photosynthetic
blue-green algae (cyanobacteria). Carl Woese (1977)
divided Monera into Archaebacteria (primitive bacteria)
and Eubacteria (true bacteria).
Protista
The members of this kingdom are mostly unicellular and
eukaryotic. They are usually found in aquatic habitats.
Some protists have hairlike cilia or whiplike flagella for
thier movements. They have different modes of nutrition.
Some members ar autotrophic (can synthesize their own
food), e.g., unicellular algae like Euglena, while others are
heterotrophic (dependent on others or food). Heterotrophic
members may be saprophytic (living on dead matter) or
parasitic (living on other organisms).
On the basis of their modes of nutrition, the protists are
grouped as photosynthetic algae (e.g., diatoms),
decomposers (e.g., slime moulds), and predators (e.g.,
protozoans). Protozoans of the genus Amoeba use
pseudopodia, or cytoplasmic extensions, for locomoton and
ingestion of food.
Fungi
Fungi are multicellular organisms whose mode of nutrition is saprotrophic, or
saprobic. in other words, they absorb nutrients from dead plant and animal matter,
excreta, etc. They release digestive enzymes into dead and decaying organic
matter, and then absorb the nutrients present in them in the form of a digested
solution. Some fungi are parasitic and some even cause diseases. Ringworm is
a skin infection caused by a fugus, while smut is a fungal crop disease. Some
fungi, are mutualistic or symbiotic. They absorb nutrients from their partners and
help them too. e.g., certain fungi associated with algae.
There are many types of fungi. Moulds, which grow on bread, fruit, etc., and
mildews which cause plant diseases, are fungi. yeast and Penicillium (from
which we get penicillin) are useful fungi.
Mushrooms too are fungi. Many fungi form a network of tubes which are
called hyphae. The network is called mycelium. Fungi reproduce sexually and asexually. Moulds reproduce
by the both these modes. yeasts mostly reproduce asexualy, though some reproduce sexually too. In
mushrooms, sexual reproduction occurs by the formation of spores on club-shaped structures called
basidia.

Fungi
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Plantae, or plant kingdom
The kingdom of plants (kingdom plantae) is divided into two subkingdoms - Cryptogamae and
Phanerogamae. Cryptogams are plants which do not have seeds (seedless plants).The lower cryptoams
do not have true stems, roots or leaves. They do not have vascular systems either. Higher cryptogams,
however, have vascular system. Phanerogams are higher plants which have seeds. They are also called
seed plants. They have true stems, roots, leaves and vascular systems. The subkingdom Cryptogamae has
the three divisions Thallophyta, Bryophyta and Pteridophyta. And the subkingdom Phanerogamae is
divided into Gymnospermae and Angiospermae. Gymnosperms and angiosperms are grouped together
under supermatophyta which includes all seed-bearing plants.
.

Cryptogams (seedless)
Plante
Phanerogams
(Seed-bearing plants)
Thallophytes
Algae Lichens
Bryophytes
Mosses Liverworts Hornworts
Pteriodophytes
Ferns
Classification of Plants
Gymnosperms
(naked seeds)
Angiosperms
(covered seeds)
Conifers Cycads
Monocotyledons Dicotyledons
Algae
Ferns
Riccia
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Cryptogams
(seedless)
Plant kingdom
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1. Undifferentiated body called thallus
2. No vascular system
3. Reproduction : sexual and asexual
Thallophytes Algae
Photosynthesizing aquatic organisms
Ex. Chlamydomonas, Spirogyra
Lichens
Symbiotic association of alga and fungus
Ex. Cladonia, angifera, Rocella, lecanora
Bryophytes
1. No proper root and shoot system
2. Green leaflike structures which
photosynthesize
3. No vascular system
4. Reproduction : sexual and asexual
Mosses
1. Green, grow close together like a mat
which protects the soil
2. Sexual and asexual mode of
reproduction in a cycle called
alternation of generation
Liverworts
Undifferentiated, lobed body called
thallus. Ex. Rccia and marchantia
Hornworts
Hornlike reproductive bodies
Ex. Anthocerose
Pteridophytes
1. Vascular system present
2. Differentiated root and shoot systems
3. Reproduction : sexual and asexual
Ferns
1. Large leaves with leaflets
2. Show alternation of generations
Ex. Adiantum
Phanerogams
(seed-bearing plants)
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Gymnosperms
1. Naked seeds borne on scales of cones
2. No flowers
Conifers
Evergreen Ex. Pinus
Palmlike Ex. Cycas
Angiosperms
1. Flowering plants
2. Seeds contained in fruit
Monocotyledons
1. Single cotyledon
2. Fibrous root system
3. Parallel venation
4. Complex arrangement of
vascular bundles Ex. Wheat, Barley
Dicotyledons
1. Two cotyledons
2. Tap root system
3. Reticulate venation
4. Vascular bundles arranged
in a ring Ex. Gram lantil
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KingdomAnimalia
Prorifera (sponges)
1. Aquatic, sessile
2. No tissues
3. Presence of spongocoel : water and nutrients enter through ostia and leave through
osculum
4. Reproduction - asexual : by budding or gemmules; sexual, hernaphrodites
Ex. Sycon (crown sponge)
Euplectella (venus flower basket)
Cnidaria (coelenterates)
1. Gastrovascular cavity called coelenteron
2. Cells organiszed into tissues; diploblastic body wall
3. Stinging cells called nematoblasts, or cnidoblasts
4. Two forms : polyp and medusa;
5. Reproduction sexual and asexual : show alternation of generations
Ex. Aurelia (Jelly jish) Tubipora (organ pipe coral)
Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
1. Bilaternally symmetrical, dorsoventrally flat, triploblastic
2. Acoelomate, incomplete gutwith only a mouth and no anus
3. Flame cells for excretion
4. Free-living or parasitic
5. Reproduction : asexual and sexual; most are hermaphrodites
Ex. Taenia (tapeworm) Fasciola (liver fluke)
Aschelminthes (roundworms)
1. Bilaterally symmetrically, unsegmented, triploblastic
2. Pseudocoelomcontains internal organs, complete tubular gut
3. Most are free-living; some are parasitic and disease-causing
4. Reproduction is sexual; sexes separate
Ex. Ascaris
Annelida (segmented worms)
1. Annelida are mostly aquatic marine or fresh-water
2. Body triploblastic, bilaterically symmetrical
3. body is metamerically segmented.
4. Locomotory organs are segmentally arranged, paired setae or chaetae.
5. Excretion by nepheidia.
Ex. Pheritima (Earthworm) Hirudinaria ( leech)
Arthopoda
1. Largest phylumof organismwith jointed legs.
2. Segmented body with exoskeleton of chitin and protein, moulting for growth
3. Malpighian tubules for exretion in insects\ and green glands for excretion in crustaceans
4. Open circulatory systemtubular, porous heart pumpos haemolympth into
haemocoel, blood is bluish in some forms.
5. Respiration through gills (in crustaceans), traceal system(in insects), book lungs
(in spider)
6. Some have compound eyes; spiders have spinnerets for spining webs; spiders and
scorpions. have poison glands; centipedes have poision claws; crustaceans have a hard covering called cara
pace
7. Reproduction sexual; sexes separate
8. Many change formor undergo metamorphosis during growth
Ex. Periplaneta (Cockroach), Musca (housefly)
Mollusca
1. Soft-bodied, unsegmented, bilaterally symmetrical.
2. Body has 3 parts - head, dorsal hump, ventral muscular foot; hump covered by mantle,
which secretes calcerous shell.
3. Respiration by gills called ctenidia or through mantle cavity
4. Rasping, tongue-like radula for feeding, digestive organ called hepatopancreas
5. Open circulatory system, blood is bluish
6. Reproduction : sexual; mostly unisexual, some hermaphrodite
Ex. Pila (apple snail) Octopus (Devil fish)
Sycon
Hydra
Planaria
Ascaris Female
Hirudinaria
Black widen
spider
Palaemon
Helix
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Echinodermata
1. Marine, mostly sessile, spiny-skinned with exoskeleton of calcareous plates.
2. Water vascular system consisting of fluid-containing canals, bladder, and tube
feet for locomotion, exchange of gases and feeding.
3. Reproduction sexual; sexes separate.
Asteias (star fish) Antedon (sea lily) Ex.
Urochordata Cephalochordata Vertebrats
1. Marine, sessile
2. Unsegmented body covered
by tunicin
3. Gill slits present
4. Larvae have notochord in
tail-retrogressive metamorphosis
Ex. Hardmania (sea squirt)
1. Transparent, fishlike, without
2. Notochord throughout body,
nerve cord above notochord
3. Presence of gills and tail
4. No heart
5. Excretion through protonephridia
Amphioxus (Branchiostoma) Ex.
1. Vertebral column
2. Nervous system includes
brain enclosed in cranium
Chondrichthyes
(cartilaginous fish)
Osteichthyes
(bony fish)
Amphiba Reptilia Aves Mammalia
1. Skeleton of
cartilage.
2. Placoid scales.
3. Fleshy fins.
4. Gills without
operculum
5. Two chambered
heart.
6. Cold-blooded
7. Unisexual,
internal
fertilization.
Ex. Scoliodon
(dog fish).
1. Skeleton of
bone.
2. Ctenoid or
cycloid scales.
3. Membranous
fins.
4. Gills covered
by operculum.
5. Two
chambered heart
heart.
6. Cold-blooded.
7. Fertilization
external.
Ex. Labeo, catla.
1. Live in water
and on land
2. Two pairs of
pentadactyle
limbs
3. Moist skin
without scales
4. Three-
chambered
heart
5. Cold-blooded
6. External
fertilization
7. Larvae have
tails and gills-
undergo
metamorphosis
Ex. Rana
(Indian frog)
1. Dry, scaly
impermeable
skin
2. Two pairs of
Pentadactyle
limbs
3. Respiration
through lungs
4. Heart-two
auricles, partly
divided
ventricle
5. Cold-blooded
6. Internal
fertilization
7. Eggs with yolk
and shell
Ex. Crocodile
Tortoise
1. Skin covered
by feathers
2. Forelimbs
modified
into wings
3. Strong,
light skeleton;
hollow limb
bones with
air sacs
4. Beaks for
feeding
5. 5-chambered
heart
6. Warm-blooded
7. Internal
fertilization
8. Eggs with yolk
and shell
Ex. Penguin
Parrot
1. Skin covered
with hair
2. Respiration
through lungs
3. Four-chambered
heart
4. Warm-blooded
5. Body cavity
divided into
thorax and
abdomen
by muscular
diaphragm
6. Internal
fertilization
7. Embryo
develops in
uterus, young
ones feed on
milk from
mammary
glands
Whale, horse etc Ex.
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1. Between invertebrates and chordates; wormlike, unsegmented, bilaterally symmetrical.
2. No notochord; nerve cord restricted to collar region.
3. Gill slits similar to chordates.
4.Body has 3 part-proboscis, collar, trunk.
5. Reproduction : sexual sexes separate.
Hemichordats
Balanoglossus (ox tongue) Ex.
1. Presence of notochord.
2. Gill slits or pharyngeal clefts.
3. Gill slits or pharyngeal clefts.
4. Post-anal tail.
5. Blood circulation system.
Chordata
.
Rana
Antedon
Balanoglosus
Amphioxux
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A. Single Correct Answer type Questions
Q.1 The two superkingdoms created on the basis
of cell structure are -
(A) Monera and protista
(B) Prokaryota and Eukaryota
(C) Plantae and Animalia
(D) Protista and Nonprotista
Q.2 A plant body which is not stem, roots, etc,
is called -
(A) thallus (B) mycelium
(C) frond (D) substratum
Q.3 Which of the following are vascular plants-
(A) Mosses (B) Liverworts
(C) Hornworts (D) Ferns
Q.4 Gymnospers are -
(A) nonvascular plants
(B) seedless plants
(C) plants which bear naked seeds
(D) flowering plants
Q.5 Which of the following are filamentous -
(A) Spirogyra (B) Euglena
(C) Chamydomonas (D) Amoeba
Q.6 The mode of nutrition among fungi is -
(A) only saprotrophic
(B) saprotrophic or parasitic
(C) only parasitic
(D) saprotrophic, parasitic or mutualistic
Q.7 Which were the last to appear in the course
of plant evolution ?
(A) Vascular plants
(B) Seedless plants
(C) Flowering plants
(D) Seed-bearing plants
Q.8 Which of the following produce flowers -
(A) Angiosperms (B) Fungi
(C) Mosses (D) Ferms
EXERCISE -1
Q.9 In which of the following, the cells are not
organized into tissues ?
(A) Cnidarians (B) Sponges
(C) Flatworms (D) Roundworms
Q. 10 Flame cells form the excretory sytem in -
(A) Flatworms (B) eathworms
(C) insects (D) crabs
Q.11 Which of the following does not have a
poison apparatus ?
(A) Scorpion (B) Centipede
(C) Spider (D) Crab
Q.12 Arthropods use different organs for
respiration. Which of the following correctly
lists the organs with the organism which use
them ?
(A) Gills (insects), tracheal system (spiders),
lungs (centipedes)
(B) Gills (scorpions), book lungs (prawns),
tracheal system (spinders)
(C) Gills (crustanceans), tracheal ystem
(insects), book lungs (spiders)
(D) Gills (crustaceans), tracheal system
(millipedes), book lungs (insects)
Q.13 Which of the following are diploblastic ?
(A) Cnidarians (B) Flatworms
(C) Roundworms (D) Earthworms
Q.14 The excretory system in annelids consists of
coiled tubes called -
(A) Flame cells
(B) Metanepridia
(C) Nephridia
(D) Protonephridia
Q.15 Annelids are -
(A) Flatworms
(B) Roundworms
(C) 6-legged invertebrates
(D) Segmented worms
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Q.16 Common India bull frog is:
(A) Rana tigrina
(B) Rana esculenta
(C) Rana silva
(D) Rana cyanophlyctis
Q.17 Heart of crocodile is:
(A) three chambered
(B) two chambered
(C) single chambered
(D) four chambered
Q.18 Which one is an oviparous animal -
(A) Pigeon (B) Whale
(C) Bat (D) Amoeba
Q.19 The branch of science dealing with the study
of birds is:
(A) Herpetology (B) Ornithology
(C) Oncology (D) Anthropology
Q.20 Penguin is found in:
(A) Africa (B) Australia
(C) America (D) Antarctica
Q.21 Heart of mammal is:
(A) 1-chambered (B) 3-chambered
(C) 2-chambered (D) 4-chambered
Q.22 Which is a reptile -
(A) Salamander (B) Newt
(C) Toad (D) Turtle
Q.23 Representative of hemichordate is:
(A) Scoliodon (B) Myxine
(C) Balanoglossus (D) petromyzon
Q.24 Characters of which group are present in all
chodates in some stage or the other of their
life cycle?
(A) Gill clefts, vertebral column and
notochord
(B) Mammary glands, hairs and gill clefts
(C) Notochord, scales and dorsal tubular
nervous system
(D) Notochord, gill clefts and dorsal tubular
central nervous system
Q.25 Which of the following is a true fish -
(A) Silverfish (B) Jellyfish
(C) Starfish (D) Dogfish
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EXERCISE - 2
A. Fill in the Blanks
Q.16 The largest phylum of the kingdomAnimalia
is ............ .
Q.17 Nematoblasts, or stinging cells, are
characteristics of .......... .
Q.18 The watervascular system is found
among ......... .
Q.19 The endoskeleton of sharks is .......... .
Q.20 In urochordates the notochors is confined to
the ........... .
B. True or False
Q.21 Ferns are seedless plants.
Q.22 Fungi reproduce only asexually.
Q.23 Sponges have a nervous sytem.
Q.24 The gills of sharks are covered by an
operculum.
Q.25 The skeleton of sponges is foremd of
spiclules.
C. Very short answer type questions.
Q.1 Where are the seeds of gymmnosperms
formed ?
Q.2 Name the cytoplasmic extensions used by
Amoeba for locomotion.
Q.3 Which phylum do organisms of thegenus
Plasmodium belong to ? Which disease is
caused by them ?
Q.4 Which class of vertebrates has a muscular
diaphragm dividing the body cavity into a
thorax and an abdomen ?
Q.5 How many chambers do the hearts of fish,
amphibians and mammals have ?
D. Short answer type questions
Q.6 What is the binomial system of nomenclature ?
Q.7 How do algae differ from fungi ?
Q.8 What are the two main differences between
gymnosperms and angiosperms ?
Q.9 What do you understand by the terms bilateral
symmetry and radial symmetry. Explain with
one example in each case.
Q.10 What do you understand by notochord ?
E. Long answer type questions
Q.11 Distinguish between cartilaginous fish and
bony fish.
Q.12 mention the characteristics of hemichordates.
Q.13 Write about the characteristic features of
the members of the class Aves.
Q.14 What characteristics do all chordates posses
at some stage of life ?
Q.15 What are the characteristic feature of
mammals ?
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EXERCISE- 2
ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE- 1
Ques . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. B A D C A D D A B A
Ques . 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. D C A C D A D A B D
Ques . 21 22 23 24 25
Ans. D D C A D
A. Fill in the blanks
Sol.1 Arthoropoda
Sol.2 Chidaria
Sol.3 Echinoderms
Sol.4 Carilaginous
Sol.5 Tail
B. Ture & False type questions.
Sol.6 True Sol.7 False
Sol.8 False Sol.9 False
Sol.10 True
C. Very short answer type questions.
Sol.11 Nacked seeds anre forneon stales of cones
Sol.12 Preudopodia
Sol.13 Phylum protozoa of disease caused malaria
Sol.14 Mammalia
Sol.15 2, 3 and 4