Rational Numbers

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1
CHAPTER
RATIONAL NUMBERS
Rational Numbers
Definition :
A number
b
a
is a rational number if a and b
are integers and b is not equal to zero. b
cannot be equal to zero because division by zero
is not allowed. Further, a rational number is said
to be in the standard form or simplest form when
the numerator and denominator have no common
factor other than 1.
Order of Rational Numbers
Ex.1 Arrange the following fractions in ascending
order.
8
3
,
12
4
,
16
7
,
3
2
.
Sol. LCM of denominators
8, 12, 16, and 3 = 2 2 2 2 3 = 48.
Then
8
3
=
6 8
6 3
=
48
18
;
16
7
=
3 16
3 7

=
48
21
;
12
4
=
4 12
4 4
=
48
16
;
3
2
=
16 3
16 2

=
48
32
1 , 1 , 1 , 1
3 , 1 , 3 , 1 3
3 , 2 , 3 , 1 2
3 , 4 , 3 , 2 2
3 , 8 , 6 , 4 2
3 , 16 , 12 , 8 2
CONTENTS
Representation of rational numbers
on a number line
Addition, subtraction, multiplication
and division of rational numbers
Properties of rational numbers
The equivalent rational numbers are
48
18
,
48
16
,
48
21
and
48
32
Therefore, the smallest rational number is
48
21
,
then comes
48
16
, and the greatest rational
number is
48
18
. Hence, their ascending order is
8
3
,
16
7
,
12
4
,
8
3
.
Addition of Rational Numbers
When denominators are equal :
Ex.2 Add
6
5
and
6
7
.
Sol.
6
5
+
6
7
=
6
7 5 +
=
6
12
Ex.3 Add
5
7
and
5
13
.
Sol.
5
7
+
|
.
|
\
|
5
13
=
5
13 7
=
5
6
When one denominator is a multiple of the
other denominator :
Ex.4 Solve
3
4
and
6
5
.
Sol. We know that
3
4
=
2 3
2 4
=
6
8
(
6
8
is equivalent rational number of
3
4
)
So,
3
4
+
6
5
=
6
8
+
6
5
=
6
13
Ex.5 Solve
7
3
+
|
.
|
\
|
21
5
.
Sol. We know that
7
3
=
3 7
3 3
=
21
9
So,
7
3
+
|
.
|
\
|
21
5
=
21
9
21
5
=
21
5 9
=
21
14
manishkumarphysics.in
When denominator are co-prime :
Ex.6 Find the sum of
5
4
and
7
6
.
Sol.
5
4
+
|
.
|
\
|
7
6
=
7 5
7 4
5 7
5 6
(Multiplying and dividing each fraction by

the denominator of the other fraction)
=
35
28
35
30
=
35
30 28
=
35
2
When denominator have a common factor :
Ex.7 Solve
12
5
+
8
7
.
Sol. Since 12 and 8 have common factors, we
will proceed by finding the LCM of 12 and 8.
LCM of 12 and 8 is 2 2 2 3 = 24
Now we will find equivalent fractions of the
given numbers having 24 in the denominator.
Hence,
12
5
=
2 12
2 5
=
24
10
and
8
7
=
3 8
3 7
=
24
21
So,
12
5
+
8
7
=
24
10
+
24
21
=
24
21 10+
=
24
31
Properties of Addition of Rational Numbers
Closure property :
When two rational numbers are added, the result is
always a rational number, i.e., if
b
a
and
d
c
is always
a rational number.
For example,
5
2
+
6
3
=
30
15 12 +
=
30
27
, which is also
a rational number.
Commutative property :
When to rational numbers are added, the order of
addition does not matter, i.e., if
b
a
and
d
c
are two
rational numbers, then
b
a
+
d
c
=
d
c
+
b
a
For example,
4
3
+
5
4
=
20
16 15+
=
20
31
and
5
4
+
4
3
=
20
15 16 +
=
20
31
. Both results are equal.
Associative property
If
b
a
,
d
c
, and
f
e
three rational numbers, then
|
.
|
\
|
+
d
c
b
a
+
f
e
=
b
a
+
|
.
|
\
|
+
f
e
d
c
Consider the fractions
5
2
,
4
1
, and
3
2
.
3
2
4
1
5
2
+ |
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|
+ +
3
2
4
1
5
2
=
3
2
20
5 8
+ |
.
|
\
| +
=
5
2
+
|
.
|
\
| +
12
8 3
=
20
13
+
3
2
=
5
2
+
12
11
=
60
40 39 +
=
60
55 24 +
=
60
79
=
60
79
Additive identity If
b
a
is a rational number,,
then there exists a rational number zero such that
b
a
+ 0 =
b
a
. Zero is called the identity element of
addition. Addition of zero does not change the value
of the rational number.
Additive identity
If
b
a
is a rational number, then there exists a rational
number |
.
|
\
|
b
a
, called the additive inverse, such that
b
a
+
|
.
|
\
|
b
a
= 0
The additive inverse is also referred to as negative
of the given number..
EXAMPLES
Ex.8
4
3
+ |
.
|
\
|
4
3
= 0.
|
.
|
\
|
4
3
is the additive inverse of
4
3
.
Ex.9
6
5
+
6
5
= 0.
6
5
is the additive inverse of
|
.
|
\
|
6
5
.
Subtraction of Rational Numbers
When we have to subtract a rational number, say
9
5
from
9
8
, we add the additive inverse of
9
5
, i.e.,
9
5
to
9
8
. Thus,
9
8
9
5
=
9
8
+
|
.
|
\
|
9
5
=
9
5 8
=
9
3
=
3
1
Ex.10 Subtract
7
3
from
7
3
.
Here,
11
4
|
.
|
\
|
7
3
=
11
4
+
|
.
|
\
| +
7
3
=
7 11
7 4
+
11 7
11 3
=
77
28
+
77
33
=
77
61
Multiplication of Rational Numbers
Multiplication is the process of successive addition.
Like 6 8 = 8 + 8 + 8 + 8 + 8 + 8 = 48.
Similarly, 6
3
1
=
3
1
+
3
1
+
3
1
+
3
1
+
3
1
+
3
1
=
3
6
= 2
Alternatively, 6
3
1
=
1
6
3
1
=
3 1
1 6
=
3
6
=
1
2
2
So, when we multiply two rational numbers, we
multiply the numerator with the numerator and the
denominator with the denominator.
Thus, 5 (7) =
1
5
|
.
|
\
|
1
7
=
1 1
) 7 )( 5 (

= 35
and
11
2
5
3
=
5 11
3 2

=
55
6
Properties of Multiplication of Rational
Number
Closure property :
The rational number are closed under multiplication.
It means that the product of two rational numbers is
always a rational number, i.e., if
b
a
and
d
c
are two rational
numbers,
b
a
d
c
=
bd
ac
is always a rational number..
For example,
7
3
8
5
=
56
15
which is rational number..
Commutative property :
If
b
a
and
d
c
are two rational numbers, then
b
a
d
c
=
d
c
b
a
, i.e.,
bd
ac
=
db
ca
Ex.11
5
4
|
.
|
\
|
7
3
|
.
|
\
|
7
3
5
4
=
7 5
) 3 ( 4

=
5 7
4 ) 3 (

=
35
12
=
35
12
5
4
|
.
|
\
|
7
3
=
|
.
|
\
|
7
3
5
4
Associative property :
If
b
a
,
d
c
, and
f
e
are three rational numbers, then
|
.
|
\
|

d
c
b
a
f
e
=
b
a
|
.
|
\
|

f
e
d
c
i.e.,
bd
ac
f
e
=
b
a
df
ce
or
bdf
ace
=
bdf
ace
Thus, rational numbers can be multiplied in any order.
Ex.12
|
.
|
\
|

5
4
7
3
|
.
|
\
|
8
5
=
|
.
|
\
|
7
3
|
.
|
\
|
8
5
5
4
5 7
4 ) 3 (
|
.
|
\
|
8
5
=
|
.
|
\
|
7
3
8 5
) 5 ( 4

35
12
|
.
|
\
|
8
5
=
|
.
|
\
|
7
3
|
.
|
\
|
40
20
280
0 6
=
280
0 6
14
3
=
14
3
Multiplicative identity :
When any rational number, say
b
a
, is multiplied by
the rational number 1, the product is always
b
a
.
b
a
1 =
b
1 a
=
b
a
or 1
b
a
=
b
a 1
=
b
a
Ex.13
35
21
1 =
35
21
1
1
=
1 35
1 21
=
35
21
Ex.14
7
3
1 =
7
3
1
1
=
1 7
1 ) 3 (

=
7
3
One is called the multiplicative identity or
identity element of multiplication for rational
numbers.
Multiplicative inverse, or reciprocal :
For every non-zero rational number
b
a
, there exists
a rational number
a
b
such that
b
a
a
b
= 1. This is so,
because
b
a
a
b
=
a b
b a
=
ba
ab
= 1
Ex.15
3
2
2
3
=
2 3
3 2
=
6
6
= 1. So
2
3
is the
multiplicative inverse of
3
2
and
3
2
is the
multiplicative inverse of
2
3
.
Ex.16
|
.
|
\
|
7
4
|
.
|
\
|
4
7
=
4 7
) 7 )( 4 (

=
28
28
= 1. So
4
7
is
the multiplicative inverse of
7
4
and vice versa.
Distributive property :
If
b
a
,
d
c
and
f
e
are three rational numbers, then
b
a
|
.
|
\
|
+
f
e
d
c
=
b
a
d
c
+
b
a
f
e
.
Ex.17 3(4 + 5) = 3 4 + 3 5
3 9 = 12 + 15
27 = 27
Ex.18
7
4
|
.
|
\
|
+
4
3
3
2
=
7
4
3
2
+
7
4
4
3
7
4
|
.
|
\
| +
12
9 8
=
21
8
+
28
12
7
4
12
17
=
84
36 32 +
84
68
=
84
68
Ex.19
5
3
|
.
|
\
|
+
9
8
4
3
=
|
.
|
\
|
5
3
4
3
+
|
.
|
\
|
5
3
|
.
|
\
|
9
8
5
3
|
.
|
\
|
36
32 27
=
20
9
+
45
24
5
3
36
5
=
180
96 81+
180
15
=
180
15
Multiplication of a Rational Number by Zero
When any rational number
b
a
is multiplied by 0, the
product is always zero.
b
a
0 =
b
0 a
=
b
0
= 0
Ex.20
8
7
0 =
8
0 7
=
8
0
= 0
Ex.21
4
3
0 =
4
0 3
=
4
0
= 0
Division of Rational Numbers
Division is the inverse process of multiplication.
If
b
a
and
d
c
b
a
d
c
=
b
a
c
d
.
Ex.22
7
2
9
5
=
7
2
5
9
=
35
18
Ex.23
8
3
9
4
=
8
3
|
.
|
\
|
4
9
=
32
27
Properties of Division of Rational Numbers
Closure property
When a rational number is divided by another rational
number, the quotient is always a rational number.
Thus, if
b
a
and
d
c
b
a
d
c
=
b
a
d
c
=
bc
ad
, which is again a rational number
since b, c, d are non-zero integers.
Ex.24
4
3
|
.
|
\
|
3
1
=
4
3
|
.
|
\
|
1
3
=
4
9
Division is not commutative :
If
b
a
and
d
c
are two rational numbers in which
b, c and d = 0, then
b
a
d
c
=
d
c
b
a
because,
b
a
d
c
=
b
a
c
d
and
d
c
b
a
=
d
c
a
b
=
da
cb
So
b
a
d
c
=
d
c
b
a
Ex.25
7
4
3
1
is not equal to (=)
3
1
7
4
7
4
3
1
=
7
4
1
3
=
7
12
,
whereas
3
1
7
4
=
3
1
4
7
=
12
7
So
7
4
3
1
=
3
1
7
4
Ordering of Rational Numbers
Law of Trichotomy :
Given two rational numbers
b
a
and
d
c
,
then either
b
a
>
d
c
,
b
a
=
d
c
, or
b
a
<
d
c
.
Ex.26 Given
4
3
and
2
1
,
4
3
>
2
1
.
Ex.27 Given
7
3
and
28
12
,
7
3
=
28
12
.
Ex.28 Given
9
2
and
2
1
,
9
2
<
2
1
.
Law of Transitivity :
If
b
a
,
d
c
, and
f
e
are three rational numbers
(i) If
b
a
>
d
c
and
d
c
>
f
e
, then
b
a
>
f
e
.
(ii) If
b
a
<
d
c
and
d
c
<
f
e
, then
b
a
<
f
e
.
(iii) If
b
a
=
d
c
and
d
c
=
f
e
, then
b
a
=
f
e
.
Ex.29
4
3
>
2
1
and
2
1
>
4
1
, so
4
3
>
4
1
.
Ex.30
12
1
<
6
1
and
6
1
<
3
1
, so
12
1
<
3
1
.
Ex.31
2
1
=
10
5
and
10
5
=
20
10
, hence
2
1
=
20
10
.
(all are equivalent).
Law of Addition :
Given
b
a
,
d
c
, and
f
e
are three rational numbers.
(i) If
b
a
>
d
c
then
b
a
+
f
e
>
d
c
+
f
e
.
(ii) If
b
a
=
d
c
then
b
a
+
f
e
=
d
c
+
f
e
.
(iii) If
b
a
<
d
c
then
b
a
+
f
e
<
d
c
+
f
e
.
Ex.32 Consider the three rational numbers
20
13
,
20
3
, and
20
4
.
Hence,
20
13
>
20
3
, so
20
13
+
20
4
>
20
3
+
20
4
20
17
>
20
7
.
Which is true.
Ex.33 Let,
18
7
,
18
2
, and
36
14
be three rational numbers,
then
18
7
=
36
14
,
So
18
7
+
18
2
=
36
14
+
18
2
18
2 7 +
=
36
4 14 +
18
9
=
36
18
2
1
=
2
1
,
Which is true.
Property of Multiplication :
Let
b
a
,
d
c
and
f
e
be three rational numbers.
If
f
e
is a positive number, then
(i) If
b
a
>
d
c
, then
b
a
f
e
>
d
c
f
e
.
(ii) If
b
a
<
d
c
, then
b
a
f
e
<
d
c
f
e
.
(iii) If
b
a
=
d
c
, then
b
a
f
e
=
d
c
f
e
.
Ex.34
4
3
>
8
3
, then
4
3
2
1
>
8
3
2
1
8
3
>
16
3
(True)
Ex.35
6
1
<
3
2
, then
6
1
3
1
<
3
2
3
1
18
1
<
9
2
(True)
Ex.36
7
2
=
14
4
, then
7
2
2
1
=
14
4
2
1
7
1
=
7
1
(True)
Word Problems
Ex.37
3
2
of the boys in a class are over 5 feet tall,
6
1
of the boys in that class are over 5 feet 3 inches
tall. If 27 boys are between 5 feet and 5 feet 3
inches, how many boys are there in that class?
Sol. Let there be x number of boys in that class.
Given
3
2
x
6
1
x = 27
6
x x 4
= 27
6
x 3
= 27
x = 27 2 = 54
Thus there are 54 boys in that class.
Check Boys above 5' =
3
2
54 = 36,
Boys above 5'3'' =
6
1
54 = 9,
Boys between 5' and 5'3''= 36 9 = 27
Ex.38 A library has books on fiction, non-friction, and
reference books.
9
5
of all the books in the library
are works of fiction and
15
2
are of non-friction.
If there are 7,294 reference books, how many
non-friction books are there in the library?
Now, all the books in the library (fiction + non-
friction) = reference books
or 1 |
.
|
\
|
+
15
2
9
5
= reference books
or 1 |
.
|
\
| +
45
6 25
= reference books
or 1
45
31
= reference books
Thus, reference books =
45
31 45
=
45
14
of all the
books.
Given that reference books = 7,294
That is,
45
14
of all the books = 7,294
Thus, the number of all the books
= 7294
45
14
= 7294
14
45
= 23445 books
Non-friction books =
15
2
of all the books
Powers
Exponential Notation and Rational
Numbers :
Exponential notation can be extended to rational
numbers. For example: |
.
|
\
|
5
4
|
.
|
\
|
5
4
|
.
|
\
|
5
4
can be
written as
3
5
4
|
.
|
\
|
which is read as
5
4
raised to the
power 3.
(i)
3
4
3
|
.
|
\
|
= |
.
|
\
|
4
3
|
.
|
\
|
4
3
|
.
|
\
|
4
3
=
3
3
4
3
=
64
27
(ii)
2
6
5
|
.
|
\
|
= |
.
|
\
|
6
5
|
.
|
\
|
6
5
2
2
6
) 5 (
=
36
25
(ii)
3
3
2
|
.
|
\
|
= |
.
|
\
|
3
2
|
.
|
\
|
3
2
|
.
|
\
|
3
2
=
3
3
3
) 2 (
=
27
8
In general, if
y
x
is a rational number and a is a positive
integer, then
a
a
a
y
x
y
x
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
Ex.39 Evaluate
3
5
4
|
.
|
\
|
.
Sol.
3
5
4
|
.
|
\
|
= |
.
|
\
|
5
4
|
.
|
\
|
5
4
|
.
|
\
|
5
4
=
3
3
5
) 4 (
=
125
64
Ex.40 Expres
64
27
and
27
8
as the powers of rational
numbers.
Sol.
64
27
=
4 4 4
3 3 3

=
3
3
4
3
=
3
4
3
|
.
|
\
|
and
27
8
=
3 3 3
) 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 2 (

=
3
3
3
) 2 (
=
3
3
2
|
.
|
\
|
Reciprocals with Positive Integral Exponents:
The reciprocal of 2 is
2
1
, reciprocal of 2
3
is
3
2
1
.
Reciprocal of
4
3
2
|
.
|
\
|
=
4
3
2
1
|
.
|
\
|
=
4
4
3
2
1
=
4
4
2
3
=
4
2
3
|
.
|
\
|
Reciprocal of
4
5
4
|
.
|
\
|
=
6
4
5
|
.
|
\
|
and
Reciprocal of
5
3
1
|
.
|
\
|
=
5
1
3
|
.
|
\
|
= 3
5
Reciprocals with Negative Integral Exponents
Reciprocal of 2 =
2
1
=
1
2
1
. Therefore, the reciprocal of
2 is 2
1
. The reciprocal of 3
2
=
2
3
1
= 3
2
.
Reciprocal of
2
5
4
|
.
|
\
|
=
2
5
4

|
.
|
\
|
Reciprocal of
3
3
2
|
.
|
\
|
=
3
3
2

|
.
|
\
|
, etc.
In general, if x is any rational number other than zero
and a is any positive integer, then:
a
a
x
1
x =
Ex.41 Simplify
3
3
2

|
.
|
\
|
2
3
4

|
.
|
\
|
.
Sol.
3
3
2

|
.
|
\
|
2
3
4

|
.
|
\
|
=
3
2
3
|
.
|
\
|
2
4
3
|
.
|
\
|
=
2 2 2
3 3 3

4 4
3 3
=
8
27
16
9
=
8
27
9
16
= 6
Laws of Exponents :
1. Consider the following.
(i) 3
3
3
4
= 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
= 3
7
= 3
3+4
(ii)
2
2
5
|
.
|
\
|
3
2
5
|
.
|
\
|
=
2
5
2
5
2
5
2
5
2
5
=
5
2
5
|
.
|
\
|
=
3 2
2
5
+
|
.
|
\
|
b a b a
x x x
+
=
2. (i) 2
5
2
2
=
2 2
2 2 2 2 2

= 2 2 2
= 2
3
= 2
52
(ii)
6
3
2
|
.
|
\
|
2
3
2
|
.
|
\
|
=
3
2
3
2
3
2
3
2
3
2
3
2
3
2
3
2

=
3
2
3
2
3
2
3
2

=
4
3
2
|
.
|
\
|
=
2 6
3
2

|
.
|
\
|
b a b a
x x x

=
3. (i) (2
3
)
2
= (2 2 2)
2
= (2 2 2) (2 2 2)
= 2
6
= 2
3
2
(ii)
2
3
3
2
|
.
|
\
|
=
2
3
2
3
2
3
2
|
.
|
\
|

= |
.
|
\
|

3
2
3
2
3
2
|
.
|
\
|

3
2
3
2
3
2
=
6
3
2
|
.
|
\
|
=
2 3
3
2

|
.
|
\
|
ab b a
x ) x ( =
4. (i) 2
4
3
4
= (2 2 2 2) (3 3 3 3)
= (2 3) (2 3) (2 3) (2 3)
= (2 3)
4
(ii)
4
5
3
|
.
|
\
|
4
2
1
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
.
|
\
|

5
3
5
3
5
3
5
3
|
.
|
\
|

2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
= |
.
|
\
|

2
1
5
3
|
.
|
\
|

2
1
5
3
|
.
|
\
|

2
1
5
3
|
.
|
\
|

2
1
5
3
=
4
2
1
5
3
|
.
|
\
|

a a a
) y x ( y x =
5. (i) 2
4
3
4
=
3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2

=
3
2
3
2
3
2
3
2

=
4
3
2
|
.
|
\
|
(ii)
4
5
3
|
.
|
\
|
4
2
1
|
.
|
\
|
=
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
5
3
5
3
5
3
5
3

=
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
2
1
5
3
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
2
1
5
3
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
2
1
5
3
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
2
1
5
3
=
4
2
1
5
3
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
a
a a
y
x
y x
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
Ex.42 Simplify
3
2
3
2
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
4
3
1

|
.
|
\
|
3
1

6
1
Sol.
3
2
3
2
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
4
3
1

|
.
|
\
|
3
1

6
1
=
6
3
2
|
.
|
\
|
3
4

3
1
6
1
=
6
6
3
2
3
4

3
1
6
1
= 2
6
3
6
3
4
3
1
6
1
= 2
6
3
6
3
4
3
1
(2 3)
1
= 2
6
3
6
3
4
3
1
2
1
3
1
= 2
6+(1)
3
1+4 + (1) + (6)
= 2
61
3
1+4 16
= 2
5
3
4
=
4
5
3
2
=
81
32
Ex.43 Find x so that
5
3
2

|
.
|
\
|
11
3
2

|
.
|
\
|
x 8
3
2
|
.
|
\
|
Sol.
5
3
2

|
.
|
\
|
11
3
2

|
.
|
\
|
x 8
3
2
|
.
|
\
|
) 11 ( ) 5 (
3
2
+
|
.
|
\
|
=
x 8
3
2
|
.
|
\
|
11 5
3
2

|
.
|
\
|
=
x 8
3
2
|
.
|
\
|
16
3
2

|
.
|
\
|
=
x 8
3
2
|
.
|
\
|
8x = 16
x = 2
If x is any rational number different from zero and
a, b are any integers, then,
Law I:
b a b a
x x x
+
=
Law II:
b a b a
x x x

=
Law III:
ab b a
x ) x ( =
Law IV:
a a a
) y x ( y x = (where y is also a non-
zero rational number)
Law I:
a
a a
y
x
y x
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
(where y is also a non-
zero rational number)
Ex.44 Evaluate
4
3
2
|
.
|
\
|
4
3
2
|
.
|
\
|
Sol.
4
3
2
|
.
|
\
|
4
3
2
|
.
|
\
|
=
4 4
3
2

|
.
|
\
|
0
3
2
|
.
|
\
|
but
4
3
2
|
.
|
\
|
4
3
2
|
.
|
\
|
=
4
4
3
2
3
2
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
= 1
the expression =
0
3
2
|
.
|
\
|
= 1
Squares and Square Roots
The square of a number is that number raised to the
power 2.
5
2
= 25 implies 25 = 5.
Also, since (5)
2
= 25, so 25 = 5.
Thus 25 has two roots, 5 and 5.
So 25 = + 5.
Similarly, 16 = + 4, 49 = + 7, and so on.
Table
Number Square Cube
1 1 1
2 4 8
3 9 27
4 16 64
5 25 125
6 36 216
7 49 343
8 64 512
9 81 729
10 100 1000
To find the square root of a perfect square
by prime factorisation method :
Steps :
1- Express the given number as a product of prime
factors.
2- Make pairs of similar factors.
3- The product of the prime factors, after taking one
factor out of every pair will give the square root of
the number.
Ex.45 Find the square root of
2 2 2 2 3 3 5 5.
Sol. ) 5 5 ( ) 3 3 ( ) 2 2 2 2 (
= 2 2 3 5 = 60
Ex.46 Find the square root of 1764 by finding prime
factors.
1764 = 2 2 3 3 7 7
Sol.
1764
=
7 7 3 3 2 2
= 2 3 7
= 42
1 1
7 7
49 7
147 3
441 3
882 2
1764 2
Note that if negative factors are considered, we
shall have
1764
= 42
Ex.47 Find the simplest answer for
8 4
b a 9 .
Sol.
8 4
b a 9 =
4 4 2 2
b b a a 3 3
=
4 2 4 2
b a 3 b a 3 = 3a
2
b
4
To find the square and square root of a
Rati onal Number
b
a
:
b
a
b
a
=
2
2
b
a
=
ator min deno the of square
numerator the of square
Ex.48 Find the square of |
.
|
\
|
4
3
.
Sol.
2
4
3
|
.
|
\
|
= |
.
|
\
|
4
3
|
.
|
\
|
4
3
=
16
9
Ex.49 Find the square of
8
5
.
Sol.
2
8
5
|
.
|
\
|
=
2
2
8
5
=
8 8
5 5
=
64
25
Ex.50 Find the square root of
144
64
.
Sol.
144
64
=
2 2 2 2 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 2

=
4 2
6
2 3
2
=
2
3
2 3
2
=
12
8
=
3
2
Cubes and Cube Roots
If x is a rational number, multiplying x with itself
3 times gives x x x and is denoted as x
3
. Here
x
3
is called the cube and x is the cube root.
For any natural number m, if p = m,
if p = m m m = m
3
, then p is said to be a perfect
cube.
To find the cube root of a perfect cube by
prime factorisation method :
STEPS :
1. Express the given number as a product of
prime factors.
2. Make triplicates of similar factors.
3. The product of the prime factors after taking
one factor out of every triplicate will give
the cube root of the number.
Ex.51 Find the cube root of 2 2 2 7 7 7.
Sol.
3
) 7 7 7 2 2 2 (
=
3
) 7 2 ( ) 7 2 ( ) 7 2 (
= 2 7 = 14
Ex.52 Find the cube root of 3375 by using the prime
factorisation method.
Sol. 3375 = 5 5 5 3 3 3
3
3375
=
3
3 3 3 5 5 5
=
3
) 3 5 ( ) 3 5 ( ) 3 5 (
= 5 3
= 15
1
3 3
9 3
27 3
135 5
675 5
3375 5
A cube of a single-digit number will have a maximum
of only 3 digits. Note that 9
3
= 729 and 10
3
= 1000,
i.e., the cube root of any perfect cube below thousand
is a single digit.
Ex.53 Find
3
729 .
Sol. We know that its cube root is a single digit as
there are only three digits. Therefore 729 is the
cube of 9, as the units digit of a cube will be 9
only for the number 9.
Ex.54 Find the cube root of 103823.
Sol. 1. Look at the units digit, so the digit in the units
place of the cube root will be 7.
2. Leave the three digits on the right and look at
103.
3. The biggest cube less than 103 is 64, i.e., 4
3
.
Thus, the required cube root is 47.
Ex.55 Find the cube root of 884736.
1. The digit in the units place of the cube root
will be 6.
2. The highest perfect cube below 884 is 72,
i.e., 9
3
. So the required cube root is 96.
Ex.56 Add
5
3
and
5
13
.
Sol. We have,
5
3
+
5
13
=
5
13 3+
=
5
16
[ 3 + 13 = 16]
Ex.57 Add
9
7
and
9
12
.
Sol. We have,
9
7
+
9
12
=
9
) 12 ( 7 +
=
9
5
[ 7 + (12) = 5]
Ex.58 Add
9
5
and
9
17
.
Sol. We have,
9
5
+
9
17
=
9
) 17 ( ) 5 ( +
=
9
22
[ (5) + (17) = 22]
Ex.59 Add
11
4
and
11
7
.
Sol. We first express
11
4
as a rational with positive

denominator.
We have,
11
4
=
) 1 ( ) 11 (
) 1 ( 4

=
11
4
11
4
+
11
7
=
11
4
+
11
7
=
11
7 ) 4 ( +
=
11
3
[ (4) + 7 = 3]
Ex.60 Add
12
5
and
8
3
.
Sol. Clearly, denominator of the given numbers are
positive.
The LCM of denominators 12 and 8 is 24.
Now, we express
12
5
and
8
3
into forms in which
both of them have the same denominator 24.
We have,
12
5
=
2 12
2 5
=
24
10
and,
8
3
=
3 8
3 3
=
24
9
12
5
+
8
3
=
24
10
+
24
9
=
24
9 10+
=
24
19
Ex.61 Add
9
7
and 4.
Sol. We have, 4 =
1
4
.
Clearly, denominators of the two rational numbers
are positive. We now rewrite them so that they
ahve a common denominator 3equal to the LCM
of the denominators.
LCM of 9 and 1 is 9.
We have,
1
4
=
9 1
9 4
=
9
36
9
7
+ 4 =
9
7
+
1
4
=
9
7
+
9
36
=
9
36 7 +
=
9
43
Ex.62 Add
8
3
and
12
5
.
Sol. The denominators of the given rational numbers are
8 and 12 respectively. The LCM of 8 and 12 is 24.
Now we re-write the given ratinoal numbers into
forms in which both of them have the same
dnominator.
8
3
=
3 8
3 3
=
24
9
and,
12
5
=
2 12
2 5

=
24
10
8
3
+
12
5
=
24
9
+
24
) 10 (
=
24
10 9
=
24
1
Ex.63 Simplify :
15
8
+
3
4
.
Sol. We have,
15
8
+
3
4
=
15
8
+
3
4
(

=

=
=

=
3
4
) 1 ( ) 3 (
1 4
3
4
and
15
8
) 1 ( ) 15 (
1 8
15
8
LCM of 15 and 3 is 15.
Re-writing
3
4
in the form in which is has
denominator 15, we get
3
4
=
5 3
5 4
+

=
15
20
15
8
+
3
4
=
15
8
+
3
4
=
15
8
+
15
20
(
15
20
3
4
=
15
) 20 ( ) 8 ( +
=
15
28
Ex.64 Express each of the following as a rational
number of the form
q
p
:
(i) 5
3
(ii) (2)
5
(iii)
3
3
4

|
.
|
\
|
(iv)
4
5
2

|
.
|
\
|
(v)
3
2
1
Sol. We know that, if a is a non-zero rational number

and n is a positive integer, then
a
n
=
n
a
1
(i) 5
3
=
3
5
1
=
125
1
(
n
n
a
1
a
(ii) (2)
5
=
5
) 2 (
1
=
32
1
=
32
1
(
n
n
a
1
a
(iii)
3
3
4

|
.
|
\
|
=
3
3
4
1
|
.
|
\
|
=
3
3
3
4
1
(
(
= |
.
|
\
|
number whole a is n when
b
a
b
a
n
n
n
=
27
64
1
=
64
27
(iv)
4
5
2

|
.
|
\
|
=
4
5
2
1
|
.
|
\
|
=
4
4
5
) 2 (
1
=
625
16
1
=
16
625
(
(
> = |
.
|
\
|
0 n for
b
a
b
a
n
n
n
(v)
3
2
1
=
3
2
1
1
=
1
2
3
=
1
8
= 8 (
n
n
a
1
a
number of the form
q
p
:
(i)
2
8
3

|
.
|
\
|
3
5
4

|
.
|
\
|
(ii)
4
7
2

|
.
|
\
|
2
5
7
|
.
|
\
|
Sol. (i) We have,
2
8
3

|
.
|
\
|
3
5
4

|
.
|
\
|
=
2
8
3
1
|
.
|
\
|

3
5
4
1
|
.
|
\
|
(
n
n
a
1
a
=
2
2
8
3
1
3
3
5
4
1
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
= |
.
|
\
|
n
n
n
b
a
b
a
=
64
9
1
125
64
1
=
9
64
64
125
=
9
125
(ii) We have,
4
7
2

|
.
|
\
|
2
5
7
|
.
|
\
|
=
4
7
2
1
|
.
|
\
|

2
5
7
|
.
|
\
|
=
4
4
7
) 2 (
1

2
2
5
) 7 (
=
4
4
) 2 (
7

2
2
5
) 7 (
=
16
7 7 7 7
25
7 7
=
25 16
7
6
=
25 16
7
6
=
400
7
6
=
400
117649
Ex.66 Express each of the following as power of a
rational number with positive exponent :
(i)
3
4
1

|
.
|
\
|
(ii) 5
3
5
6
(iii)
5
4
1

|
.
|
\
|
7
4
1

|
.
|
\
|
Sol. (i) We have,
3
4
1

|
.
|
\
|
=
3
4
1
1
|
.
|
\
|
=
3
3
4
1
1
=
3
3
1
4
= 4
3
(ii) We have,
5
3
5
6
=
3
5
1
6
5
1
=
6 3
5 5
1 1
=
6 3
5
1
+
=
9
9
5
1
=
9
5
1
|
.
|
\
|
(iii) We have,
5
4
1

|
.
|
\
|
7
4
1

|
.
|
\
|
=
5
4
1
1
|
.
|
\
|

7
4
1
1
|
.
|
\
|
=
5
5
4
) 1 (
1

7
7
4
) 1 (
1

5
4
1
1

7
4
1
1
=
1
4
5

1
4
7
=
) 1 ( ) 1 (
4 4
7 5

=
1
4
7 5+
= 4
12
Ex.67 Simplify:
(i)
( )
1
2
1 1
8
5
5 2

|
.
|
\
|

(ii)
( )
1 1 1
1
1 1
) 3 2 ( 8 6

+
(iii)
( )
1
1
1 1
6 3 5

(iv)
( )
1
1 1
3
2
8 4

|
.
|
\
|
+
Sol. (i) We have,
1
2 1 1
8
5
) 5 2 (

|
.
|
\
|

=
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|

8
5
1
5
1
2
1
2
=
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|

5
8
1
5
2
1
2
(
a
1
a
1
=
1
8
4
5
5
8
2
5
5
8
2
5
2
2
2
= |
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
= 10
1
2
1
5
=
(ii) We have,
(6
1
8
1
)
1
+ (2
1
3
1
)
1
=
1 1
3
1
2
1
8
1
6
1

|
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|

=
1 1
6
2 3
24
3 4

|
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|
=
30
1
6
1
24
6
1
1
24
1
1
6
1
24
1
1 1
= + + = |
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|

(
a
1
a
1
(iii) We have,
(5
1
3
1
)
1
6
1
=
6
1
3
1
5
1
1
|
.
|
\
|

=
6
1
15
1
1
6
1
15
1
1
= |
.
|
\
|

=
90
1
6
15
6
1
15 = =
(iv) We have,
1
1 1
3
2
) 8 4 (

|
.
|
\
|
+
=
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
| +
= |
.
|
\
|
+
2
3
8
1 2
3
2
1
8
1
4
1
=
4
1
3
2
8
3
2
3
8
3
= =
Ex.68 Simplify
(i)
2 2 2
3
1
2
1
4
1

|
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|
(ii)
1
1
1
2
3
6

|
.
|
\
|
Sol. (i) We have,
2 2 2
3
1
2
1
4
1

|
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|
=
2 2 2
3
1
1
2
1
1
4
1
1
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
=
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
3
1
2
1
4
3
1
1
2
1
1
4
1
1
+ + = + +
=
1
3
1
2
1
4
2 2 2
+ +
= 4
2
+ 2
2
+ 3
2
= 16 + 4 + 9 = 29
(ii) We have,
1
1
1
2
3
6

|
.
|
\
|
+
=
1 1
1
1
6
2 2 1
3
2
6
1
2
3
1
6

|
.
|
\
| +
= |
.
|
\
|
+ =
+
=
5
6
6
5
1
6
5
1
= = |
.
|
\
|

number of the form
q
p
(i) (2
1
+ 3
1
)
2
(ii) (2
1
4
1
)
2
(iii)
1
1 1
4
1
3
4

|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
Sol. We know that for any positive integer n and any
rational number a,
n
n
a
1
a =
. Thus, we have
(i)
( )
2 2
2
1 1
6
2 3
3
1
2
1
3 2 |
.
|
\
| +
= |
.
|
\
|
+ = +
=
36
25
6
5
6
5
2
2
2
= = |
.
|
\
|
(ii)
( )
2 2 2
2
1 1
4
1
4
1 2
4
1
2
1
4 2 |
.
|
\
|
= |
.
|
\
|
= |
.
|
\
|
=

=
16
1
4
1
2
2
=
(iii)
1
1 1
4
1
3
4

|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
1
1
1
4
3
4
4
1
1
4
3
1
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
8
3
8
3
3
8
1
3
8
3
4 3 4
1 1
=
= |
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|

Ex.70 By what number should (8)
1
be multiplied so
that the product may be equal to 10
1
?
Sol. Let ( 8)
1
be multiplied by x to get 10
1
. Then,
x (8)
1
= 10
1
x = 10
1
(8)
1
8
1
10
1
x
=
(
a
1
a
1
5
4
10
8
1
8
10
1
x = = =
Hence, the required number is
5
4
Ex.71 Using the laws of exponents, simplify each of
the following and express in exponential form:
(A) 3
7
3
2
(B) 2
7
2
3
(C) (5
2
)
3
(D) 2
3
(7)
3
(E)
5
5
4
3
Sol. Using laws of exponents, we have:

(i) 3
7
3
2
= 3
7 + (2)
= 3
5
] a a a [
n m n m +
=
(ii)
4 3 7 ) 3 ( 7
3
7
3 7
2 2 2
2
2
2 2
+

= = =
(
(
=
n m
n
m
a
a
a
(iii) (5
2
)
3
= 5
2 3
= 5
6
] a ) a ( [
mn n m
=
(iv) 2
3
(7)
3
= (2 (7))
3
= (14)
3
] ) ab ( b a [
n n n
=
(v)
5
5
5
4
3
4
3

|
.
|
\
|
=
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
=
n
n
n
b
a
b
a
Ex..72 Using the laws of exponents simplify and express

each of the following in exponential form with
positive exponent:
(i) (4)
4
(4)
10
(ii) 2
5
2
2
(iii) 3
4
2
4
(iv)
2
3
2
1
|
.
|
\
|
(v)
5 10 7
3 ) 3 3 (

(vi)
4
4
3
5
) 3 ( |
.
|
\
|
Sol. (i) We have,

(4)
4
(4)
10 =
(4)
4 + (10)
] a a a [
n m n m +
=
= (4)
6
= 6
) 4 (
1
n
n
a
1
a
=
6
6
) 4 (
1
] 1 1 [
6
=
=
6
4
1
|
.
|
\
|
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
=
n
n
n
b
a
b
a
=
6
4
1
|
.
|
\
|
(

=
4
1
4
1
(ii) We have,
2 5
2
5
2 5
2
2
2
2 2

= =
(
(
=
n m
n
m
a
a
a
=
7
7
2
1
2 =
n
n
a
1
a
=
7
7
7
2
1
2
1
|
.
|
\
|
=
(iii) We have,
3
4
2
4
= (3 2)
4
[a
n
b
n
= (ab)
n
]
= 6
4
=
4
6
1
(
n
n
a
1
a
=
4
4
6
1
] 1 1 [
4
=
=
4
6
1
|
.
|
\
|
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
=
n
n
n
b
a
b
a
(iv) We have,
6 2 3
2
3
2
3
3
2
3
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
|
.
|
\
|
= |
.
|
\
|
=
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
= |
.
|
\
|

(v) We have,
5 10 7
3 ) 3 3 (

=
5 ) 10 ( 7 5
10
7
3 3 3
3
3

=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
2 ) 5 ( 3 5 3 5 10 7
3 3 3 3 3 3
+ +
= = =
=
2
2
2
2
3
1
3
1
3
|
.
|
\
|
= =
1
(vi) We have,
4
4
4
4
3
5
) 3 1 (
3
5
) 3 ( |
.
|
\
|
= |
.
|
\
|

] 3 1 3 [ =
=
{ }
4
4
4 4
3
5
3 ) 1 (
(
(
= |
.
|
\
|
=
n
n
n
n n n
b
a
b
a
and b a ) ab (
=
4
4
4
3
5
) 3 1 (
] 1 ) 1 ( [
4
=
=
4 4 4
4
4
4
5 3
3
5
3 =
4 4 4 0
5 5 1 5 3 = = =
Ex.73 Simplify and write the answer in the exponetial
form:
(i)
5 5 8 5
2 ) 2 2 (
(ii) ( 4)
3
(5)
3
(5)
3
(iii)
3
3
8
1

Sol. (i) We have,
5 5 8 5
2 ) 2 2 (
=
5 5 8 5 5
5
8
5
2 ) 2 ( 2
2
2

=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
5 5 3 5 5 3
2 2 2 ) 2 (

=
= 2
15
2
5
= 2
155
= 2
20
(ii) We have,
(4)
3
5
3
(5)
3
= { 4 5 (5)}
3
| |
n n n n
) abc ( c b a =
= (100)
3
=
( )
3
2
10

= 10
2 3
= 10
6
(iii) We have,
3 3 3 3 3
3
3
6 ) 3 2 ( 3 2 3
2
1
3
8
1

= = = =
Ex.74 Simplify each of the following :
(i)
1
2
2
5
1

(
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
(ii)
2 3 2
4
1
2
1
3
1

|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
Sol. We have,
(i)
1
2
2
5
1

(
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
=
1 2
2
5
1

|
.
|
\
|
| |
mn n m
a ) a ( =
=
2
2
5
1

|
.
|
\
|
=
) 2 ( ) 2 (
5
1

|
.
|
\
|
=
625
1
5
) 1 (
5
1
4
4
4
=
= |
.
|
\
|
(ii) We have,
2 3 2
4
1
2
1
3
1

|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
2 3 2
1
4
1
2
1
3
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
= |
.
|
\
|
n n
a
b
b
a
=
2
2
3
3
2
2
1
4
1
2
1
3
= (9 8) 16 = 1 16 =
16
1
Ex.75 Simplify :
(i)
5 7
5
8
8
5

|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
(ii)
3 2
5
4
3
2

|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
(iii)
3 4
2
3
4
3

|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
(iv)
3 2
6
7
7
3

|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
Sol. (i) We have,
7
5
5
7
5
5
7
7
5 7
8
8
5
5
5
8
8
5
5
8
8
5

= = |
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
= 5
7(5)
8
5(7)
= 5
7+5
8
5+7
= 5
2
8
2
=
25
64
5
8
2
2
=
(ii) We have,
3
3
2
2
3 2
5
4
3
) 2 (
5
4
3
2
= |
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
64
125
4
9
4
5
) 2 (
3
3
3
2
2
=
=
256
1125
64 4
125 9
=
(iii) We have,
3 4
3
4 3 4
2
3
4
3
2
3
1
4
3
2
3
4
3
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
= |
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|

=
3
3
4
4
2
3
4
3
=
3
32
3
2
2
3
2
3
2 2
3 3
2 ) 2 (
3 3
1
5
5
1
3 8
3 4
3 8
3 4
3 4 2
3 4
= = = =
+
+
(iv) We have,
3
3
2
2
3 2
6
7
7
3
6
7
7
3

= |
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
(
(
= |
.
|
\
|
n
n
n
b
a
b
a
=
3
3
2
2
) 3 2 (
7
7
3
=
3 3
3
2
2
3 2
7
7
3

=
3 2
3
3
2
2
1
7
7
3
3

= 3
2+3
7
3+2
2
3
=
7
24
8
7
1
3 2 7 3
3 1
= =

Ex.76 Evaluate:
4
3 1
2
5 8
Sol. We have,
4
3 3
4
3 1 3
4
3 1 3
4
3 1
2
5 2
2
5 2
2
5 ) 2 (
2
5 8
3 4 3
5 2 =
+
2
1
5
3
= 2 125 = 250
Ex.77 Simplify:
(i)
8 3
4
a 10 5
a 25
(ii)
5 7
5 5
6 5
125 10 3

Sol. (i) We have,
8 1 3
4 2
8 3
4 2
8 3
4
a 2 5
a 5
a ) 5 2 ( 5
a 5
a 10 5
a 25
+
=

=

=
2
a 5
2
a 5
a 2 5
a 5
4 4 8 4 ) 2 ( 2
8 2
4 2
4 4
4
a
2
625
a
2
5
= =
(ii) We have,
5 7
3 5 5
5 7
5 5
) 3 2 ( 5
5 ) 5 2 ( 3
6 5
125 10 3

=

=
5 5 7
3 5 5 5
3 2 5
5 5 2 3

=
) 7 ( 3 5 ) 5 ( 5 ) 5 ( 5
5 2 3
+

=
5 5 7 3 5 0 0
5 5 1 1 5 2 3 = =
+ +
2
be multiplied so
that the product may be equal to 10
2
?
Sol. Let (4)
2
= be multiplied by x to get 10
2
.
Then, x (4)
2
= 10
2

2 2
) 4 ( 10 x

=
2
2
) 4 (
1
10 x

2
2
) 4 (
10
x

25
4
100
16
10
) 4 (
x
2
2
= =
=
Hence, required number is
25
4
1
be divided so
that the quotient may be
1
3
2

|
.
|
\
|
?
Sol. Let the required number be x. Then,
1
1
3
2
x ) 12 (

|
.
|
\
|
=
1
1
3
2
x
) 12 (

|
.
|
\
|
=
1
1
3
2
) 12 ( x

|
.
|
\
|
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
2
3
12
1
x
(
(
= |
.
|
\
|
=

a
b
b
a
and
a
1
a
1
1
18
1
18
1
3
2
12
1
x

=
=
Ex.80 By what number should
3
2
3

|
.
|
\
|
be divided so
that the quotient may be
2
27
4

|
.
|
\
|
?
Sol. Let the required number be x. Then,
2 3
27
4
x
2
3

|
.
|
\
|
= |
.
|
\
|
2 3
27
4
x
1
2
3

|
.
|
\
|
= |
.
|
\
|
2 3
27
4
2
3
x

|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
2 3
4
27
3
2
x |
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

(
(
|
.
|
\
|
= |
.
|
\
|
n n
a
b
b
a
2
3
4
27
1
3
2
x
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
2
2 3
3
4
27
1
) 3 (
2
x
3
3
2
2
2
2
27
4 2
27
4
27
8
27
4
27
8
x

=
=
3
27
4
2 |
.
|
\
|
=
Ex.81 Find x so that
x 8 11 5
3
5
3
5
3
5
|
.
|
\
|
= |
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|

Sol. We have,
x 8 11 5
3
5
3
5
3
5
|
.
|
\
|
= |
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|

x 8 11 5
3
5
3
5
|
.
|
\
|
= |
.
|
\
|

x 8 16
3
5
3
5
|
.
|
\
|
= |
.
|
\
|

8x = 16
2
8
16
x = =
Ex.82 Find m so that
1 m 2 6 3
9
2
9
2
9
2

|
.
|
\
|
= |
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
Sol. We have,
1 m 2 6 3
9
2
9
2
9
2

|
.
|
\
|
= |
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
1 m 2 6 3
9
2
9
2

|
.
|
\
|
= |
.
|
\
|
2
1 m 2 3
a
2
a
2

|
.
|
\
|
= |
.
|
\
|
2m 1 = 3
2m = 3 + 1
2m = 2
m = 1
Ex.83 If
4 2
3
2
2
3
x

|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
, find the value of x
2
Sol. We have,
4 2
3
2
2
3
x

|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
4 2
2
3
2
3
x |
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

(
(
|
.
|
\
|
= |
.
|
\
|
n n
a
b
b
a
6 4 2
2
3
2
3
x |
.
|
\
|
= |
.
|
\
|
=
+
12 12 2 6
2
6
2
3
2
2
3
2
3
2
3
x |
.
|
\
|
= |
.
|
\
|
= |
.
|
\
|
=
|
.
|
\
|
=

Ex.84 Write the following numbers in standard form:

(i) 0.4579 (ii) 0.000007
(iii) 0.000000564 (iv) 0.0000021
(v) 216000000 (vi) 0.000052910
4
(vii) 957310
4
Sol. (i) To express 0.4579 in standard form the decimal
point is moved through one place only to the
right so that there is just one digit on the left of
the decimal point.
0.4579 = 4.579 10
1
is in the standard form
(ii) 0.000007= 7 10
6
[ The decimal point is moved 6 placed to the
right]
(iii) 0.000000564 = 5.64 10
7
[ The decimal point is moved 7 places to the
right]
(iv) 0.0000021 = 2.1 10
6
[ The decimal point is moved 6 place to the
right]
(v) 21600000 = 2.16 10
8
[ The decimal point is moved 8 places to the
left]
(vi) 0.0000529 10
4
= 5.29 10
5
10
4
= 5.29 10
5+4
= 5.29 10
1
(vii) 9573 10
4
= 9.573 10
3
10
4
= 9.573 10
3+(4)
= 9.573 10
1
Ex.85 Express the following numbers in usual form:
(i) 3.52 10
5
(ii) 7.54 10
4
(iii) 3 10
5
Sol. We have,
(i) 3.52 10
5
= 3.52 100000 = 352000
(ii) 7.54 10
4
=
000754 . 0
10000
54 . 7
10
54 . 7
4
= =
(iii) 00003 . 0
100000
3
10
3
10 3
5
5
= = =

Ex.86 Express the number appearing in the following
satatements in standard form:
(i) 1 micron is equal to
1000000
1
metre
(ii) Charge of an electron is
0.0000000000000000016 coloumbs.
(iii) Size of a bacteria is 0.0000005 metre
(iv) Size of a plant cell is 0.00001275 metre
(v) Thickness of a normal paper is 0.07 mm
Sol. (i) 1 micron is equal to
1000000
1
metre = 10
6
metre
(ii) Charge of an electron is
0.0000000000000000016 coloumbs
= 1.6 10
18
columbs
(iii) Size of a bacteria is 0.0000005 metre
= 5 10
7
metre
(iv) Size of a plant cell is 0.00001275 metre
= 1.275 10
5
metre
(v) The thickness of a normal paper is 0.07 mm
= 7 10
2
mm
Ex.87 If the diameters of the Sun and the Earth are
1.4 10
9
metres and 1.275 10
7
metre respectively.
Compare these two.
Sol. We have,
7
7 2
7
9
10 275 . 1
10 10 4 . 1
10 275 . 1
10 4 . 1
Earth the of . Dia
sun the of . Dia
=
=
100
~ 100
3 . 1
4 . 1
100
275 . 1
4 . 1
=
(
~
3 . 1
4 . 1
and 3 . 1
~ 275 . 1
So, the diameter of the Sun is about 100 times
the diameter of the Earth.
Ex.88 The size of a red blood cell is 0.000007 m and the
size of a plant cell is 0.00001275 m. Compare
these two.
Sol. We have,
Size of red blood cell = 0.000007 m = 710
6
m
Size of plant cell = 0.00001275 = 1.27510
5
m
5
6
10 275 . 1
10 7
cell plant of Size
cell blood red of Size
=
=
275 . 1
10 7
275 . 1
10 7
1 5 6
+
=
2
1
~
3 . 1
7 . 0
~
275 . 1
7 . 0
So, a red blood cell is approximately half of a
plant cell in size.
Q.1 Express each of the following as a rational
number of the form
q
p
, where p and q are intergers
and 0 q = :
(i) 2
3
(ii) (4)
2
(iii)
2
3
1
(iv)
5
2
1

|
.
|
\
|
(v)
2
3
2

|
.
|
\
|
Q.2 Find the value of each of the following:
(i)
1 1
4 3

+
(ii)
2 1 0
2 ) 4 3 ( +

(iii)
0 1 1 1
) 5 4 3 (

+ + (iv)
1
1 1
4
1
3
1

|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
Q.3 Find the value of each of the following:
(i)
1 1 1
4
1
3
1
2
1

|
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|
(ii)
2 2 2
4
1
3
1
2
1

|
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|
(iii)
2 1 1
2 ) 4 2 (

(iv)
1 1 1
6 ) 2 5 (

Q.4 Simplify:
(i)
2 1 1
) 3 4 (

(ii)
3 1 1
) 6 5 (

(iii)
1 1 1
) 3 2 (

+ (iv)
1 1 1 1
5 ) 4 3 (

Q.5 Simplify
(i)
3
2 2
2
1
) 2 3 ( |
.
|
\
|
+ (ii)
3
2 2
3
2
) 2 3 (

|
.
|
\
|

(ii)
3 3 3
4
1
2
1
3
1

|
.
|
\
|
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
(iv)
2
2 2 2
2
3
) 4 3 2 ( |
.
|
\
|
+
Q.6 By what number should 5
1
be multiplied so that
the product may be equal to (7)
1
?
Q.7 By what number should
1
2
1

|
.
|
\
|
be multiplied
so that the product may be equal to
1
7
4

|
.
|
\
|
?
Q.8 By what number should (15)
1
be divided so
that the quotient may be equal to (5)
1
?
Q.9 Write each of the following in exponential form:
(i)
1 1 1 1
2
3
2
3
2
3
2
3

|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
(ii)
2 2 2
5
2
5
2
5
2

|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
Q.10 Evaluate:
(i) 5
2
(ii) (3)
2
(iii)
4
3
1

|
.
|
\
|
(iv)
1
2
1

|
.
|
\
|
number in the form
q
p
:
(i) 6
1
(ii) (7)
1
(iii)
1
4
1

|
.
|
\
|
(iv)
1
1
2
3
) 4 (

|
.
|
\
|

Q.12 Simplify
(i)
{ }
2
1 1
3 4

(ii)
{ }
3
1 1
6 5

(iii) (2
1
+ 3
1
)
1
(iv) {3
1
4
1
}
1
5
1
(v) (4
1
5
1
) 3
1
Q.13 Express each of the following rational numbers
with a negative exponent:
(i)
3
4
1
|
.
|
\
|
(ii) 3
5
(iii)
4
5
3
|
.
|
\
|
(iv)
3
4
2
3

|
.
|
\
|
(v)
3
4
3
7

|
.
|
\
|
EXERCISE # 1
Q.14 Express each of the following rational numbers
with a positive exponent:
(i)
2
4
3

|
.
|
\
|
(ii)
3
4
5

|
.
|
\
|
(iii) 4
3
4
9
(iv)
4
3
3
4

|
.
|
\
|
(v)
2
4
2
3

|
.
|
\
|
Q.15 Simplify
(i)
3 3 3
4
1
2
1
2
3

|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
(ii)
3
2 2
3
2
) 2 3 (

|
.
|
\
|

(iii)
1
1
1
) 4 (
2
1

|
.
|
\
|
(iv)
1
2
2
4
1

(
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
(v)
1 1
4
3
2
6 3
3
1
3
2

|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
Q.16 By what number should 51 be multiplied so that
the product may be equal to (7)
1
?
1
2
1

|
.
|
\
|
be multiplied so
that the product may be equal to
|
|
.
|
\
|

1
7
4
?
Q.18 By what number should (15)
1
be divided so
that the quotient may be equal to (5)
1
?
2
3
5

|
.
|
\
|
be multiplied so
that the product may be
1
3
7

|
.
|
\
|
?
Q.20 Find x, if
(i)
x 4 8 4
4
1
4
1
4
1

|
.
|
\
|
= |
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
(ii)
1 x 2 8 19
2
1
2
1
2
1
+
|
.
|
\
|
= |
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
(iii)
1 x 2 5 3
2
3
2
3
2
3
+
|
.
|
\
|
= |
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
(iv)
x 3 2 15 3
5
2
5
2
5
2
+
|
.
|
\
|
= |
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
(v)
5 4 x
4
5
4
5
4
5
|
.
|
\
|
= |
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|

(vi)
2 x 5 1 x 2
3
8
3
8
3
8
+ +
|
.
|
\
|
= |
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
Q.21 (i) If
4 2
3
2
2
3
x

|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
= , find the value of x
2
.
(ii) If
2 2
4
1
5
4
x |
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

, find the value of x
1
Q.22 Find the value of x for which 5
2x
5
3
= 5
5
.
Q.23 Express the following numbers in standard form:
(i) 6020000000000000 (ii) 0.00000000000942
(iii) 0.00000000085 (iv) 846 10
7
(v) 3759 10
4
(vi) 0.00072984
(vii) 0.000437 10
4
(viii) 4 100000
Q.24 Write the following numbers in the usual form:
(i) 4.83 10
7
(ii) 3.02 10
6
(iii) 4.5 10
4
(iv) 3 10
8
(v) 1.0001 10
9
(vi) 5.8 10
2
(vii) 3.61492 10
6
(viii) 3.25 10
7
Q.25 Subtract the first rational nuber from the second
in each of the following:
(i)
8
5
,
8
3
(ii)
9
4
,
9
7
(iii)
11
9
,
11
2
(iv)
13
4
,
13
11
(v)
8
3
,
4
1
(vi)
6
5
,
3
2
(vii)
14
13
,
7
6
(viii)
22
7
,
33
8
Q.26 The sum of the two numbers is
9
5
. If one of the
numbers is
3
1
, find the other..
Q.27 The sum of two numbers is
3
1
. If one of the
numbers is
3
12
, find the other..
Q.28 The sum of two numbers is
3
4
. If one of the
numbers is 5, find the other.
Q.29 The sum of two rational numbers is8. If one of
the numbers is
7
15
, find the other..
Q.30 What should be added to
8
7
so as to get
9
5
?
Q.31 What number should be added to
11
5
so as to
get
33
26
?
Q.32 What number should be added to
7
5
to get
3
2
?
Q.33 What number should be subtracted from
3
5
to
get
6
5
?
Q.34 What number should be subtracted from
7
3
to
get
4
5
?
|
.
|
\
|
+
5
3
3
2
to get
15
2
?
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
5
1
3
1
2
1
to get 3 ?
Q.37 What should be subtracted from
|
.
|
\
|

3
2
4
3
to get
6
1
?
Q.38 Simply each of the following and write as a
rational number of the frorm
q
p
:
(i)
8
7
6
5
4
3
+ +
(ii)
9
7
6
5
3
2
+
+
(iii)
8
5
6
7
2
11
+ +
(iv)
15
8
10
7
5
4
+
(v)
20
13
15
22
10
9
+ +
(vi)
3
3
7
2
3
3
5
+
+
number of the form
q
p
:
(i)
3
8
3
6
11
4
1
3
8
+
(ii)
7
12
21
19
9
7
1
7
6
+ +
+ +
(iii)
6
7
6
3
11
8
9
2
15
+ +
+ +
(iv)
14
11
10
19
5
9
0
4
7
+ +
+ +
(v)
2
6
5
2
1
3
5
4
7
+
+ +
Q.40 Simplify:
(i)
4
7
4
5
2
3
+
(ii)
3
2
6
7
3
5
+
(iii)
3
2
6
7
4
5

(iv)
7
4
10
3
5
2
(v)
15
2
5
2
6
5
+
(vi)
36
5
9
2
8
3
+
Q.41 Multiply:
(i)
11
7
by
4
5
(ii)
7
5
by
4
3
(iii)
9
2
by
11
5
(iv)
17
3
by
4
5
(v)
7
9
by
11
36
(vi)
13
11
by
7
21
(vii)
5
3
by
7
4
(viii)
11
15
by 7
Q.42 Multiply:
(i)
17
5
by
60
51
(ii)
11
6
by
36
55
(iii)
25
8
by
16
5
(iv)
7
6
by
36
49
(v)
9
8
by
16
7
(vi)
9
8
by
64
3
Q.43 Simplify each of the following and express the
result as a rational number in standard form:
(i)
5
14
21
16
(ii)
28
3
6
7
(iii)
16
36
19
(iv)
26
27
9
13
(v)
27
64
16
9
(vi)
3
14
7
50
(vii)
88
81
9
11
(viii)
25
72
9
5
Q.44 Simplify:
(i)
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|

9
10
5
3
5
2
8
25
(ii) |
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|
6
2
1
4
1
2
1
(iii) |
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|

9
2
6
15
2
5
(iv) |
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|

6
5
2
13
3
5
4
9
(v) |
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|
15
21
7
3
5
12
3
4
(vi) |
.
|
\
|

|
.
|
\
|

3
11
2
5
3
8
5
13
(vii) |
.
|
\
|

|
.
|
\
|

6
5
3
4
26
11
7
13
(viii) |
.
|
\
|

+ |
.
|
\
|
16
11
10
3
2
3
5
8
Q.45 Simplify:
(i)
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|

3
4
8
13
2
7
3
5
6
1
2
3
(ii)
|
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|

2
9
7
3
3
2
14
5
7
2
4
1
(iii)
|
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|
2
1
5
3
5
8
3
7
2
15
9
13
(iv)
|
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|

15
6
13
5
3
4
12
9
6
5
11
3
Q.1 If x = 0. 7 , then 2x is -
(A) 4 . 1 (B) 5 . 1
(C) 54 . 1 (D) 45 . 1
Q.2 Evaluate
3
2
64
1

|
.
|
\
|
(A) 4 (B) 16 (C) 32 (D) 64
Q.3 The value of (256)
0.16
(256)
0.09
is -
(A) 64 (B) 256.25
(C) 16 (D) 4
Q.4 If a = 2 + 3 and b = 2 3 , then
b
1
a
1
+ is equal
to -
(A) 2 3 (B) 2 3
(C) 4 (D) 4
Q.5 If a = 2 + 3 and b = 2 3 , then
2 2
b
1
a
1
is
equal to
(A) 14 (B) 14
(C) 8 3 (D) 8 3
Q.6 If a =
3 2
3 2
+
, b =
3 2
3 2
+
, then the value of

a + b is -
(A) 14 (B) 14 (C) 8 3 (D) 3
Q.7 If x = 3 + 8 and y = 3 8 , then
2 2
y
1
x
1
+
is
equal to -
(A) 34 (B) 34 (C) 12 8 (D) 12 8
Q.8
( )
) 2 ( 2
2 2 2
2 n
n 3 n
+
+

when simplified is -
(A) 1 2 (2
n
) (B) 2
n+3

4
1
(C) 1
4
1
(D) 1
2
1
Q.9
0
64
1
|
.
|
\
|
+ 64
1/2
(32)
4/5
is equal to
(A) 15
8
7
(B) 16
8
1
(C) 14
8
7
(D) 17
8
1
Q.10 A rational number between
2
and
3
is
(A)
2
3 2
(B)
2
3 2
(C) 1.4 (D) 1.5
Q.11 If x = 6 1 . 0 , then 3x is -
(A)
8 4 . 0
(B)
9 4 . 0
(C)
5 . 0
(D) 0.5
Q.12 Find the value of x when
3 x 2
5
3

|
.
|
\
|
=
3 x
3
5

|
.
|
\
|
(A) x = 2 (B) x = 2
(C) x = 1 (D) x = 1
Q.13 If 2
x
2
x1
= 4, then x
x
is equal to
(A) 1 (B) 27
(C) 3 (D) None of these
Q.14 The value of
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1
3
1
3
1 0
3
1
2 / 3 2 / 3
1 . 0 6 . 0
|
.
|
\
|
+
is
(A) 3/2 (B) 3/2 (C) 2/3 (D) 1/2
Q.15 What must be added to the sum of
4x
2
+ 3x 7 and 3x
2
+ 6x + 5 to get : 1?
(A) 7x
2
+ 9x 3 (B) 3 9x 7x
2
(C) 7x
2
+ 9x 2 (D) None of these
Q.16 3 . 1 is equal to
(A) 3/4 (B) 2/3 (C) 4/3 (D) 2/5
(A)
99
585
(B)
999
585
(C)
585
999
(D) none of these
EXERCISE # 2
(A) 45/9 (B) 46/9
(C) 47/9 (D) None of these
Q.19 Which of the following numbers is different
from others ?
(A)
2
(B)
3
(C)
4
(D)
5
Q.20 Which of the following numbers is different
from others ?
(A) 7 (B) 8 (C) 13 (D) 16
Q.21 The product of
6 4
and
24 3
is
(A) 124 (B) 134
(C) 144 (D) 154
Q.22 If a =
2 2 3
1
, b =
2 2 3
1
+
then the value
of a
2
+ b
2
is
(A) 34 (B) 35 (C) 36 (D) 37
Q.23 If a =
2 2 3
1
, b =
2 2 3
1
+
then the value of
a
3
+ b
3
is
(A) 194 (B) 196 (C) 198 (D) 200
Q.24 If x = (7 + 3 4 ), then the value of x
2
+
2
x
1
is
(A) 193 (B) 194 (C) 195 (D) 196
Q.25 If 5 = 2.236 and
10
= 3.162, the value of
2
5 10
on simplifying is
(A) 0.455 (B) 0.855
(C) 0.655 (D) 0.755
Q.26 The val ue of
3 5

75 2 12 3 +
on
simplifying is
(A)
3 5
(B)
3 6
(C)
3
(D)
3 9
Q.27 If
1 3
1 3
+
= a + b
3
, then the value of a and
b is
(A) a = 2, b = 1
(B) a = 2, b = 1
(C) a = 2, b = 1
(D) a = 2, b = 1
Q.28 The rational form of 35 74 . 2 is
(A)
9999
27161
(B)
99
27
(C)
9900
27161
(D)
9000
27161
Q.29 The sum of a number and its reciprocal is
125/22. The number is
(A) 2/11 (B) 1/11
(C) 3/11 (D) None of these
Q.30 What must be added to x/y to make it y/x ?
(A)
2 2
x y
x y
(B)
xy
x y
2 2
(C)
y x
xy
+
(D)
2 2
2 2
y x
y x
+
Q.31 If x =
2 3
2 3
+
and y = 1, the value of
y 3 x
y x
is
(A)
5
4 6 +
(B)
4 6
5
(C)
4 6
5
+
(D)
5
4 6
Q.32 If A = x
x
1
, then the value of |
.
|
\
|
+
A
1
A
is
(A)
) 1 x ( x
1 x x
2
2 4
+
(B)
) 1 x ( x
1 x x
2
2 4
+ +
(C)
2 3
4
x x
1 x
+
(D) 1
Q.33 The value of
2
x 1
x 4
x 1
x 1
x 1
x 1
+
+
+
+
is
(A)
4
x 1
x 8
+
(B)
4
x 1
x 8
(C)
4
x 1
8
(D)
4
x 1
8
Q.34 The expression to be added to (5x

2
7x + 2)
to produce (7x
2
1) is
(A) 2x
2
+ 7x + 3 (B) 2x
2
+ 7x 3
(C) 12x
2
7x + 1 (D) 2x
2
3
Q.35 What must be added to 1 x + x
2
2x
3
to
obtain x
3
?
(A) x
3
x
2
+ x 1 (B) 1 + x + x
2
3x
3
(C) 3x
3
x
2
+ x 1 (D) None of these
Hints & Solution # 1
Sol.1 (i)
8
1
(ii)
16
1
(iii) 9 (iv) 32 (v)
4
9
Sol.2 (i)
12
7
(ii) 5 (iii) 1 (iv) 1
Sol.3 (i) 9 (ii) 29 (iii)
2
1
(iv)
5
3
Sol.4 (i)
144
1
(ii)
125
216
(iii)
5
6
(iv)
5
12
Sol.5 (i)
8
13
(ii)
8
135
(iii)
64
19
(iv)
3
4
Sol.6
7
5
Sol.7
8
7
Sol.8
3
1
Sol.9 (i)
4
2
3

|
.
|
\
|
(ii)
6
5
2

|
.
|
\
|
Sol.10 (i)
25
1
(ii)
9
1
(iii) 81 (iv) 2
Sol.11 (i)
6
1
(ii)
7
1
(iii) 4 (iv)
6
1
(v)
3
2
Sol.12 (i)
144
1
(ii)
125
216
(iii)
5
6
(iv)
5
12
(v)
20
3
Sol.13 (i) 4
3
(ii)
5
3
1

|
.
|
\
|
(iii)
4
3
5

|
.
|
\
|
(iv)
12
2
3

|
.
|
\
|
(v)
12
3
7

|
.
|
\
|
Sol.14 (i)
2
3
4
|
.
|
\
|
(ii)
3
5
4
|
.
|
\
|
(iii)
6
4
1
|
.
|
\
|
(iv)
12
3
4
|
.
|
\
|
(v)
8
3
2
|
.
|
\
|
Sol.15 (i)
64
19
(ii)
8
135
(iii) 2 (iv)
256
1
(v)
81
32
Sol.23 (i) 6.02 10
15
(ii) 9.42 10
12
(iii) 8.5 10
10
(iv) 8.46 10
9
(v) 3.759 10
1
(vi) 7.2984 10
4
(vii) 4.37 (viii) 4 10
5
Sol.24 (i) 48300000 (ii) 0.00000302
(iii) 45000 (iv) 0.00000003
(v) 100100000 (vi) 580
(vii) 3614920 (viii) 0.000000325
Sol.25
9
2
Sol.26
3
11
Sol.27
3
11
Sol.28
7
41
Sol.29
72
103
Sol.30
32
41
Sol.31
21
1
Sol.32
2
5
Sol.33
28
23
Sol.34
5
7
Sol.35
30
59
Sol.36
4
1
Q.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Ans. B B D C D A A C C D D A B B B C B C
Q.No 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
Ans. C D C A C B C D A C A B A A B B C
3.[D] (256)
0.16
(256)
0.09
= (4
4
)
0.16
(4
4
)
0.09
= (4
4
)
0.16+0.09
= (4
4
)
0.25
= (4
4
)
1/4
= 4
4.[C] a = 2 + 3 and b = 2 3
b
1
a
1
+ =
3 2
1
3 2
1
+
+
) 3 2 ( ) 3 2 (
3 2 3 2
+
+ +
=
3 4
4
= 4
5.[D] a = 2 + 3 and b = 2 3
2
a
1
=
2
) 3 2 (
1
+
=
3 4 3 4
1
+ +
=
3 4 7
1
+
2
b
1
=
2
) 3 2 (
1
=
3 4 3 4
1
+
=
3 4 7
1
2
a
1
2
b
1
=
3 4 7
1
+

3 4 7
1
=
) 3 4 7 ( ) 3 4 7 (
3 4 7 3 4 7
+

=
48 49
3 4 2

=
1
3 8
= 8 3
6.[A] a =
3 2
3 2
+
, b =
3 2
3 2
+
a + b =
3 2
3 2
+
+
3 2
3 2
+
=
) 3 2 ( ) 3 2 (
) 3 2 ( ) 3 2 (
2 2
+
+
=
2 2
) 3 ( ) 2 (
3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4
+ + + +
=
3 4
14
=
1
14
= 14
7.[A] x = 3 + 8 and y = 3 8
x
2
= (3 + 8 )
2
= 9 + 8 + 6 8 = 17 + 6 8
y
2
= (3 8 )
2
= 9 + 8 6 8 = 17 6 8
2 2
y
1
x
1
+
=
8 6 17
1
+
+
8 6 17
1
=
) 8 6 17 ( ) 8 6 17 (
8 6 17 8 6 17
+
+ +
=
2 2
) 8 6 ( ) 17 (
34
=
288 289
34
=
1
34
= 34
8.[C]
) 2 ( 2
) 2 ( 2 2
2 n
n 3 n
+
+

=
2 n 1
n 1 3 n
2 . 2
2 . 2 2
+
+

=
3 n
1 n 3 n
2
2 2
+
+ +

=
3 n
1 n 3 n
2 . 2
2 . 2 2 . 2
=
) 2 ( 2
) 2 2 ( 2
3 n
1 3 n
=
3
3
2
2 2
= 1
4
1
11.[D] x =
6 1 . 0
....(i)
10 x = 6 . 1 ....(ii)
100 x = 6 . 16
Subtracting (i) from (ii) 90x = 15
x =
6
1
3x =
6
3
=
2
1
= 1.5
14.[B]
1 3 1
3
1 0
3
1
2
3
2
3
) 1 . 0 ( ) 6 . 0 (

|
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|

( ) 3
2
3
3
2
1 . 0
1
1
3
1
3
+ |
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
3
8
27
3
8
10 1

3 9
9
=
6
9
=
2
3
Hints & Solution # 2

Rational Numbers

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(Multiplying and dividing each fraction by

as a rational with positive

Sol. We know that, if a is a non-zero rational number

Sol. Using laws of exponents, we have:

Ex..72 Using the laws of exponents simplify and express

Sol. (i) We have,

Ex.84 Write the following numbers in standard form:

, then the value of

Q.34 The expression to be added to (5x

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