Estimation of the Vibration Decrement

of an
Offshore Wind Turbine Support Structure
Caused by its Interaction with Soil
- W. G. VERSTEIJLEN\ A. V. METRIKINE 2, J . s . HOVING,
E. SMID, W. E. DE VRIES -
Abstract
I n today' s cut t i n g costs en viron men t i n the offshore wi n d i n dustry, sign ifican t achievements can
be made wi t h a better assessment of dyn ami c soil-pile i n teracti on .
Of the mai n dampi n g mechanisms active at an O WT, least is kn own about soil dampi n g. The
values f or thi s con t r i but i on used i n the i n dust r y today - mostl y calculated analogously to a study
performed i n 1980 [1] - are expected t o be on the low side. Mor e research on the topi c is recom-
men ded.
Presence of more dampi n g t han curren tl y assumed, woul d si gn i fy that the (often ) design dr i vi n g fa-
ti gue damage accumul ati on is lower t han assumed. Thi s woul d j us t i f y designing more l i ght- wei ght
structures using less con structi on steel, or al l owi n g for longer (insured) O WT Ufetimes then the
n ow applied 20 years. Bot h these measures si gn i fi can tl y decrease costs of offshore wi n d.
Thi s paper evaluates measured signals of twelve ' rotor stop' - test on an O WT at Don g Energy
own ed - Bur bo Ban ks wi n d f ar m. The vi br at i on decay was measured wi t h an accelerometer an d
strai n gauges along the tower. A si mpl i sti c an al yti cal model has been developed en abl i n g analyses
of the measured signals.
Two mai n modal shapes were i den ti fi ed wi t h similar shape, but devi ati n g ampl i tudes i n the soil
profi l e. The large difference i n dampi n g t hat exists between the vi brati on s of these modes is at-
t r i but ed to the difference i n influence t hat the soil can have on these vi brati on s. The f oun d effect
of soil on the dampi n g of thi s parti cul ar O WT is si gn i fi can tl y larger t han the order of magn i tude
used i n the i n dustry today.
^Siemens Wind Power, Prinses Beatrixlaan 800, 2595BN The Hague, The Netherlands. Tel. +31 70 333 6920 /
+31 6 175 16 437 email pim.versteijlen@siemens.com
^Delft University of Technology - Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Professor at the section of
Structural Mechanics, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands
1 Introduction
1.1 Background & Moti vati on
C ut t i n g costs is t he mai n pr i or i t y i n t oday' s offshore wi n d i n dust r y. I n or der t o at least reach t he
same l evel i zed costs as coal power, n umer ous areas exi st wher e costs can be cut . On e of these
areas is t he usage of con st r uct i on steel. I n t he desi gn process of suppor t st r uct ur es f or O WT' s
the dyn ami c aspects of t he st r uct ur e - sti ffn ess an d dampi n g - are i mpor t an t i n f l uen ci n g f act or s
f or det er mi n i n g t he di amet er an d wal l thi ckn ess of t he t ubul ar st r uct ur es, thus det er mi n i n g t he
amoun t of steel usage. The cur r en t l y most c ommon l y appl i ed mon opi l e f oun dat i on moun t s up t o
about 20% of t he C APE X of the en ti re O WT st r uct ur e. C on s t r uct i on costs an d t he wei ght of t he
appl i ed con st r uct i on steel have a l i n ear r el at i on .
D amp i n g has a posi t i ve i n fl uen ce i n decreasi n g f at i gue damage accumul at i on dur i n g the O WT' s
l i f et i me. Each percen t ext r a dampi i r g r at i o ( of cr i t i cal ) i i r cor por at ed i n t he l oads an d desi gn
process can have a si gn i f i can t cost savi n g effect. Several dampi n g mechan i sms are acti ve at an
O WT : ( f r om t op t o b ot t om of t he st r uct ur e) aer odyn ami c- , t un ed sl oshi n g- , s t r uct ur al steel-,
hydr odyn ami c- an d dampi n g caused by t he i n f l uen ce of soi l (' soi l dampi n g' her eaf t er ) . Of these 5
mechan i sms, least is kn own of the magn i t ude of soi l dampi n g.
The maj or source f or det er i r i i n i n g dampi n g i n t he i n dus t r y t oday is a research per f or med by
M. F . C ook [1], [2] who assessed t he sources of dai rrpi n g of di f f er en t mode shapes of a sin gle pi l ed
pl at f or m i n t he Gul f of Mexi co i n 1980. The magn i t udes f or soi l dampi n g whi ch are est i mat ed
on t he basis of t hi s paper are expected t o be l ower t han act ual an d hence resul t i n con servati ve
designs, appl yi n g t oo much steel.
1.2 Description of Researcli
The basis of t hi s research consists of t he measur emen t of r ot or stops of an O WT , an d the devel op-
mei r t of a model , bot h discussed i n t he respecti ve sections of t hi s paper. The vi br at i on decremen t
caused by the r ot or stops wer e measur ed by an accel erometer i n t he n acelle an d s t r ai n gauges at
t he t op an d b ot t om of t he t ower . The dampi n g of t he measured response was i den t i f i ed i n b ot h
t he f r equen cy domai n an d t i me domai n , an d an an al yt i cal model was devel oped t o f ur t her assess
t he measuremen ts.
2 Offshore Measurements
2.1 Description of Setup and Obtained Data
For t hi s research i t was chosen t o pe r f or m r ot or st op tests t o possi bl y gai n mor e i n si ght i n t he
s t r uct ur al dyn ami cs of an O WT an d t he i n f l uen ce of t he soi l . Cost- , an d compl exi t y- wi se, a r ot or
stop test is a r el at i vel y l ow t hr eshol d opt i on t o pe r f or m measru' emen ts. DONG- En e r g y was f oun d
t o be wi l l i i r g t o avai l t hei r ' BB16' O WT of t hei r Bur bo Ban ks wi n d f ar m, offshore En gl an d' s west
coast i n t he I r i s h sea. Thi s O WT is equi pped w i t h a Power Load Mon i t or i n g ( PLM ) system of
whi c h the accel erometer i n t he n acelle an d t he st r ai n gauges at tower t op an d t ower b ot t om wer e
t he mai n sensors used f or t hi s research. O n t he 29*'' of Oct ober 2010, n umer ous r ot or stops wer e
per f or med of whi c h 12 tests pr ovi ded useable dat a. Fi gur e 2. 1 gives a schemati c vi ew on t he
measur emen t setup of BB16 an d t he power spect r a at t he 3 measur emen t l ocat i on s of t he first 6
tests.
Figure 1: Schematic view of the OWT 'BB16' measurement setup and typical measured power spectra at the
different measurement locations.
Fi gure 2 gives a t ypi cal response of - i n thi s case - the ben di n g momen t at the tower bot t om
dur i n g the stages of t ur bi n e pr oduct i on , blade pi tch- out (rotor stop), blade featherin g and blade
pi tch- i n . The pi t ch angle of the blades is pl ot t ed i n the same graph. The red encircled part of the
response was used for frequency analysis an d dampi n g i den ti fi cati on . On l y the lin early decaying
oscillations after the rotor stop were considered.
There is a pat t ern noticeable i n the power spectra over t he di fferen t heights of the tower t hat
are depicted i n figure . Each power spectrum contains a first maj or frequen cy peak at 0.29 Hz,
whi ch corresponds to first n at ur al ben di n g mode shape of the structure. However, i n the t op
section of the structure (nacelle an d tower t op) , a second frequency is present at 0.82 Hz. A check
wi t h the aeroelastic BHawC model an d the developed model f or thi s research (see n ext section)
i n di cated that thi s frequen cy is l i n ked to closely spaced blade modes. I t is a rather localized mode:
i t is hardl y measured i n the bot t om section of the tower.
Time series f.kjment to.ver bottom and Pitch Angle
blades in feathering bl ades pitch in
position
blades in feathering
position
Figure 2: Time series of test nr. 6. The red encircled part is of interest for this research: the decaying fore-aft
movement of the tower.
2.2 Damping Identification
Tl i e Qual i t y ( Q) f act or t echn i que is t l i e mai n me t l i od used f or i den t i f >dn g t he dampi n g of t he 2
mai n frequen ci es i n t he measured si gn al i n the f r equen cy domai n . I t is a r at her fast an d accurate
t echn i que whi ch al l ows i den t i f i cat i on of dampi n g of mul t i pl e frequen ci es i n a si gn al (as opposed
t o f or i n stan ce t he l ogar i t hmi c decremen t techi ri que on r aw t i me domai n si gn al s). The Q- f act or
is a measiu' e f or t he skewness of f a f r equen cy peak: the hi gher an d n ar r ower t hey are, t he lesser
these frequen ci es are damped. As a check, also t he l ogar i t hmi c decremen t t echn i que was appl i ed
i n t he t i me domai n . No wi n dow f un c t i on was used ( t o mi n i mi ze en er gj ' s hi f t i n g i n the f r equen cy
domai n ) , an d t he r aw t i me samples were zero- padded t o pr oduce en ough sampl e poi n t s t o get
s moot h power spectra. Al l 12 tests were assessed, an d f r equen cy an d dampi n g wi se, tests 4 an d 5
were closest t o t he average values of al l tests. These tests were ext r a assessed (as a t h i r d check)
by fitting t hei r power s pect r um w i t h an an al yt i cal fit t hat is der i ved i n an i t er at i ve man n er . Th e
ai r al yt i cal power s pect r um can be descri bed w i t h t he equat i on gi ven un der figure 3, i n whi c h A
is t he ampl i t ude, w t he cen ter frequen cy, Q t he r un n i n g f r equen cy ( al on g t he hor i zon t al x- axi s) ,
C t he dampi n g r at i o, an d N t he amoun t of peri ods (cycles) i n t he t i me domai n sequence t hat is
Four i er t r an s f or med t o t he f r equen cy domai n . Fi gur e 3 shows t hi s fit f or t he first n at ur al ben di n g
f r equen cy of t he t ower of t he measur ed ben di i r g n r omen t at t ower b ot t om of test 5. A 3 % of
cr i t i cal dampi n g" gives t he best fit.
Fi gure 4 depicts tl i e part of tl i e
t i me series wl i i cl r was Fourier trans-
formed t o derive t l i e spectrum of
figure 3. Difl:erent decrement lines
have been pl otted, an d the lin e wi t h
3% of cri ti cal dampi n g decrement
seems t o have the best correspon-
dence. Thi s signal is clearly dom-
i n ated by a single frequen cy: the
second (blade induced) frequen cy is
n ot present i n thi s signal whi ch
is measured at the bot t om of the
tower.
Si mi l ar fits as done i n figure 3 can
also be made on the second frequency
peak, as is done i n figure 5 i n whi ch
the tower top ben di n g momen t is as-
sessed of test 4. Fr om thi s graph we
can conclude that a 3 % of cri ti cal
dampi n g for the first n at ur al ben d-
i n g frequen cy an d a 1.5 % of cr i t -
i cal dampi n g f or the second blade-
i n duced frequency, are reasonable es-
timates.
Povverspeclnjm f.!omenl tov^jr bottom test 5, fjst 6 periods of interest aftar rotor stop, 1st frequency
Figure 3: Measured and analytical fitted power spectrum for first
6 cycles of the bending moment at tower bottom for
test 5. Only the first natural frequency is present in this
signal at the tower bottom. The fit with 3% damping
ratio is found to be the closest fit.
PS = \A
w2 - ^2 _^ 2if2a;C
- 2 Wi r ( C r u + in)
Timeseries Moment to'.ver bottom test 5. first 6 periods of interest after rotor stop
Figure 4: Measured time response of first 6 cycles of the bending moment at tower bottom for test 5. The
same fitted damping ratio's are plotted as logarithmic decrement. Again, the 3% damping ratio is
found to be the best fit. The first natural frequency clearly dominates the time response.
Pov/efspectnim Moment tov/er top lest 4, first 6 periods of interest after rotor stop for 1st frequency, 18periods for 2nd frequency
-I FFTMeasur ed Signall-"
- Analytical fit 3%of critical of 1 st freq.
-Analytical fit 1.5%of second freq,
-Analytical fit 2.5% of second freq.
K
Frequency [Hz]
Figure 5: Measured and analytical fitted power spectrum for first 6 cycles of 1st natural frequency and 18
cycles for the second frequency of the bending moment at tower top for test 4. The fit with 1.5%
damping ratio for the second frequency is found to be the closest fit. The first natural frequency is
well fitted with 3% damping ratio.
A l ogar i t hmi c decremen t check on a si gn al w i t h t wo domi n an t frequen ci es was n ot con si dered t o
be ver y sensible, so figure 6 on l y depi cts t he t i me series t hat was Four i er t r an s f or med t o deri ve
t he s pect r um of figure 5 t o get an i dea of t he pat t er n i n t he t i me domai n .
Timeseries for analyses Moment l ever top lest 4, fr st7 perioris of interest after rotor slop for 1st frequency
Figure 6: Time series taken for deriving the power spectrum for the first 6 cycles of 1st natural frequency and
18 cycles for the second frequency of the bending moment at tower top for test 4.
As a summar y, t abl e 1 sums up t he n amed dampi n g magn i t udes. A n oti ceabl e di fferen ce i n
dampi n g val ue of 1.5 % exi sts between t he t wo modal frequen ci es.
I t is bel i eved t hat t he mai n reason f or t he l arge di fferen ce i n i den t i f i ed dampi n g can be f oun d
i n t he di f f er en t possible i n fl uen ce t he soi l can have on these t wo modes. Th e mot i on s af t er t he
r ot or stops seem t o be domi n at ed by t wo mai n frequen ci es: a gl obal ben di n g mode over t he en t i r e
l en gt h of t he st r uct ur e, an d a l ocal i zed mode at t he t op of t he st r uct ur e whi c h is associ ated w i t h
bl ade modes. These t wo modes have si mi l ar shapes over t he ver t i cal hei ght of t he st r uct ur e.
However, t he hor i zon t al ampl i t udes of t he bl ade- i n duced mode i n t he l ower par t of t he s t r uct ur e
Table 1: Damping values of rectangular windowed initial vibration cycles of tests 4 and 5.
Test 4 Tes t s
Fr equency
IHz]
Damp ratio ?
[%]ofcr i t.
Log deer
[%]
Fr equency
[Hz]
Damp ratio 5
[%] ofcr i t.
Log deer
I'M
Mtop 1st 0.293 3 18.86 0.292 3 18.86
Mbot 1st 0.293 4 25.15 0.292 3 18.86
Mtop 2nd 0.877 1.5 9.43 0.883 1.G 10.05
Difference in dampi ng betv/een two main fr equenci es: A = 1.5 9.43
are expected t o be much smaller t han those of the fi rst gl obal ben di n g mode. The global mode is
damped twi ce as much as the localized mode. As thi s gl obal mode does mobi l i ze soil reactions an d
the localized mode does n ot , the difference i n i den ti fi ed dampi n g - 1.5 % of cri ti cal - is believed t o
be a measure for the magn i tude of soil dampi n g t hat is mobi l i zed dur i n g the vi br at i on ampl i tudes
occurri n g after a rotor stop. To put these n umbers i n t o perspective; the design value for the t ot al
experienced dampi n g by t he structure i n corporated i n the design of BB16 was 2.5 % l og. deer.
3 Model Development
I n order to f ur t her analyze the measured responses of the BB16 structure, an an al yti cal model
has been developed. The ' Eul er- Bern ouUi ' beam ben di n g approach is used t o derive the equati on
of mot i on an d boun dary con dition s. Figure 7 displays a symbol i c representation of the model an d
part of i ts governing equations (equation of mot i on an d boun dary con dition s) to give an idea of
the an al yti cal way of solving. The model is further described by i n i t i al con di ti on s an d interface
con di ti on s at waterlin e {x = a;; = 12.5m) an d mudl i n e (a; = x^i = Om), whi ch are n ot pr i n t ed
here but can be f oun d i n [3].
u(0) = V - ' ' * C ^
r
Will)
Wj(t)
p A
f c . . ; ^ - l ( = L =94. 98n
^ x = 93.25 IT
I
= \ . , = - 22n
Equation of Motion
dw{x, t)
dt
+ ks{x)w{x,t) = 0
Boundary Conditions
dx^ dt^dx
EI
d\o{L,t) ^am(At)
,3 ^ 8x
a^u'(,t)
..Hop-
d{u-w{L,t))
dt
dwjL.t)
" at
= hi[n-w[L,t)) + Ca
Figure 7: Graphical representation of the analytical model developed to simulate the response after the per-
formed rotor stops, x^l = 12.5 meter was the mean sealevel (waterline) during the tests. On the
right side, some of the governing equations are given; the equation of motion and the 5 boundary
conditions.
3.1 Parameter Discussion
The rol e of most of t he paramet ers i n t he model can be deduct ed by l ooki n g at figure 7. The
here presen ted model is t he en d- resul t of a streak of en han cemen t steps. I n t he si mpl i st i c way of
model i n g t he soi l , t he research of P. Wegen er was i n cor por at ed f or model i n g t he soi l sti ffn ess [4].
I n hi s assessment on t he appl i cabi l i t y of t he cur r en t l y used PY- cur ves - whi ch were devel oped f or
slen der piles ( hi gh l en gt h over di amet er ( L / D ) r at i o) - he suggested t o l i n k t he stifl' ness kg of t he
di s t r i but ed soi l spri n gs w i t h a f act or (depen den t on t he L / D r at i o) t o t he elastic Youn g' s modul es
of t he sat ur at ed soi l . As a second par amet er t o reach somewhat mor e real i sti c model i n g of t he
cur r en t l y used r i gi d ( l ow L / D r at i o) behavi n g mon opi l e, he also suggested a pi l e- t i p cor r ect i on
f act or whi c h is also depen den t on t he L / D r at i o. For t he L / D r at i o of BB16, these t wo f act or s
are kg = lA8Es an d a pi l e t i p cor r ect i on f act or of 11.5, whi c h mean s t hat t he spr i n g at t he en d of
t he pi l e, kt, is a f act or 11.5 as s t i f f as t he ot her di s t r i but ed spri n gs. These t wo values are l i n ked
t o t he L / D r at i o, an d f or BB16 t hi s is L / D ^ 5 . The val ues were der i ved w i t h a compar i son s t udy
bet ween t wo model s: t he st an dar d F E M 1 di men si on al model of a beam on a Wi n kl e r f oi mdat i on
w i t h di s t r i but ed spri n gs (used i n the i n dus t r y) , an d a 3D el asti c F E M model whi c h was assumed
t o be a mor e real i sti c r epr esen t at i on of t he SPI process.
The soi l dampi n g, Cg was l i n ked t o t he di s t r i but ed spr i n g stifl:ness kt as a f act or . The SPI process
is t hus gover n ed by a t hr ee- pl ay of parameters: Cj , kt an d ks an d t her ef or also Es- Thi s l at t er was
t aken t o be con stan t w i t h dept h an d equal t o 130 MPa. De t e r mi n i n g t he pr oper Youn g' s modul us
of of f shor e sat ur at ed soi l is n ot en t i r el y s t r ai ght f or war d. Thi s val ue is a con servati ve ( n ot ver y
s t i f f ) est i mat e f or sat ur at ed san d ( t he mai n soi l t ype presen t at the BB1 6 l ocat i on ) .
3.2 Model Output
As most i n t er est i n g out put of t he model , power spect r a of t he momen t at t ower t op an d bot t om,
an d a t i me- domai n response compar i son are presen ted here bel ow. Fi gur e 8, i n di cates t hat t he
secon d bl ade i n duced f r equen cy is most presen t at t he t op of t he st r uct ur e, an d damps out t owar ds
the bot t om.
Powerspectram Moment tower lop Powerspectrum Moment tov/er bottom
0.5 1
Frequency [Hz]
0.5 1
Frequency [Hz]
Figure 8r Model output: power spectra for the bending moment at the tower top and bottom.
Besides compar i n g t he power spectra of measured an d model ed responses, i t is also i n t er est i n g t o
compar e a model ed t i me - domai n response w i t h a measur ed on e. Thi s is don e i n figure 9. Th e
sign als are t he ben di n g momen t s at t he tower t op, whi c h is why t hey are cl earl y doubl e f r equen cy
domi n at ed responses. The resembl an ce is con si dered t o be sat i sf act or y f or t hi s si mpl i st i c model .
The atten uati on is roughl y the same, except for the last part, wl i ere the ' real' structure is probabl y
subj ect t o some extern al exci tati on , l oweri n g the mean ben di n g momen t.
4 Conclusions
Thi s research was ai med at f i n di n g the effect of soil on the vi br at i on al decrement of an offshore
wi n d turbi n e support structure. Based on measurements at 3 di fferen t verti cal locations performed
after 12 consecutive r ot or stops on the ' BB16' O WT i n Bur bo Banks, the f ol l owi n g conclusions
were drawn :
1. The esti mati on of the order of magn i tude of vi br at i on decrement caused by equivalent linear
viscous dampi n g generated by soil-pile i n teracti on of the ' BB16' test t ur bi n e support struc-
ture lies i n the range of 9.5 % l ogari thmi c decrement, whi ch equals 1.5 % rati o of cr i t i cal
dampi n g of the fi rst ben di n g mode.
2. Considering the fact that the average magn i tude of the t ot al i den ti fi ed dampi n g i n the
measurements of the ' BB16' O WT is
19 % l ogari thmi c decrement (3 % r at i o of cri ti cal ) f or the first n at ur al ben di n g frequen cy
of 0.296
9.5 % log. deer. (1.5 % rati o) for the second mai n present frequen cy of 0.825 Hz
i t is concluded t hat , compared t o the design value for BB16 of 2.5 % log. deer. (0.4 %
rati o) of dampi n g f or the first n at ural frequency, the i den ti fi ed value i n the measurements is
rel ati vel y hi gh.
3. I n thi s research, a t ool has been developed t o si mpl i sti cal l y assess the infiuence of soil on the
dampi n g of an O WT. A difference i n displacement i n t he soil profile between the vi brati on s
of two di fferen t frequencies allows for i den t i f yi n g the in fiuen ce of soil on these vi brati on s.
Th e mode shapes t hat cor r espon d t o t he first an d secon d measured frequencies have been i den t i f i ed
vi a a combi n at i on of analyses of power spectra of signals at di f f er en t measur emen t l ocati on s, t he
devel opmen t of an an al yt i cal model , an d a con f i r mat i on w i t h t he Si emen s- desi gn model BH awC .
A di fferen ce i n di spl acemen ts of these mode shapes i n the soi l pr of i l e an d a di f f er en ce i n damp-
i n g of the vi br at i on s of these t wo modes was i den t i f i ed. Thi s al l owed f or assessing t he i n f l uen ce
of t he st r uct ur e' s i n t er act i on w i t h soi l on t he t ot al dampi n g of t he st r uct ur e. The secon d f r e-
quen cy i n the si gn al is associ ated w i t h a l ocal i zed mode i n t he t op of t he st r uct ur e caused by
t he cl osel y spaced n at ur al modal frequen ci es of t he blades. The ampl i t udes i n t he soi l pr of i l e of
t hi s modal shape are snaaller t han those of t he first ben di n g mode shape. Because of t he var y-
i n g ampl i t udes of t he vi br at i on s of these t wo modes i n t he soi l pr of i l e, the di fferen ce i n i den t i f i ed
cl ampi n g is at t r i but e d t o t he di fferen ce i n possi bl e i n fl uen ce t hat t he soi l can have on t hi s dampi n g.
C aut i on shoul d be t aken i n gen er al i zi n g t he above stated order of magn i t ude f or t he dampi n g
caused by soi l - pi l e i n t er act i on . Gen er al i zat i on of the resul ts of t hi s research is l i mi t e d by some
f act or s of whi ch some are discussed here.
Th e research is based on 12 r ot or stops on a specific t ur bi n e dur i n g on e day. Except f or chan gi n g
soi l con di t i on s, also chan gi n g en vi r on men t al con di t i on s ( i n par t i cul ar w i n d speed) have i n fi uen ce
on t he magn i t ude of dampi n g. For i n stan ce, di spl acemen t depen den t dampi n g is expect ed t o be
act i ve i n t he soi l - pi l e i n t er act i on process, t he i n i t i al ampl i t ude of vi br at i on af t er a r ot or st op has
an i mpor t an t i n fl uen ce on t he experi en ced dampi n g of t he st r uct ur e. I n t hi s respect, t he dampi n g
associ ated w i t h vi br at i on s i n duced by a r ot or stop, mi ght n ot be represen tati ve f or t he dampi n g
experi en ced dur i n g most of t he l i f et i me of t he O WT : t he dampi n g occur r i n g dur i n g vi br at i on s
whi l e the t ur bi n e is i n pr oduct i on , dur i n g whi ch vi br at i on ampl i t udes are usual l y smal l er t han
those af t er a r ot or stop.
An ot he r f act or whi ch needs mor e i n vest i gat i oi r is t he un kn own effect of t he sl oshi n g damper on t he
dampi n g of vi br at i on s af t er a r ot or stop. A par t of t he i den t i f l ed di fferen ce i n dampi n g between
t he t wo domi n an t modes can possi bl y be at t r i but e d t o a di fferen ce i n sl oshi n g dampi n g i n fl uen ce
on t he vi br at i on s of these modes.
References
[1] M . F . C ook & J . K. Van di ver . Measur ed an d pr edi ct ed dyn ami c response of a si n gl e pi l e pl at f or m
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Ma y 1982.
[2] M . F . C ook. D amp i n g est i mat i on , response pr edi ct i on an d f at i gue cal cul at i on of an oper at i on al
sin gle pi l e pl at f or m. Mast er ' s thesis, Massachusetts I n s t i t ut e of Techn ol ogy an d Woods Hol e
Ocean ographi c I n s t i t ut i on , 1982.
[3] W. G. Ver st ei j l en . Es t i mat i on of t he vi br at i on decremen t of an offshore w i n d t ur bi n e suppor t
st r uct ur e caused by i ts i n t er act i on w i t h soi l . Mast er ' s thesis. Techn i cal Un i ver s i t y of Del f t ,
2011.
[4] P. Wegen er. A cr i t i cal eval uat i on of t he cur r en t desi gn st an dar d f or offshore w i n d t ur bi n e
mon opi l e f oun dat i on s. Mast er ' s thesis, Of f shor e En gi n eer i n g, De l f t Un i ver s i t y of Techn ol ogy,
2010.