STEAM TURBINE: -

The steam turbine is a prime mover which continuously

converts the energy of high pressure, high temperature steam supplied by a steam
generator into shaft work with the low temperature steam exhausted to a condenser.
This energy conversion essentially occurs in two steps,
they are:
1:The high-pressure, high temperature steam first expanded in nozzles
and comes out at a high velocity.
:The high velocity steam impinges on the curved blades which change
the flow direction of steam causes a force to be exerted on the blades
fixed on a rotor and power is developed due to the movement of
these blades.
The steam turbine is universally used as prime-movers in all steam power
plants.
CLASSIFICATION OF TURBINES:- Turbines may be classified in many ways.
They are:
1.!ased on direction of flow
.!ased on heat supply
".!ased on heat re#ection
$.!ased on cylinder arrangements
1.!ased on direction of flow :The turbines are
a% &adial flow turbine
b% Tangential flow turbine
c% 'xial flow turbine
a) Radial flow turbine: -
1.(t is invented by !. and ). *+,-./T&01 of /weden.
. (t incorporates two shafts end to end, each driving separate generator.
".2ach shaft carries a disc to which are fixed rings of 345 reaction radial flow
blading , the two sets of blading rotating counter to each other.
$.(n this way a relative speed of twice the running speed is achieved and every
blade row is made to work.
3.The final stages may be of axial flow design in order to achieve a larger area of
flow.
6.This type of turbine is very successful in the smaller sizes and, because it can be
warmed and started 7uickly ,it is very suitable for use at times of loads.

b)Tanential flow turbine :-
1.(t is a very robust but not particularly efficient machine, some times used for
driving power station auxiliaries.
.' nozzle directs steam tangentially into buckets milled in the periphery of a
single wheel, and on exit the steam turns through a reversing chamber re-entering
a bucket further round the periphery.
".This process is repeated several times, the steam following a helical path.
/everal nozzles with reversing chambers may be used around the wheel periphery.
'xial flow turbine: The axial flow turbine design is the most suitable for large
turbo generators and all that follows refers to axial flow turbines.
!"Ba#ed on $eat #u%%l& :-
l 8a% /ingle pressure turbine9
.8b% :ual8 or% 1ixed pressure turbine9
1.The single pressure turbine has a single source
of steam, where as a double pressure turbine has
a two sources of steam.
.The dual pressure turbine is found in industrial
plant where there are two supplies of steam.
".The use of one supply is more economic than
the other because the latter being admitted only
when necessary. :uring its passage through the
turbine steam may be taken out to be reheated
and returned at a high temperature. (n a double-
reheat machine, this is done twice.
'"Ba#ed on $eat re(e)tion :-
a%;ass out or 2xtraction turbine.
b%&egenerative turbine.
c%<ondensing turbine .
d%!ack pressure or Topping turbine
1.;assout or extraction turbine a considerable portion of the steam is extracted from
some point in the turbine for industrial use, the remainder continuing through the
turbine.
.The latter flow is controlled by separate valve-gear to meet the difference between
the pass out steam and electrical load re7uirements. :ouble pass-out turbines are
some times used.
".The regenerative turbine incorporates a number of extraction branches, through
which small proportions of the steam are continuously extracted for the purpose
of heating the boiler feed water.
$.The condensing turbine allows the steam to expand to the lowest possible
pressure before being condensed.
3.The back pressure or topping turbine re#ects the steam before it is fully expanded.
' back pressure turbine generally provides low pressure steam for heating apparatus,
where as a topping turbine exhausts into a turbine designed for lower steam
conditions.
*"Ba#ed on )&linder arrane+ent#: -
' turbine may have one cylinder, or if the
length is such that additional bearings are re7uired to support the shaft, it may be
divided into several cylinders. ' cylinder may be designed for single flow ,double
flow or reversed flow.