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Corinn L. Grillot
Abstract
It is no secret that the media heavily scrutinizes “pin thin” celebrities. In that respect, we
must also admit the immense public concern that is derived from celebrities with eating
disorders. At a very young age, Americans are subjected to what is considered beautiful
through television, billboards, and of course the lives of the rich and famous. The ideal
depiction that is offered by the media is clearly unrealistic; leading some people to argue that
this subjection and influence helps develop unrealistic expectations and desires among men
Many researchers claim that media have an effect on body image (Hofschire &
Greenberg, 2002). It is from this realization that this study takes place; the purpose of this
study is to investigate the actual relationship between body image and the influence of our
society. This study also accounts for the amount of exposure of the media’s ideals and the
type of exposure being used. It also aids the early detection of our society’s growing
epidemic of body dysmorphia. It is ever apparent that our society is very interested in the
media and the lives of celebrities, which is why this study holds a great amount of
significance. This study also proves importance through providing a relative connection
between the desires that a person hopes to attain and an unobtainable goal. The benefits of
this study will hopefully offer some explanation to the influence of media’s definition of
beauty and the person hoping for classification in that specific ranking. In addition, this study
may also offer reasoning behind premature body dissatisfaction in adolescence. This study
cumulates results of various researches that have examined the correlation between media
The increasing popularity of body dissatisfaction amongst young men and women has
led to speculation about its origin. The most prominent theory surrounding this evident
problem is that the media’s constant depiction of extremely thin women leads women to
believe they should try to meet this ideal. In the same respect, the media’s influence of an
attractive and fit male is also believed to have a negative effect on men (Holmstrom, 2004).
In fact, studies show that in recent years men have been spending more money than ever
before on products that are typically classified as feminine; this reinforces the fact women
are not the only target when pertaining to the influence of the media. In that same respect, the
average American woman is a size 8 or larger which is quite different from the average
model that fits into a size zero (Clay, D., Vignoles, V., & Dittmar, H., 2005). It is the very
claim that the media can provoke body dissatisfaction that has led many researchers to
speculate whether this relationship actually exists and the severity of that relationship.
Unfortunately, the results of studies that should help clarify this issue have been nothing but
refutable. Instead of a collective product, the findings of previous research are widely
distributed, and while most studies often share similar results, others provide new
information that does not support previous results whatsoever. While some researchers
declare that media have an affect on young men and women’s body image, (Harrison &
Cantor, 1997) other studies provide reason to believe likewise. Those studies instead have
come to contradictory conclusions. For instance, results of studies by Myers and Biocca
(1992) have indicated that rather than causing an increase in body dissatisfaction, media
promotes positive body attitudes in young women and young men. There are also some
Society’s Influence and Perception of Body Image and Appearance 4
studies that claim that no relationship exists between media and body image (Stice, 2003).
This literature review will consist of all of the various outcomes that I previously discussed.
Regardless of the reality that it is hardly controversial to state that our society has an
unhealthy obsession with images of beauty, good looks and the idea of perfection; some research
still argues that the persuasion of media has no affect on body image. In a recent study aimed at
tracing the development and alteration of body image in adolescent girls over a one year time
period, the researcher concluded that while there was evidence that supported a correlation
between body image and media exposure, there was no change in body image. The research did
however admit a discovery in awareness of the media’s ideals, thus contributing to an influence.
The results concluded that no media exposure variable predicted change in any of the measures
which were tested and this led the researcher to believe that there was no relationship between
The study that was conducted contained 214 high school girls which were selected and
questioned using a survey in order to establish the association between media exposure and body
image disturbance. The questionnaire included measures such as appearance ideals, appearance
schemas, body dissatisfaction, and drive for thinness. The girls were asked about the magazines
they had read in the last few months, and to list the magazines that had been read. They also
rated the frequency of magazine reading, which served as the measure of exposure to ideal
images. The girls did the same for television viewing. Then exactly one year later, the same girls
were questioned yet again on the same measures, using current magazines and television
viewing.
Body dissatisfaction was assessed by the Figure Rating Scale of Fallon and Rozin (1985)
which presents nine silhouette figure drawings ranging from very thin to very fat. Participants
Society’s Influence and Perception of Body Image and Appearance 5
were asked to indicate by choosing a number (including intermediate numbers) the figure that
approximated their current figure and the one they would like to look like (Tiggeman,M., 2006).
Body dissatisfaction was then calculated as the discrepancy between current and ideal figure
ratings.
Unlike the study previously discussed the next study that is addressed found results
which had neither a negative or positive influence on body image. Instead, these findings
remained neutral in outcome. Just like most studies, this research was able to link the pressures
provided by the media to participants’ body image. However, that connection was not proven to
be harmful or beneficial. When faced with a threat to the self, individuals, particularly those high
in self-esteem, often employ self enhancement strategies, or techniques to feel better about
themselves (Gurari, I., Hetts, J., & Stube, M., 2006). Having researched this topic thoroughly,
the researcher achieved what he expected, which was to see little or no change in the effect of
This study was designed to explore the resistance of change. In order to investigate
potentially negative influences of media images of idealized beauty, the researcher of this study
chose to test not only implicit body image, but also explicit body image. By testing both
elements, the researcher achieved a better grasp on information regarding resistance of change.
The chosen participants were exposed to either images which were not related to beauty
whatsoever or images that included idealized beauty. After viewing the images, the participants
were questioned on both implicit and explicit body image using a survey including three
categories: attractiveness, intelligence, and finally positivity. In the conclusion of research the
author does point out that the lack or reliability of self-report from the participants because they
Society’s Influence and Perception of Body Image and Appearance 6
were not monitored when they read selected magazines. This important detail could potentially
Discussion
In 2003, Stice admitted that his study’s results were not expected, but revealed that while
body dissatisfaction did increase as a result of peer pressure it wasn’t necessarily negative in its
effect. The results also show that when exposed to idealized images of models, the participants’
explicit body images were unaltered whereas their implicit body images were lowered. This
research embodies a different form of investigation; instead of examining the effects which the
media may have on body image this study observes the social pressure to be thin. In doing so, the
researcher randomly assigned young women to another individual who voiced how unhappy she
was with her body and how fat she felt. In another group, the participants were subjected to a girl
Similarly, Clay informs us that because of the vulnerability and exposure found in
adolescence, there is a greater percentage of body dissatisfaction. It is because they are not
satisfied with their body image that their self esteem is affected and thus lowered. The
relationship between body dissatisfaction and lowered self esteem due to the influence of society
and the media is tested in this study. This study conducted an experiment using 136 girls ranging
in age from 11 to 16. This experiment exposed the young girls to images of an ultra-thin and
“average” sized model. The researcher was careful in using various models because of the
influence that a girl’s on ideal of attractiveness could have on the results. Instead, they used the
same image of the chosen model and digitally enhanced weight to create a more “average” sized
model. The results of this experiment show that viewing both ultra-thin and “average” sized
models led to body dissatisfaction and consequently self esteem. It is also discovered that self
Society’s Influence and Perception of Body Image and Appearance 7
esteem and body dissatisfaction was found lower in the older participants of the study. The
researcher explains that this is due to the fact that the older participants have a greater and more
According to Posavac, the belief that the media contributes to the concern with physical
unhappiness is one that could be argued. Posavac does however explain that media exposure
does affect women’s weight concern in general. The researcher approached this study with hopes
in discovering a neutral outcome in women’s body images when showing images of realistic
attractiveness. In order to do so, the researcher conducted three experiments. The first
experiment involved 136 participants to measure body dissatisfaction prior to being exposed of
any images. The second study tested the potential increase of weight concern when exposed to
images of thin models. The third experiment strictly tested the personal preferences of the
women as consumers. The results of the study clearly indicate the effect of weight concern that
In 2006, Watson conducted a study investigating the effects of media literacy and its’
potential affects on ideals and body image among women. The experiment consists of three
different types of exposure to females. The Fifty-four women were assigned to one of the three
conditions including: a video only condition, a short-term single session intervention, and a long-
term multi-session intervention. The main object of this study was to test if one’s body
dissatisfaction would decrease through watching a movie that depicts women that have suffered
from eating disorders due to the influence of media and an open discussion after the viewing.
The study shows that there was indeed a more significant decrease in women’s body
dissatisfaction in the long term multi-session than in the other two conditions tested.
Society’s Influence and Perception of Body Image and Appearance 8
As Agliata illustrates in his 2004 research, this negative influence is not biased to the
female gender. Instead of focusing on the negative influence that the media has on women’s
body image, this particular study focused on the harmful impact that the media has on men. The
researcher notes that this study was conducted because there is little information about the
influence on men. Agliata conducted a study using 158 males and exposed them to various
advertisement plugs including both ideal male images and neutral images. The researcher was
careful in mixing a variety of these segments so more accurate results could be uncovered. Those
results determined a substantial increase in muscle dissatisfaction and depression to the men who
were exposed to the images of the ideal body type. The researcher also mentions that the results
Comparably, Cusumano performed a study in 2001 which tested the relationship between
both adolescent boys and girls and the manipulation that media can have on multiple components
of body image. The ages of the participants ranged from 8-11. The ages of the participants were
vital because the researcher wanted to gain results from the most influenced age group. The
participants consisted of 75 boys and 107 girls. They were asked to evaluate five different facets
of media influence. The results revealed that while there was an increase in negative outcome in
both boys and girls; the outcome was greater in all five facets among girls. The most profound
discovery in my opinion was uncovered when the researcher included that the results served as a
risk factor for disturbances in body image and development of eating disorders.
Society’s Influence and Perception of Body Image and Appearance 9
References
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Clay, D., Vignoles, V., & Dittmar, H. (2005). Body image and self-esteen among adolescent
Cusumano, D., & Thompson, J. (2001). Media influence and body image in 8-11-year-old boys
Field, A., Camargo, C., Taylor, C., Berkey, C., Roberts, S., & Colditz, G. (2001). Peer-parent,
and media influences on the development of weight concerns and frequent dieting among
Gurari, I., Hetts, J., & Strube, M. (2006). Beauty in the I of the beholder: effects of idealized
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282.
Harrison, K. & Cantor, J. (1997). The relationship between media consumption and eating
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