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CM 420
420 Temporary Structures
Construction Dewatering
CM
CM 420
420 Temporary Structures
Construction
Dewatering
CM
CM 420
420 Temporary Structures
Construction Dewatering
The purpose of construction dewatering is to
control the surface and subsurface hydrologic
environment in such a way as to permit the
structure to be constructed “in the dry.”
Dewatering means “the separation of water
from the soil,” or perhaps “taking the water out
of the particular construction problem
completely.”
This leads to concepts like pre-drainage of
soil, control of ground water, and even the
improvement of physical properties of soil.
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CM 420
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Dewatering: CAISSONS
Excavation from within the permanent structure.
If the site is on land, the structure is built in place.
If the site is offshore, the structure is floated into
position.
To reduce the frictional
resistance between the
caisson and the
surrounding ground:
Add weight
Bentonite clay slurry is
injected at the soil-structure
interface.
Jetting is used in
cohesionless soils.
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CAISSONS (Cont’d)
During unwatering a caisson in cohesionless soils, the
upward flow from the surrounding groundwater
induces a quick condition which results in loss of
strength at the bottom of excavation.
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CM 420
420 Temporary Structures
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Permeability Test
(Constant Head Test)
ASTM D2434
Q = Amount of water
H
collected in a L
flow ⇒ q
v= or q = vA
A 5
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Permeability (Cont’d)
In 1856, Darcy published a simple equation for the
discharge velocity of water through saturated soils:
v = ki
ν : the apparent velocity
k : the coefficient of permeability (aka: Hydraulic
By definition: H
i=
L
H : the head causing flow over the distance L.
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Permeability (Cont’d)
Q = qt => Q = (vA)t => Q = (ki) At
H
i=
q = vA
v = ki L
Q = k ( H ) At
L
QL
Solve for k : ⇒ k=
HAt
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Determine:
a. Hydraulic conductivity, k, of the soil (in./min.)
b. Discharge velocity
a. k=
QL
=
(0 .031 )(10 ) = 0 .175 × 10 2 in./min.
HAt
(18 )⎛⎜ π 2 .5 2 ⎞⎟ (2 )
⎝4 ⎠
b. (
v = ki = 0 .175 × 10 −2
) ⎛ 18 ⎞ −2
⎜ ⎟ = 0 .315 × 10 in./min
⎝ 10 ⎠ 9
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q ⎛ R2 ⎞
k= ln ⎜ ⎟
π (H 22 − H 12 ) ⎜⎝ R1 ⎟⎠
q ⎛R ⎞
k= ln⎜ ⎟
π (H 2 − H W2 ) ⎜⎝ RW ⎟⎠
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0.3
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Example
Consider the case of pumping from a well
in an unconfined permeable layer
underlain by an impermeable stratum.
Given:
q = 26 ft3/min
H1 = 15.7 ft at R1 = 100 ft
H2 = 18.0 ft at R2 = 200 ft
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420 Temporary Structures