SELECTED FORMULAE AND CURVES

1.

ld

fyte
f c

db

Given bar spacing

criteria satisfied
Other cases

2.

ld

3.

Ktr =

4.

If

9
10

fy

where the constant K is taken as follows:

No. 20 and
deformed wires
12
= 0.48
25
18
= 0.72
25

t e s

f c cb + K tr

db

db

where

> No. 20
deformed bars
3
= 0.60
5
9
= 0.90
10

cb + K tr
db

2.5

Atr f yt
10 s n

0.2 < fm 2.0, hmin

fy

l n 0.8 +
1500

=
120 mm
36 + 5 ( fm 0.2 )
f

l n 0.8 + y
1500

36 + 9

5.

If fm > 2.0, hmin

6.

7.

Transverse Distribution of Moments

Let
l2/l1 =
A
0.5 A 2.0
t
=
B
If t > 2.5,
B = 2.5
l2
l2
f1 =
D
If f1 > 1.0, D = 1.0
l1
l1

90 mm

Mu
0.85 f c
2.614 R
, R=
, = 1 1
when t 0.005
2
fy
f c
bd

Interior negative moment (%age):

Exterior negative moment (%age):
Positive moment (%age):
8.

>

Vc for punching shear

75 + 30(1A)D
100 10B + 2BD (1 A)
60 + 15(3 2A)D

1 sd
1
2

lesser of
1 + f c bod,
+ 2 f c bod, and
12 bo
6

1
f c bod
3

9.

10.

b1 d 3 db13 db2 b12

+
+
6
6
2
For edge columns:
Ac = (2b1 + b2)d, x = b12/(2b1 + b2)
2
b d 3 db 3
b

Jc
= 2 1 + 1 + b1 d 1 x + b2 dx 2
12
2

12
2
For corner columns: Ac = (b1 + b2)d, x = b1 d / (2Ac)
2
b1 d 3 db13
b1

=
Jc
+
+ b1 d x + b2 dx 2
12
12
2

For interior columns: Ac = 2(b1 + b2)d, Jc =

c c
= 0.09 1 2
l1 l 2

Slabs in EFM: m

c c
= 5.3 1 2
l1 l 2

where

0.015

0.24

0.05

c c
COF = 0.57 1 2
l1 l 2
= depth at drop panel
depth of slab

0.9
0.37

12.

an+1 = an

13.

Pn

Pu + 2 M x + 2 M y
0.43 f c + 0.008 f y
F (a n )
F (a n )

f cb h

eh
d2

14.

15.

0.85

ex / b ey / h,

If
for

Pu
0.4 ,
f cAg

for

Pu
> 0.4 ,
f cAg

M ux

M uxo

+ uy
M

uyo

0.5

2.7

t l
ka
= 4.0 a c
4.0
tb l u
for ta / tb = 0.4 to 2.2 and lc / lu up to 1.2
(l / l )
0.5
COFa = 0.5 c u 0.08
(t a / t b )

Columns in EFM:

Ag(trial) =

4.0

0.02

0.08

11.

0.083

Pu + 2 M x + 2 M y
0.50 f c + 0.010 f y

Ast f y
2e
1+
d d
eox = ex +

where

ey

b
h

P f y + 300
= 0.5 + u
0.6

720
f
A
c
g

f y + 300
P
= 1.3 u
0.5
f cAg 720

= 1.0 where = log 0.5 / log

0.408 0.00021 fy

16.

Ec

17.

Cm = 0.6 + 0.4

18.

Tcr

19.

Al

f c for normal weight concrete

4700
M1
M2

0.4 for members without transverse loads between supports

Acp2
; Tn

= 0.33 f c
Pcp

f yv 2
A
cot
= t h
f
s
yl
2

Vu Tu h

+
2
bw d 1.7 Aoh

2 A0 At f yv
s

cot;

21.

c + 0.66 f c
bw d

Vc for one-way shear 1/6 f c bw d

22.

Al,min =

23.

(Av + 2 At)min

24.

25.

As,min. =

26.

b = 0.85 1

27.

dmin. =

28.

R =

29.

sp = 0.45

30.

smax. =

20.

0.42 f c Acp

( n )2 + 2 n n

f c
4 fy

nf c
nf c + f s

1.4
bwd
fy

f s
600
, wb = b + f
, b = b +
fy
f y + 600

f c
fy

Ag
f
1 c
Ac
fy
d sp2 f y

0.45 Dc f c Ag Ac 1

k =

myp

k=

lx
, slab width for interior longer beam =
ly

8
32.

bwd

&

Mu
f 3
, max = 0.85 1 c

0.205 f c b
fy 8

1 32
31.

f yt
b
A
t ph
where At / s must not be less than 0.175 w
fy
fy
f yt
s
b s
b s
= larger of 0.062 f c w and 0.35 w
f yt
f yt

m yn
ql 2y

lx
1
ly

kql 2y l x
3 + k
=
8
32 l y

R2
1
l x
3

k1 (1 2 ) 2m xn / ql 2y

33.

k2 =

34.

As,min. =

35.

b = 0.85 1

36.
37.

(2 )
f c
4 fy
f c
fy

bwd

1 .4
bwd
fy

f s
600
, wb = b + f
, b = b +
fy
f y + 600

V d
V d
0.29 f c bwd, u
>
1.0
Vc = 0.158 f c + 17.2 w u bwd >
Mu
Mu

2
5

Vn = Acv c f c + t f y
Acv f c
Acw f c
3
6
6

where c

38.
39.

40.

41.
42.

= 2 when hw / lw 2.0 (high-rise wall)

= 3 when hw / lw 1.5 (low-rise wall)
= 6 hw / lw 2
when hw / lw is between 1.5 and 2.
lw
Boundary element is to be provided if c
600( u / hw )
The minimum ratio of spiral or circular reinforcement in boundary element is:
f
Ag
f
s
= larger of 0.12 c and 0.45
1 c
f yt
f yt
Ach
The minimum ratio of rectangular hoop reinforcement in boundary element is:
f
Ash
= 0.09 s bc c
f yt
1 fy
d b F1 F2 0.04 fy db 200 mm
4 f c
The minimum lap length for splices of deformed bars in compression is as under:

ldc

= F1 F2

= 0.07 F f y d b

300 mm

= (0.13 f y 24) F d b 300 mm

for

fy 420 MPa

for fy > 420 MPa

= 1 when fc > 20 MPa

= 4/3 when fc 20 MPa
fy
1
= F1 F2 e
db
8 db 150 mm
4
f c

where F
43.

ldh

44.

ld

45.

a)

If fm
applied.
For panel with one or more discontinuous edges having edge beam with f <
0.8, hmin is to be increased by at least 10% in that panel. This increase is not
required for slabs without interior beams and is not to be applied to the upper
limit of 120 and 90 mm.

b)

Mn
+ la
Vu
< 0.20, the provisions for slabs without interior beams must be

Two-Way Slab Depth Without Interior Beams

The minimum thickness is greater of the following values and that given by Table:
a) Slabs without drop panels ----------------------------------- 120 mm
b) Slabs with drop panels --------------------------------------- 100 mm
Table. Minimum Slab Depth Without Interior Beams.

fy

(MPa)

300
420
46.
48.

49.

50.

Exterior panel
+ no drop panel
+ no edge beam

ln/33
ln /30

Exterior panel
+ either drop
panel or edge
beam
(OR)
Interior panel
+ no drop panel
ln /36
ln /33

Interior panel
+ drop panel
(OR)
Exterior panel
+ drop panel
+ edge beam

ln /40
ln /36

E cb C

x x3.y

47.
1

0
.
63

2 E cs I s
y 3

Development Of Flexural Reinforcement

A. Column Strip Top Steel
i) Half top steel should extend 0.30 l n beyond the face of support. This should
be increased to 0.33 l n and 90 hooks are to be provided at ends in exterior
supports, if drop panel is present.
ii) The remainder half steel should extend 0.20 l n past the face of support and
must end with 90 hooks in exterior supports.
B. Column Strip Bottom Steel
All bars must be provided throughout the span, with half having 90 hooks in
exterior supports over the columns.
C. Middle Strip Top Steel
All bars must extend 0.22 l n past the face of support, with 90 hooks in exterior
supports.
D. Middle Strip Bottom Steel
i) Half bottom steel should extend throughout the span.
ii) The remainder half alternate bars should extend fully to the outer edges but
can curtailed at a maximum distance of 0.15 l n from center of the interior
supports.
1
1
f
=
, v
=
1
2 b1
2 b1
1+
1+
3 b2
3 b2
0.20
= 0.70 +
( t y ) for spiral reinforcement
0.005 y

= 0.65 +

0.25
( t y ) for lateral ties
0.005 y

51.

1
Pni

1
1
1
+

Pnx Pny Po

52.

EI

53.

54.

E c I g / 5 + E s I se

or

1+ d

EI

0.4 Ec I g
1+ d

Vu l c
1
=
1 Q

1.0

or

1.0

P
1
0.75 P
u

55.

ns

1
=
1.0
Pu
1
0.75 Pc

56.

Pn

= 0.85 f cA1 A2 / A1

57.

Area of steel required for dowels within the footing =

58.

Area of steel required for dowels within the column =

59.

hmin

60.

Reinforcement ratio in central band =

61.

ekx

= 45

P+Mx + My

s Ac f c

1
6e y
B ex

6
L

0.85 f cA1 2.0

250 mm

+ 60 mm

and eky =

2
+1

1
6e x 6
+
L ey B

Pu Pn
, where = 0.65
fy
Pu 0.85 f cAg

fy

62.
A

1.0

10.0
5.0

0.8

3.0
2.0

10.0
5.0
3.0
2.0

0.6
1.0
0.8

1.0
0.8
0.6
0.5

0.5

0.6
0.5

0.4

0.4

0.3

0.3
0.6

0.2

0.2
0.1

0.1

0.5

Fig. Effective Length Factor For Braced Columns.

A

100.0
50.0
30.0
20.0

10.0

10.0
8.0

3.0

6.0
5.0
4.0

5.0
4.0

100.0
50.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
5.0

2.0

4.0
3.0

3.0
2.0

2.0
1.5

1.0

1.0

1.0

Fig. Effective Length Factor For Unbraced Columns.

63.
Standard US Customary Reinforcing Bars.
Nominal
Diameter (mm)
SI Designation
Number
6
10
13
16
19
22
25
29
32
36
43
57

US
Designation
Number

*2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
14
18

Nominal
Area
(mm2)

Nominal
Mass
(kgs/m)

32
71
129
199
284
387
510
645
819
1006
1452
2581

0.248
0.560
0.994
1.552
2.235
3.042
3.973
5.060
6.404
7.907
11.38
20.24

* This diameter is not a standard bar diameter.

64.
Cross Sectional Area Of US Customary Bars Per Meter Width (mm2/m)
Bar
Spacing
(mm)
100
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
225
250
275
300
350
400
450

Bar Number
6

10

13

16

19

320
267
246
229
213
200
188
178
168
160
142
128
116
107
91
80
71

710
592
546
507
473
444
418
394
374
355
316
284
258
237
203
178
158

1300
1083
1000
929
867
813
765
722
684
650
578
520
473
433
371
325
289

2000
1667
1538
1429
1333
1250
1176
1111
1053
1000
889
800
727
667
571
500
444

2850
2375
2192
2036
1900
1781
1676
1583
1500
1425
1267
1140
1036
950
814
713
633

65.

Ie

66.

Mcr

67.
68.
69.

M cr

Ma
fr I g
yt

Ig +

M
1 cr
M a
fr

Icr Ig

5
=

f c ,
8

1 + 50

V d
V d
Vc = 0.158 f c + 17.2 w u bwd >
0.29 f c bwd, u
>
1.0
Mu
Mu

C A
A f (kg / m 3 ) = f [1000 W + + c + 10 A
c

Table: Moment and shear values using ACI coefficients.

1. Positive Moment:
End spans:
If discontinuous end is unrestrained
If discontinuous end is integral with the support
Interior spans:

1
wuln2
11
1
wuln2
14
1
wuln2
16

2. Negative moment at exterior face of first interior support:

Two spans
More than two spans
3. Negative moment at other faces of interior supports

1
wuln2
9
1
wuln2
10
1
wuln2
11

(ln in no. 3 is the average of clear spans of the two adjacent panels.)
4. Negative moment at face of all supports for (1) slabs with spans not
exceeding 3m and (2) beams and girders where ratio of sum of column
stiffness to beam stiffness exceeds 8 at each end of the span.

1
wuln2
12

5. Negative moment at interior faces of exterior supports for members built

Integrally with their supports:
Where the support is a spandrel beam or girder
Where the support is a column
6. Shear in end members at first interior support
7. Shear at all other supports

1
wuln2
24
1
wuln2
16
wl
1.15 u n
2
wu l n
2

70.

Table: Minimum Depth of Beams and One-Way Slabs

Steel
Simply
One End
Both Ends
Member
Grade
Supported Continuous Continuous
300
Solid Onel /25
l /30
l /35
Way Slabs
420
l /20
l /24
l /28
300
l /20
l /23
l /26
420
Beams
l /16
l /18.5
l /21
515
l /14
l /16
l /18

Cantilever
l /12
l /10
l /10
l /8
l /7

71. Table: BS 8110 Requirements For Durability.

Environment

Exposure Condition

Mild

Concrete surfaces protected

against weather or aggressive
conditions.
Concrete surfaces sheltered
from severe rain or freezing
whilst wet. Concrete surface
continuously under water or in
contact with non-aggressive
soil
Concrete surfaces exposed to
severe rain alternating wetting
and drying or occasional
freezing.
Concrete surface exposed to sea
water spray, de-icing salts,
corrosive fumes or severe
freezing conditions.
Concrete surfaces exposed to
abrasive action by sea water
carrying solids or flowing water
with pH 4.5 or machinery or
vehicles.

Moderate

Severe

Very
severe
Extreme

Maximum
Free Water/
Cementitious
Material
Ratio

Minimum Content of
Cementitious Material
(kg/m3) for Following Max.
Size 0f Aggregate (mm)
40
20
14
10

Average
Cylinder
Strength
(MPa)

0.80

150

180

200

220

15

0.65

245

275

295

315

24

0.60

270

300

320

340

27

0.55

295

325

345

365

30 with
entrained
air

0.50

320

350

370

390

36

72. Table: ACI Requirements Against Sulphate Attack.

Sulphate
Exposure

Negligible
Moderate
(sea water)
Severe
Very severe

Water-Soluble
Sulphate (SO4)
in Soil
(percent by
mass)
0.00 0.10
0.10 0.20

Sulpahte (SO4)
in Water

0.20 2.00

1500 10000

over 2.00

over 10,000

(ppm)
0 150
150 1500

Type of Cement

No limitation
Modified (Type II)
Portland-pozzolan,
Portland blast furnace
Sulphate-resisting Portland
(Type V)
Sulphate-resisting Portland
plus fly ash or other
pozzolan

Maximum Free
Water / Cement
Ratio For Normal
Weight Aggregate
Concrete
No limitation
0.50
0.45
0.45

73. Table:

Relation Between Water / Cement Ratio and

Average Compressive Strength of Concrete.

Average Compressive Strength

at 28 days
(MPa)
45
40
35
30
25
20
15

Effective Water / Cement

Ratio by Mass for Non-AirEntrained Concrete
0.38
0.43
0.48
0.55
0.62
0.70
0.80

74. Table: Approximate Water requirements.

Workability
(slump)
30 50
80 100
150 180
Approximate Entrapped
Air Content, percent
Recommended Average
Air Content Percent for:
Mild
Exposure
Moderate Exposure
Extreme Exposure
75. Table:

4.5

4.0

3.5

3.0

2.5

6.0
7.5

5.5
7.0

5.0
6.0

4.5
6.0

4.5
5.5

Required Amount of Coarse Aggregate, ACI 211.1 Modified For Less

Fineness Modulus.

Maximum Size
of Aggregate
(mm)
10
12.5
20
25
40
50
70
150

Water Content (kg/m3) of Concrete for Maximum Aggregate

Size (mm) for Non-Air-Entrained Concrete
10
12.5
20
25
40
205
200
185
180
160
225
215
200
195
175
240
230
210
205
185
3
2.5
2
1.5
1

Dry Bulk Volume of Rodded Coarse Aggregate Per Unit Volume

of Concrete for Fineness Modulus of Sand of:
2.0
0.54
0.63
0.70
0.75
0.79
0.82
0.85
0.89

2.2
0.52
0.61
0.68
0.73
0.77
0.80
0.84
0.88

2.4
0.50
0.59
0.66
0.71
0.75
0.78
0.82
0.87

2.6
0.48
0.57
0.64
0.69
0.73
0.76
0.80
0.85

2.8
0.46
0.55
0.62
0.67
0.71
0.74
0.78
0.83

3.0
0.44
0.53
0.60
0.65
0.69
0.72
0.76
0.81

76.

Longitudinal Distribution of Moments

at supports
=
0.65 Mo
Factored M
+
Factored M at mid-span
=
0.35 Mo

77.

Pu

Exterior edge
unrestrained, with
no beams

Slab with beams

between all
supports

Slab with edge

beams, but without
interior beams

(1)

(2)

(3)

Int. M

+
M

0.75

0.70

0.70

0.63

0.57

0.52

Ext. M

0.16

0.26

Po
P
e
1 + o 1
Pb
eb

78 - Table. ACI 1963 Coefficients For Dead Load Positive Moments In

Slabs Increased by 25%.

Ratio

Case
1

Case
2

Case
3

Case
4

Case
5

Case
6

Case
7

Case
8

Case
9

0.045
0.045
0.050
0.041
0.056
0.036
0.063
0.033
0.070
0.029
0.076
0.024
0.085
0.020
0.093
0.016
0.101
0.013
0.110
0.010
0.119
0.008

0.023
0.023
0.025
0.020
0.028
0.018
0.030
0.015
0.033
0.014
0.035
0.011
0.038
0.009
0.040
0.008
0.043
0.005
0.044
0.004
0.046
0.003

0.023
0.034
0.026
0.031
0.031
0.030
0.036
0.028
0.043
0.025
0.050
0.023
0.058
0.020
0.068
0.018
0.078
0.014
0.089
0.011
0.100
0.009

0.034
0.034
0.038
0.030
0.041
0.028
0.045
0.024
0.049
0.020
0.054
0.016
0.058
0.014
0.063
0.011
0.066
0.009
0.070
0.006
0.074
0.005

0.034
0.023
0.035
0.019
0.036
0.016
0.039
0.014
0.040
0.011
0.041
0.009
0.044
0.006
0.045
0.005
0.046
0.004
0.048
0.003
0.049
0.001

0.041
0.034
0.045
0.030
0.049
0.026
0.053
0.021
0.056
0.019
0.060
0.015
0.064
0.011
0.068
0.009
0.070
0.008
0.073
0.005
0.076
0.004

0.034
0.038
0.039
0.039
0.044
0.035
0.050
0.031
0.056
0.028
0.064
0.025
0.073
0.021
0.081
0.018
0.091
0.015
0.101
0.011
0.111
0.009

0.025
0.029
0.028
0.026
0.031
0.024
0.036
0.021
0.040
0.019
0.045
0.016
0.050
0.014
0.055
0.011
0.060
0.009
0.065
0.006
0.070
0.005

0.029
0.025
0.030
0.021
0.033
0.019
0.035
0.016
0.036
0.013
0.039
0.009
0.041
0.008
0.043
0.006
0.045
0.005
0.046
0.004
0.048
0.003

m
1.00
0.95
0.90
0.85
0.80
0.75
0.70
0.65
0.60
0.55
0.5

Cx
Cy
Cx
Cy
Cx
Cy
Cx
Cy
Cx
Cy
Cx
Cy
Cx
Cy
Cx
Cy
Cx
Cy
Cx
Cy
Cx
Cy

79.
Table. ACI 1963 Coefficients For Live Load Positive Moments In Slabs
Increased by 25%.

1.00
0.95
0.90
0.85
0.80
0.75

Cx
Cy
Cx
Cy
Cx
Cy
Cx
Cy
Cx
Cy
Cx
Cy

Case 1

Case 2

Case 3

Case 4

Case 5

Case 6

Case 7

Case 8

Case 9

0.045
0.045
0.050
0.041
0.056
0.036
0.063
0.033
0.070
0.029
0.076
0.024

0.034
0.034
0.038
0.031
0.043
0.028
0.046
0.024
0.051
0.021
0.056
0.018

0.034
0.040
0.039
0.036
0.044
0.034
0.050
0.030
0.056
0.028
0.064
0.024

0.040
0.040
0.044
0.036
0.049
0.033
0.054
0.029
0.060
0.025
0.065
0.020

0.040
0.034
0.043
0.030
0.046
0.026
0.051
0.024
0.055
0.020
0.059
0.016

0.044
0.040
0.048
0.036
0.053
0.031
0.058
0.028
0.064
0.024
0.069
0.020

0.040
0.044
0.045
0.040
0.050
0.036
0.056
0.033
0.064
0.029
0.070
0.025

0.035
0.038
0.039
0.034
0.044
0.030
0.050
0.028
0.055
0.024
0.061
0.020

0.038
0.035
0.040
0.031
0.045
0.028
0.049
0.025
0.053
0.021
0.058
0.016

80.
Table. ACI 1963 Coefficients For Live Load Positive Moments In Slabs
Increased by 25%.

0.70
0.65
0.60
0.55
0.5

Cx
Cy
Cx
Cy
Cx
Cy
Cx
Cy
Cx
Cy

Case 1

Case 2

Case 3

Case 4

Case 5

Case 6

Case 7

Case 8

Case 9

0.085
0.020
0.093
0.016
0.101
0.013
0.110
0.010
0.119
0.008

0.061
0.015
0.066
0.013
0.073
0.009
0.078
0.008
0.083
0.005

0.071
0.020
0.080
0.018
0.089
0.014
0.100
0.011
0.110
0.009

0.071
0.018
0.078
0.014
0.084
0.011
0.090
0.009
0.096
0.006

0.064
0.014
0.069
0.011
0.074
0.009
0.079
0.006
0.084
0.005

0.075
0.016
0.080
0.013
0.085
0.010
0.091
0.008
0.098
0.006

0.079
0.021
0.088
0.018
0.096
0.014
0.106
0.011
0.115
0.009

0.068
0.018
0.074
0.014
0.081
0.011
0.088
0.009
0.095
0.063

0.063
0.014
0.068
0.011
0.074
0.009
0.079
0.008
0.084
0.005

81.
Table. ACI 1963 Coefficients For Negative Moments In Slabs
Decreased by 10%.

1.00
0.95
0.90
0.85
0.80
0.75
0.70
0.65
0.60
0.55
0.5

Cx
Cy
Cx
Cy
Cx
Cy
Cx
Cy
Cx
Cy
Cx
Cy
Cx
Cy
Cx
Cy
Cx
Cy
Cx
Cy
Cx
Cy

Case
1

Case
2

Case
3

Case
4

Case
5

Case
6

Case
7

Case
8

Case
9

0.041
0.041
0.045
0.037
0.050
0.033
0.054
0.028
0.059
0.024
0.062
0.020
0.067
0.015
0.069
0.013
0.073
0.009
0.076
0.006
0.077
0.005

0.068

0.065

0.063

0.059

0.055

0.050

0.045

0.039

0.032

0.025

0.020

0.045
0.045
0.050
0.041
0.054
0.036
0.059
0.031
0.064
0.026
0.068
0.022
0.073
0.017
0.077
0.014
0.080
0.010
0.083
0.007
0.085
0.005

0.068

0.071

0.072

0.074

0.075

0.077

0.077

0.078

0.079

0.080

0.081

0.064

0.068

0.071

0.075

0.077

0.079

0.082

0.084

0.086

0.086

0.087

0.064

0.060

0.056

0.051

0.046

0.040

0.034

0.028

0.022

0.017

0.013

0.030
0.055
0.034
0.050
0.039
0.047
0.044
0.041
0.050
0.037
0.055
0.032
0.061
0.026
0.067
0.022
0.072
0.016
0.077
0.013
0.080
0.009

0.055
0.030
0.059
0.026
0.061
0.023
0.065
0.019
0.068
0.015
0.070
0.013
0.073
0.010
0.075
0.007
0.077
0.005
0.077
0.005
0.079
0.003

82.

fc = 20 MPa : fy = 300 MPa ; = 0.9

18

16

14

= 0.010
= 0.015

12

= 0.020
P u /A g , M Pa

= 0.025
10

= 0.030

0
0

0.5

1.5

2.5

M u /A g h , MPa

3.5

4.5

fc = 20 MPa : fy = 300 MPa ; = 0.75

83.

18

16

14

= 0.010
= 0.015

12

P u /A g , M Pa

= 0.020
= 0.025
10

= 0.030

0
0

0.5

1.5

M u /A g h , MPa

2.5

3.5

84.

fc = 20 MPa : fy = 300 MPa ; = 0.6

18

16

14

= 0.010
= 0.015

12

= 0.020
P u /A g , M P a

= 0.025
10

= 0.030

0
0

0.5

1.5

M u /A g h , MPa

2.5