BASICS OF COMPUTERS

&
PROGRAMMING IN C (CST-105)
Topics to be covered
Defination of Computer
Characterstics of Computer
Block Diagram of Computer
Peripheral Devices

Computer ! "# "$%"#&e$ e'e&tro#& $e%&e t("t t")e! t(e r"* $"t" "! #put
+rom t(e u!er "#$ pro&e!! t(e!e $"t" u#$er t(e &o#tro' o+ !et o+ #!tru&to#!
(&"''e$ pro,r"m) "#$ ,%e! t(e re!u't (output) "#$ !"%e! t(e output +or t(e
+urt(er u!e-.
/"t"0
Data is a collection of raw facts and figures.
Eg: population survey (Number of people, age group, income level and so on.)
Data forms the basis for any analysis.
I#+orm"to#0
rocessed data in a definite form and shape, becomes useful and acts as a basic for
decision ma!ing process.
Eg: (above data ) "ountry#s economy position, educational standards, male$female
ratio etc.
%nformation is re&uired for ma!ing effective decisions as well as driving an
organi'ation towards success.
Computer
3

"omputer is an electronic device that can perform a variety of operations in accordance with a
set of instructions called program.

(he term )computer is derived from the term )compute#, this means to calculate.

%t can process both numerical and non*numerical (arithmetic and logical) calculations.
Computer
(Data Processor)
DATA INPUT
OUTPUT INFORMATION
F,0 A Computer &o#%ert! $"t" #to #+orm"to#.
Computer
(Data Processor)
DATA INPUT
OUTPUT INFORMATION
F,0 A Computer &o#%ert! $"t" #to #+orm"to#.
7
C("r"&ter!t&! o+ Computer!

+utomatic

,peed - in terms of microseconds(10-6),nanoseconds(10-),

picoseconds(10-1!). MIP"

+ccuracy ** depends upon its design.

Diligence - free from tiredness and lac! of concentration.

.ersatility

,torage "apacity(power of remembering)

No %/

No feeling
7
Block diagram
and
working of computer system
#

I$putt%$&

"tor%$&

Process%$&

Outputt%$&

Co$tro''%$&

Basic Operations

(
10
Block Diagram
I$put
U$%t
Output
U$%t
"eco$)ar*
"tora&e
Pr%mar*
"tora&e
Co$t
A+U
Co$tro'
U$%t
CPU
"tora&e
U$%t
Prm"r1 Compo#e#t! O+ A Computer

%nput devices.

"entral rocessing 0nit (containing the

control unit and the arithmetic$logic
unit).

1emory.

2utput devices.

,torage devices.
11
, (his is the process of entering data and programs in to the computer system.
, %t ta!es as inputs raw data and performs some processing, giving out processed
data.
, (herefore, the input unit ta!es data from us to the computer in an organi'ed
manner for processing.
, +s "omputer accepts the input in binary codes, unit called Input Interface
performs this tas!.

E3amples: 4eyboard, mouse, 5oystic!, scanner, touch screen etc(

I#put U#t
1!

(he process of saving data and instructions permanently is !nown as storage.

6or faster access and processing, data is first stored in the storage unit.

,torage devices are divided into two classes:

, rimary Devices : e.g. 7+1,721
, ,econdary Devices: e.g. 8DD, 6loppy Dis!, "D*721, "D*7, D.D etc.
(he storage unit performs the following ma5or functions:
9 +ll data and instructions are stored here before and after processing.
9 %ntermediate results of processing are also stored here.
Stor",e U#t
13
Pro&e!!#, U#t
1-
(he tas! of performing operations li!e arithmetic
and logical operations is called processing.
2or)#,0 (he "entral rocessing 0nit ("0)
ta!es data and instructions
from the storage unit and ma!es all sorts
of calculations based on the instructions given and the type of data
provided. %t is then sent bac! to the storage unit.
%t is further divided into two units:
"ontrol 0nit ("0)
+rithmetic :ogical 0nit (+:0)
(he +:0 and the "0 of a computer system are 5ointly
!nown as the central processing unit.

(he ne3t component of computer is the "ontrol 0nit, which acts li!e the supervisor
seeing that things are done in proper fashion.

"ontrol 0nit is responsible for coordinating various operations using time signal. %t
determines the se&uence in which computer programs and instructions are e3ecuted.

(hings li!e processing of programs stored in the main memory, interpretation of the
instructions and issuing of signals for other units of the computer to e3ecute them.

%t coordinates the activities of computer#s peripheral e&uipment as they perform the

input and output.
Co#tro' U#t
1.

+fter you enter data through the input device it is stored in the primary storage unit.

(he actual processing of the data and instruction are performed by +rithmetic
:ogical 0nit.

(he ma5or operations performed by the +:0 are addition, subtraction,

multiplication, division, logic and comparison.

Data is transferred to +:0 from storage unit when re&uired.

+fter processing the output is returned bac! to storage unit for further processing or
getting stored.
Art(met& 3o,&"' U#t (A3U)
16

6ormed by output devices attached to computer.

2utput can also be also stored inside the computer for further
processing.

2utput of "0(Electric binary signals) needs conversion in some

form i.e. character, audio visual or graphics.

E3amples: rinters, 1onitors, :"D etc.

;<

Output U#t
17

+ peripheral is a device connected to a host computer, but not part of it.

%t e3pands the host=s capabilities, but does not form part of the core computer
architecture. %t is often, but not always, partially or completely dependent on the
host.

+ peripheral is generally defined as any au3iliary device such as a mouse, !eyboard,

hard drive, etc. that connects to and wor!s with the computer in some way.

(here are three different types of peripherals:

, %nput devices
, 2utput devices
, ,torage devices
Perp(er"' /e%&e!
1#

4eyboard

1agnetic %n! "haracter 7eader(1%"7)

1ouse

>oystic!

,canner

:ight en

(ouch ,creen

2ptical 1ar! 7eader(217)

I#put /e%&e!
1

rinter

.isual Display 0nit (1onitor)

:"D

lotter
Output /e%&e!
!0

rimary 1emory

,ecoundary 1emory
Stor",e /e%&e!
!1
--

Education

8ealth and 1edical

7ecreation and Entertainment

?usiness

@overnment

Defense

,pace ,cience (echnology

,cientific 7esearch

7eal (ime ,ystems

App'&"to#! o+ &omputer!