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This report is outcome of "On the Practical training which I received at Prasar Bharti
Doordarshan Kendra Shimla (H.P.)". It includes the organizational Structure, Procedure,
function & performance of the station.
First of all I would like to express deep sense of gratitude towards Mr.AMIT
SHARMA (S.E.(engineering head)) who permitted us to undergo training in the Prasar
Bharti Doordarshan Kendra (B.C.!.) Shimla. I would like to express my special thanks to
Mr. OM PRAKSH (A.E. (training coordinator)) who prepared our training schedule
&helped us to complete our training.
I would also like to express my thanks to Mr. S.K. BHARDWAJ (A.E.), Mrs.
Champa (A.E.) to give me full support to prepare this report / also thanks to
Mr.SURIENDER KUMAR (A.E) for guiding me.
GROUP 2
Electronics & Communication Engineering
6th Sem 3rd Year.
CONTENTS
1. STUDIO :
• INTRODUCTION -------------------------------------------------------
• INTRODUCTION -------------------------------------------------------
• INTRODUCTION -------------------------------------------------------
unpopulated signal. A large number of such monitors are used to keep a check on ht contest and
quality of pictures being telecast.
In addition to live studio. Video tape recording and telecine machine rooms are located
close to the control room. In most cases, programmes as
enacted in the studio are recorded on video tape recorder (VTR) through the control. These are
later broadcast with VTR output passing through the same
control room. All these rooms are interconnected by co-axial cables and shielding wires.
1. To originate programs from studio either for live telecast of for recording on a video tape.
4. Routing of mixed program for recording/transmission via central apparatus room and Earth
station to the transmission or any other desire destination.
ACTION AREA:
This place requires large space and ceiling as compared to any other technical area.
Action in this area includes staging, lighting performance by artists and arrangement to pick up
picture and sound. This place requires large space and coiling as compared to any other
technical data. Very efficient air conditioning because of lot of heat dissipation bay studio light
and presence of large number of persons including invited audience performing artists and
operational crew.
Uniform and even flooring for smooth operation of camera trollies and microphone etc.
Acoustic treatment keeping in mind that a TV studio is a multipurpose studio with lot of
moving person and equipment during production. Supporting facilities like properties, makeup
and wardrobe etc.
• Digital clock display.
• Audio and video monitoring facilities.
• Pick up wall sockets for audio operations.
• Luminaries and suspension system having grids or battens.
• Tie lines box for video and audio from control room.
• Cyclorama and curtain tracks for blue and black curtain for chrome keying and limbo
lighting respectively.
Camera Chain:
A typical three tube camera chain is described in the block diagram.
Tube power supply section provides all the voltages required grids of electron gun. Horizontal
and vertical deflection section supplies the saw tooth current to the deflection coils of scanning
the positive image formed on the target. The built in synchronous pulse generator provides all
the pulses required for the encoder and colours bar generator of the camera. The signal system
in most of the camera consists of processing of the signal form red, blue and green tube. Some
of the camera us-e white, blue and red tubes instead of R,G, B system. the processing of red and
blue channel is exactly similar. Green Channel, which also called a reference channel, has
slightly different electronics concerning aperture correction. So if we understand a particular
channel, the other channels can be followed easily. In each camera signal are given to generate
synchronous pulse and black burst pulse for a good picture in television.
Control Apparatus Room consists of sync pulse generator, logo generator, electronic control of
PCR and other controlling instruments. Sync pulse generator act as a heart of studio and its
description is given as below:
Sync Pulse Generator : SPG
Without the Sync Pulse Generator the picture is not stable. The sync pulse generator used in
doordarshan Kendra is controlled by two groups of four push button switches.
The right hand group controls the generator operating mode, and are interlocked, care should be
taken not to operate more than one switch at a time. The four operating modes are as follows
crystals. This is a free running mode of operation in which the generator output are under
control of master sub carrier oscillator (MSO).
Gen lock: This is the Hard Genlock mode of operation,which is designed to work with stable
video sources.
VTR lock: This mode of operation is similar to the generator lock mode, but is designed to
operate with unstable signals such as those obtained from a helical scan VTR.
Remote: With remote selected, operation of the front panel switches is disabled and is assigned
to the remote control unit.
Advance: This is non-locking switch, operating only in the crystal mode, which subtracts one
line per field of the internally generated pulses to perform the field phasing operation.
Retard: This non-locking switch adds one line per field for field phasing operation.
Crash lock enables: This is a locking switch which enables the manual crash lock mode. Crash
lock resets the internal field counter in order to synchronise to the incoming video signal.
Crash lock: This is the momentary push switch, which perform the field reset operation, when
enabled by the crash lock enable switch.
Pulse generation
► Mixed blanking, line drive and field drive are generated.
► Mixed sync are generated.
► Burst gate timing is generated.
► PAL square wave is generated
► PAL ident wave is generated.
► 8 field, field1 ident is generated.
* Auxiliary reference voltage:
the auxiliary reference voltage is generated by the circuit.
Horizontal component:
The horizontal component is generated at 15 line interval in each field. The provision is made
to position the horizontal component anywhere within the 15line grid.
Vertical component:
The vertical component are adjusted at 2.25 it all interval to give 23 interval.
Video generation:
The horizontal and vertical components are combined.
RGB Generation:
The colour bar outputs are generated using standard encoding techniques from R, G and B
signals.
Luminance, Sync and 1 Flag generation:
The luminance component is generated by resistively adding the R,G and B components in the
appropriate proportion. The luminance and sync components are then resistively summed.
The Field 1 Flag is added to the sync waveform before filtering.
Burst generation:
The logic burst gate is processed.
The TV camera which includes camera head with its optical focusing lens. pan and tilt
head, video. Single pre- amplifier view finder and other associated electronic circuiting and
mounted on cameras trolley and operate inside the studio. he output of camera of cameras in
preamplifier in the head and then connected to the camera control unit through long multi-core
cable. In this room shot can be decided to which camera can be taken. Camera position can
also be control in this room. CCU can control three colour
RGR= .10+.59+.11=100%
In CCU monitoring sources, monitoring facilities and pulse disribution amplifies are
available. Vectroscope provides on overview of control and connection function. Monitor can
detect any fault in the camera.
The studio has three cameras. The camera control unit (CCU) consists of the control of
these three cameras. The camera system is designed for use in the studio and on location,
providing top picture quality in any shooting conditions.
The color camera chain comprises the following basic assembly:
• color camera
• Camera control unit
• Connection unit
• Multiwire cable
• Camera view finder
The color camera chain meets the ultimate requirement in the field of studio. It features easy
handling, operational safety and good serviceability. It can be operated either with multiwire
or with coax/triax camera cable. The color camera head, the camera control unit and remote
control unit associated with the setup control console or remote control console are each
equipped with a microcomputer.
The color camera uses a 3-tube RGB system with high grade beam splitter. It is
equipped with 1-inch plumbicon pickup tubes with dioxide gun system, bias light and ABC
facilities.
Various high grade lenses of different brands are available for camera. The camera
control unit is of compact design. The connection between camera head and camera control
unit can be established either via a multiwire camera cable or via a coax/triax camera cable.
DIMMER ROOM
Dimmer Room consists of light control system which give the various lightening effects in the
studio.
* The function of Light Control Desk is to enable the operator to remotely select the studio
lamps, that need to be turned on for a particular scene & also enable control of intensity of
some of the lamp, required for color matching.
* Using Electronic Dimmer, the operator is able to control the intensity of lamp remotely. The
intensity of a group of the lamps can be adjusted individually or in one of the two scenes.
*The system has been designed for large number of the loads, distributed on 415V,3 phase,
50Hz, 4 wire mains. The phase distribution both on the rack as well as on the light control desk
are marked with dots. This helps to distribute high loads on the three phase more or less
equally.
* Two electronic dimmer are wired as one plug in module, each rated at 2.5 KW where as one
dimmer is wired in one plug in module of 5.0 KW.
* The dimmer rack is interconnected with light control desk by means of multi core 0.2 sqmrs.
Flexible copper PVC unarmored control cable.
Light Control:
The scene to be television must be well illuminated to produce a clear and noise free
picture. The lighting should also give the depth, the correct contrast and artistic display of
various shades without multiple shadows.
The lighting arrangements in a TV studio have to be very elaborate. A large number of
lights are used to meet the need of "key" "fell" and "back"
lights etc. Lights are classified as spot and soft lights. These are suspended from motorized
hoists and telescopes. The up and down movement is remote controlled. The switching ON and
OFF is lights at the required time and their dimming is controlled from the light control room
using SCR dimmer controls. These remotely control various lights inside the studios.
V. T .R.
(Video tape recording):
It is the most complex piece of studio equipment with analog and digital processor servo
system, micro-processor, memory, logic circuits and mechanical devices etc.
V.T.R room is provided at each studio center. It houses at least two console type 'A video
tape recorders' (V.T.R.) and a few broadcast standard video cassette recorder (V.C.R.).Here
recording is done on playback format CAM. Quality of recorded programme is tested
immediately after recording is completed so that if there is any technical or any other problem the
same could be rectified and the final recording is of good quality.
During the original transmission the programme tapes are played back from the V.T.R
The audio and video labels can also be adjusted from here. The format of programme from
mini D.V.C to J3 is transferred in the V.T.R room, DD news, OTR(off telecast recording) is
also recorded for the use in original news programme.
Specifications:
Sony
Video Cassette Recorders
Operational Environment
1. operating temperature 5deg C to 40deg C.
2. Storage temperature -20deg C to 60 deg C.
3. Location to avoid :
*areas whose BVW-70P will be exposed to direct sunlight or any other strong light.
*dustry areas or areas where it is subject to vibration.
*areas with strong electric or magnetic fields
*areas near heat sources
Technical Information:
General Specifications
Power requirements AC 90 to 265V, 48 to 68 Hz
Power consumption 240W
Operating temperature 5deg C to 40deg C
Storage temperature -20deg C to 60deg C
Humidity Less than 80%
Weight 30 Kg.
Dimensions 427*237*520 mm/w/h/o
Tape speed 101.51 mm/s
Record & playback time 100 minutes max.
Fast forward/rewind time less than 180 seconds
Video cassette ½ inches, Betacam & Betacam SP cassette for
Beta format
A video and audio outputs are routed through a production control room. This is necessary for
a smooth flow and effective control. of the programme material. This room is called the
production Control Room' (PCR) It is manned by the programme director, his assistant a camera
control unit engineer a video mixer expert a sound engineer and a lighting engineer. The
programme directors with the help of this staff effects overall control of the programme whole it
is telecast live or recorded on a VTR.
V The video and audio outputs from different studios and other sources are terminated on
separate panels in the control room. One panel contains the camera control unit and video mixer. In
front of this panel are located a number of monitors for editing and previewing a incoming and
outgoing programmes. Similarly another panel houses microphone controls. This panel is under
control of the sound engineer who is consultation with the programme director selects and controls
a available sound output. .
The producer and the programme assistant have in front of them a talk back control
panel for giving instruction to the camera man, audio engineer and floor manager. The
producer can also talk over the intercom system to the VTR. The lighting is controlled by
switches and faders from a dimmerf (A aA u,J$ console which in also located in the control
room.
II
Audio
Distribution
Amplifier
Mon.
O/P
Studio
AUDIO CONSOLE UNIT VTR
VISION MIXER:
It is used for mixing video signals, which are received from two sources like either from two
cameras or from signals from Delhi. The cameras are located in studio at different positions.
The control panel has following control switches:
CAM1, CAM2, CAM3, VTR1, VTR2, CG, BAR
CAM1, CAM2 and CAM3 are present in the studio room and their control is in the camera
control unit. The three cameras are present at different positions and covering different
portions of the scene.
VTRs are Video Tape Recorder present in the VTR room.
CG means character generator.
AUDIO DISTRIBUTION AMPLIFIER:
Audio Distribution Amplifier, model ADA-6 acts as a professional grade isolation amplifier
meant for the distribution of audio signal in broadcasting station. This amplifier can feed
signals effectively to long lines without passing interference between the lines. All the outputs
of this amplifier are coupled through dedicated output matching transformers.
Using four selecting combination of integrated circuits and discrete devices achieve excellent
frequency response and low distortion. Large individually adjustable channel gain control
enables installation and adjustment very easy.
SALIENT FEATURES:
▪ All output transformers are isolated.
▪ Short-circuit protected.
▪ Excellent frequency response.
▪ Very low noise.
▪ Excellent isolation.
▪ Stabilized power supply.
▪ Wide dynamic range.
▪ Single PCB design.
▪ Fully solid state.
▪ Very low distortion.
ADA-6 model means that amplifier has six outputs and only one input.
The vision mixer provided for the following operational facilities for fundamentals editing
of tv programme
VDA
Ref.
Ref. Ref.
CAM CCU VDA
3.
Ref.
VTR
Ref.
VIDEO MIXER & SWITCHER
Video chain:-
The block diagram on facing page connects 4 these section and it can be observed that the
CAR in the nodal area. Now let us follow a CAM-I signal. CAM-I first goes to a camera
electronics in CAR via a multi-core cable the signal then like any other source it goes to video
switcher via patch panel and respective VDAs (Video Distribution Amplifier) and optional HS
(Hum Supressor) video equalizer. Output from the switcher goes to stabilizing amplifier via (PP)
and (VDAs) Output from the stab. Is further distributed to various destinations. It may be noted
that the use of VDAs helps to monitor the video signal at different location and the use of PP is
very helpful for emergency arrangements during breakdowns and trouble shooting. A separate
monitoring bus is provided in CCU, LCU and) end control also has a remote for the other source
is similarly to this and can be understood from the block diagram
ENG-CAMERA
Eng means Electronic News Gathering. This camera is used for news coverage. It does not
contain vacuum tube, rather contain charged couple device CCD. CCD is compact and small in
size. This camera is portable and movable.
The ENG-camera is better than the camera which makes use of vacuum tube.
Fundamentals of Satellite Communication
A satellite communication system basically consists of a satelite in space and many earth
stations on the ground which is linked
Vedio
with each other through the satellite. Base band signal
from the user is transmitted to earth
& station through a terrestrial network and is modulated by an
Audio
RF carrier at the earth station and16×16
transmitted to the satellite. The satellite receives the modulated
RF carrier in its uplink frequency spectrum from the earth stations and retransmits them to the
earth in the downlink frequency spectrum,
D
which is different from the uplink frequency spectrum.
The satellites therefore can be G
I
Dist. M
Speaker Amp. M O HDA
UX D Detector
.
From optimode
A to D Analog
Convertr VU 10 w D/A-1 Mon. waveguides
meter Amp. Audio Audio
Router Processo delay & D/A-2
r limiter dist. unit Analog
Mon. From LNA
A to D
convertr
Audio C-L
delay & Digital mon Conve
VU= Volume Unit Meter
dist. unit rtor
Digital mon
Audio
delay & IRD L- Band
dist. unit Divider
IRD
To RF
IRD NMS
system
With PC
IRD
To RF
IRD NMS
system
With PC
The analog video & audio signals from studio are terminated on the connector plate
placed at rear side of the studio rack. The anolog signal is converted into SDX & AES/EBU
stream with the help of convertors. After conversion the signals are fed to the fiber optic
transmitter through video & audio patch panels. The digital video signals is transmitted by the
fiber optic and received by fiber optic receiver at the earth station. Same is the case with the
audio signal. The video & audio signals are then fed to the 16* 16 audio/video routing switcher.
This enables the operator to switch the program of any desired channel. Further the video is
processed by video processor & routed to the respective encode in compression rack. The other of
video processor is also routed back to the If-p of the 16* 16 audio /video switcher unit for online
monitoring purpose. Similarly audio is processed by audio processor. Audio distributor & routed
to the respective encoder in compression rack.
The either 8/p of audio distributor is also routed back to 16* 16 audio /video switcher for
online monitoring purpose.
Compression system comprises of SDI video/ ASI router, AES/EBU audio router,
encoders, modulators, multiplexers, channels, controller, IF protection switch ethernet hub &
network management system. The encoders are wired in 2+ 1 configuration.
SDI video & audio router controls the i/p to encoders the encoder O/P is being given to
the multiplexer (mux). ASI router controls the input to the modulators, mux & modulators are
wired for redundancy operation.
Encoder excepts SDI video &AES/EBU audio signals. The O/P of encoder is an ASI stream. This
forms the input to the mux. & the o/p of the mux. will be given be modulator through ASI router.
The modulated o/p at 70MHZ will be fed to upconvertor system which already exist in the
station. The received signal from LNA unit is given to a C-L band convertor.
The C-L band convertor output is given to the 4-way divider which is used to feed
different IRDs .
The IRD demodulates the L-band RF signal & decodes to recover the audio &video in
analog format or in digital format (SDI+AES/EBU) The o/p of IRD is routed to the input of '16*
16 audio/video router for online monitoring purpose.
LNA
Low Noise Amplifier
Typical LNA has the low phase noise. C-Band receive signal from antenna is fed to the LNA,
which provides a conversion gain of 60 db. A LNA has noise temperature of 441< & has excellent
frequency stability & phase noise performance. It can be use in low data rate digital video analog
audio& any data applications.
Technical Data:
Modulator:
Modulator accepts 2ASI input from the mux. Data passes through DVD framer buffer & a
scrambler. Further outer encoding & convolutional encoding is carried out on the data stream finally
the data is QPSK modulated amplified to provide the required IF output. Alarm closure contacts are
provided for monitoring. the modulator can be configured by its front panel control or through a PC
running the control software the i/p of the modulator is given to dividers & divider output will be
given to dividers & divider output will be given to existing up convertor.
The 70 MHZ signal will be upconverted to required level at 6 GHZ freq. band &
6GMZ signal will be given to HPA for further amplification. The HPA will be given to antenna
system through wave guide for up linking to the station.
INTRODUCTION
TRANSMITTER:- The function of a transmitter is to perform modulation process and to raise the
power level of the modulated signal to be desired extent for effective radiation.The 1KW
transmitter houses the solid state exciter, exciter input, output selector, transmitter control unit,
corrector divider unit 130W solid state vision amplifier gain. RF monitoring unit, the 1 KW vision
cavity and its associated voltage and filament power supplies. The transformer and rectifier
assembly for generating the high voltage for the value is located external to the transmitter rack.
The blower required to cool the value is positioned inside the rack itself. In addition the peak
power measuring modules and the linear detector are also mounted in this rack.
Signal is received from Delhi through satellite. After that Audio and Video signal are then
separated out and demodulated and both signals are checked. After that the audio and video signal
are again modulated. Audio is frequency modulated and Video is amplitude modulated. After that
video and audio signals are combined and then transmitted by transmitter.
Demodula
Reciever Separator (Audio + Video) tor
Transmitt
er
VISUAL OUTPUT
Type of emission------------------- C3F
Output power ------------------------ 1 K W + 0.5 dB
Different gain------------------------ 10% (P- P)max
Video input impedence------------- 75 ohm
Frequency Range------------------- 174.1MHZ to 230 MHZ
AURAL OUTPUT
Type of emission ------------------ F3
RF output -----------------------------50 W
Impedence audio input--------------600 Ohm + 40 ohm
Frequency Response-----------------with in + dB (30 Hz to 15 KHz)
ELECTRICAL DATA
Input voltage---------------------------415 V + 10% 3 Phase
Input Power-----------------------------7KV A (max)
Ambient Temp. ------------------------ 0 C to + 45 C
The picture and sound signal standards are specified by the International
Radio Consultative Committee (C.C.I.R.) :
The exciter is completely solid state ensuring case of servicing and reliability. A passive
standby is provided, which can be selected through the keyboard of the transmitter control unit.
IF Modulation:
The video signal is amplitude modulated on the vision intermediate frequency (It) of 28.9 MHz
using diode balanced modulation system. The modulating level is kept low. This ensures low
non-linear distortion and excellent colour characteristics. Low differential gain and phase are
obtained.
Surface acoustic wave filter is used for vestigial side band shaping. The VSB SA W filter
using inter digital transducer is characterized by flat group delay and response characteristics
in the pass band with required attenuation outside the limits of the designated channel and a
defined side band response. Thus, it eliminates the use of the all pass networks for group delay
correction, which were used with conventional LC filters.
The low pass filter is included to limit the incoming video signal of 5 MHz. The LPF
incorporates an active Delay Equalizer to correct the group delay introduced by LPF.
Delay Equalizer:
A receiver pre-corrector and a transmitter delay equalizer are used. The receiver pre-
corrector pre-distorts the signal providing compensation of group delay which will occur in the
domestic receiver. The transmitter delay equalizer enables the correction of group delay occurring
in transmitter chain due the output band-pas filter. Both employ active circuits ensuring unity gain
in the vision chain.
Linearity Corrector:
The inter modulation distortions introduced in the solid state vision power amplifiers are
corrected by the VHF linearity corrector which is provide at the output of the Exciter.
Varactor Modulation:
The aural modulator employs varactor for frequency modulation of sound at the IF. The sound
IF is maintained constant at 5.5 MHz below the vision of38.9 MHz by a phase lock loop.
GENERAL TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION
1. The 1 KW Transmitter comprises of a 130 w solid state exciter/amplifier which drives the
valve-stage using BLLcx tube to obtain 1 KW (Sync peak) output.
2. The vision & Aural drives of the required channel frequency is derived from a solid state
exciter.
3. The Tx. has a built in standby exciter in passive standby mode. The main exciter or the
standby exciter can be brought into the line up by keyboard selection on the control panel.
4. The Tx. control system for safety interlocks overload protection and the switching on
sequence and blower cooling off delays are carried out through microprocessor based control
and monitoring circuits.
lKW TV Transmitter:
The 1 KW TV Transmitter houses the solid state exciter, the standby
Exciter, input output selector, transmitter control unit, corrector/divider unit, 130 w solid state
vision amplifier chain, the power supply for 130w amplifier chain, RF monitoring unit, the 1
KW vision cavity and its associated voltage and filament power supplies. The transformer and
rectifier assembly for generating the high voltage plate power supply for the valve is located
external to the transmitter rack. The blower required to cool the valve is positioned inside the
rack itself. In addition, the peak power measuring modules and the linear detector are also
mounted in this rack.
Solid state exciter with standby actually comprises of the following plug in modules. :
a) DP/DG Corrector
b) Low Pass Filter
c) Delay Equalizer
d) Visual Modulator
e) IF Oscillator
f) Local Oscillator
g) Combiner/Corrector
h) VSBF & Mixer
i) Aural Modulator
j) Power Supply
240v +12v -12v +12v -12v +16v +12v -12v +16v +16v
Video in +4dB
1v DPDG 1v(P-P) LPF 1v(P-P) Delay 1v Visual sync Combiner/
corrector Equaliz (P-P) Modulator pulse Corrector
CCVS 75Ω 75Ω er 75Ω 50Ω Fvif,Faif
75 ohms
Faif
+10dBm +16V 33.4MHz AGC
FIF 50 Ω 50Ω (-90dBm) Vol (DC)
38.9MHz
IF FIF Aural
+16v Oscillator 38.9M Modulator VSBF/ FV (+6dBm)
50Ω Mixer sync pulse
-5dBm 50Ω
EXCITER LINE-UP
a) DP/DG Corrector:
This unit is used for pre-correcting the differential gain of the final output of the
transmitter. The pre-correction is achieved by introducing nonlinearity introduced in opposite
tot hat of non-linearity existing in the
demodulated video from the 1 Kilo watt output stays.
The Low Pass filter unit cuts off the video frequencies beyond 5 MHz so that video
information beyond 5 MHz does not interfere with the sound signal which will be appearing as
frequency modulated signal at 5.5 MHz and around in the RF spectrum. The resultant group
delay is corrected in a delay equalizer circuit in this unit to preserve video characteristics.
c) Delay Equalizer:
This unit comprises of two sections namely the receiver pre-corrector and transmitter
delay corrector section. The former, the later or both or none can be brought into the line up by
selection on the front panel. The receiver pre-corrector required for achieving a god video wave
form at the domestic receivers where in delays are introduced by use of nyquist filter in the
demodulation stage for compensating for the vestigial side band characteristics of the
t4ransmitted RG spectrum. "If receivers use linear SAW filter for achieving nyquist
characteristics, then receiver pre-correction at the transmitter end is not required. The Tx. delay
equalizer section is used for correcting the group, delay arising out of band shaping and the
usage of the band pass filter at the output of the lKW stage.
d) Visual Modulator:
e) IF Oscillator:
This unit generates using a crystal oscillator the visual I frequency of 38.9 MHz. Four
outputs are available in this unit of these four outputs are the first one goes to the Visual
Modulator Unit., second one is used for monitoring third one is taken to the Local Oscillator and
the fourth one to the Aural Modulator Unit.
This unit generates the visual oscillator frequency (fc + 38.9 MHz) of the required
channel. The basic oscillator is crystal oscillator at fc/4 frequency. The crystal is housed in a
proportionately controlled over to maintain frequency stability. The fc/4 oscillator output is
harmonic. the collector tuning gives the required channel vision carrier frequency (fc). This is
passed through a combination of high pass filter and low pass filter to eliminate the unwanted
components. the resultant signal is a clean channel frequency signal. this is fed to mixer. The
mixer receives the IF oscillator signal also. The output of the mixer contains different
components.
The required frequency is (fc+ flF). The mixer output is passed through a combination
of LPF and HPF to remove unwanted spurious components. This signal amplified and fed to a
4-way power divider. Out of these four outputs one is fed to VSBF and Mixer. The second one
is terminated in 50 ohm resistor internally.
g) Combiner/Corrector:
The combiner/corrector receives signals from the visual modulator and the aural modulator
unit. These two signals are combined to vet a composite output in the combiner output in the
combiner section of the unit. The composite signals is next few to the corrector section of the unit.
The corrector is used for correcting the non-linearity introduced in the value state of the
transmitter.
This nit mixes the modulated vision and aural signal at IF and local oscillator signal to
derive the modulated RF signal at the required channel frequency. The input to this unit from
the combiner/corrector is amplifier and fed to a SAW filter for VSBF. The SAW filter output is
amplified and passed through a hybrid circuit containing PIN attenuator for level control. This
again is fed to the balanced mixture. The Mixture output is passed through a helical filter (Band
Pass) to eliminate the unwanted components. hten this signals amplified to get+6dbm sync peak
output. This unit has front panel MGC/ AGC selection.
The audio amplifier receives an audio signal at a level of + 10dBm balanced input from the
studio. The signal is passed through a balance to unbalance transformer and than to rotary radar for
audio input amplifier which has the 50 micro second pre emphasis circuits. The output of the audio
amplifier is applied to a VCO for frequency modulating. The VCO is a varactor tuned oscillator.
The IF oscillator frequency at 38.9 MHz is also fed to this unit which is mixed with the VCO
signal working at 33.4 MHz to derive a 5.5 MHz signal. This is divided get a square pulse at 537
Hz which is fed to the APC is a simple and hold circuit. A 1.1 MHz TCXO is used as reference
which to the APC as reference. The de error signal from APC is used for correcting the VCO
frequency locking at to a frequency 5.5 MHz below the vision IF frequency. Using an output
variable attenuator, the frequency modulated aural IF signal level is set at 0dbm.
Corrector/Divider Unit:
This unit comprises of 2 sections namely the linearity corrector unit and the 2 way
hybrid divider. The output of the exciter is fed to the linearity corrector PCB the - input is split
into 2 paths. One signal is fed to a liner amplifier and the other is passed though a non-linear
section. These two are combined to produce the non-linearity required to compensate for the
nonlinearity that will occur in the solid state power amplifier stages. It should be remembered
that this pre-corrector circuit is level sensitive and to the extent possible the level of +2dbm
sync. Peak to be maintains at the input to the corrector unit to enable proper per-correction of
linearity.
The pre-corrected RF signal is fed to be 2-way hybrid divider gives 2 output which are
at 90 degree phase difference and at an amplitude level of dbm down compared to the input
level. Each divided path has a variable attenuator which serves as level control for the
corresponding solid state power amplifier input.
80 W amplifier Unit:
This unit is driven by the output of dual driver. The 80 W amplifiers is made of 2
Numbers of 40 W amplifiers working in class A configuration and mounted on a single heat
sink. The output of the dual driver which is fed into this unif in a 2 ways 90 degree hybrid
divider. These 2 outputs fed the corresponding 40 w amplifiers. The output of the 40W
amplifiers are combined in a 2 ways 90 degree hybrid combiner. The resultant output at 80W
power level is in phase with respect to the input. Similarly, the other 80W P A unit is fed from
the second output of the dual driver unit the current consumption of each 80W unit is
approximately 8A. The dual driver and the 80 W units operate form a + 28 W power supply.
The power supply for the driver is interlocked through the 80W units of prevents pumping in RF
power into 80 W units without switching on the power supply to 80W units.
DRIVER AMPLIFIER
7db pad
+28V
2×2A 50Ω
+36.7dBm
RF in POWER +33.4dBm,50Ω +46.4dBm(SP),50Ω Power
50Ω 1n 0deg 2.2W SP TPv 43.7W -90deg ISO
4.7W SP 3100 G=13db
The power supply unit for the vision solid state amplifier chain comprises of 2 independent
section of switch mode power supply capable of supplying 17 A at 60C. The output voltage is
+28 V. One section feeds the first 80 w chain and the other section the second 80 W chain. Each
section of the PSU can be remotely switched ON+OFF using TTL logic level.
Txr.
The 10 KW TCD has two independent control systems, namely
The MCS consists of mother board (MB) with 7 plugs in cards, transformers T1 & T2. The
seven boards are as :
1. CPU Board
2. BIT I/O Board
3. I/O Board
4. Control interface Board (CIB)
5. Analog Receiver Board (ANRX)
6. Rectifier & Regulator Board Main control system (RRBMC)
7. Interlock interface Board (IIB).
1Kw CHANNEL
130w vision
Sync peak PA 1⅝” Rigid Line BAND 1⅝” Rigid Line
50Ω PASS To antenna
And 7w Aural dummy load
BEL 1.1Kw –vision
FILTER
1kW through v-link panel
(sync peak) sync Peak 50Ω
4000X 50Ω &55w Aural &50w –Aural
Screen H-T Plate
supply supply
(700v to 750v) (3kv to 3.4kv)
MCS:
The digital I/P from the trx. 31I/P are fed to the TCU (transmitter control unit). These I/P
are fed to the CPU & BIT I/O Board after isolating in the interlock interface board (IIB). This
board has the optocouplers for isolating the I/P. The O/P of the IIB is fed to the I/O ports in
CPU & Bit I/O Board. The TCU O/P control the contactors namely MS 1, MS2 & MS3. There
are 8 TTL control output which controls the power supplies of the 130
solid state PA amplifier modules. In accordance with the program fused in the EPROM
(residing in CPU Board) The TCU reads the digital I/P & control the output. The TCU O/P is
connected to the I/O selector for exciter main or standby selection. The OIPs are also
connected to the RF monitoring units to select one of the 7 RF monitoring OIP from PB' s. For
controlling alP, I/O ports in BIT i/O Boards are fed to the CIB. This board has optocouplers for
isolating the O/P & also has the interface circuit, to control contactors. For RF selection the I/O
Ports alPs are fed to the 4:16 decoder in the CIB. The decoder OIP goes through a interface
circuit & is connected to the coaxial switches in the RF monitoring unit.
BCS:
'Power Supply'
There are four types of power supply which are .used in transmitter section. These are as
follows:
i) Filament Supply
ii) Bias supply
iii) Plate Voltage Supply
iv) Screen Grid Voltage Supply
i) Fillament Supply:-
This supply for 1 KW PA (BEL 4000 Ix) is derived from a three phase full wave rectifier
using silicon rectifier. The rectifier is followed by a single section LC filter for the reduction of
ripples. The filament transformer is of the leakage type so as to limit the starting current drawn
by the valve filament under initial switching condition. The transformer is provided with tapes
to adjust the filament voltage precisely to the rated value.
This supply feeds the grid of 1 KW valve stage. It consist of 2 independent sections
of Dc power supply with a common ac input.
The first section can deliver on O/P adjustable voltage between-50V to -80V dc, while
the second section can deliver in O/P adjustable voltage between-80V to -120V dC each section
has the capacity to supply current of 200 mA and operates at an ac input voltage 200 V single
phase supply. During normal operation the first section only is used. The second section is used
as stand by in event of failure of the first section.
This provides a regulated output at 1000V dc. A constant voltage transformer (CVT) Tl
feeds a constant ac voltage through the magnetic amplifier. The O/P voltage
V can be adjusted by
changing the taps of the CVT. The screen voltages set between 700 V toI 750 V & the screen
dissipation is D
limited to 100 W. E
O
.
S
W 272
↓
Line#1 I 267 268 C
from HS≠1 Console T S
A
studio 250 251 1n 1
1 2
monitoring
11 12 C
H 273
U
N
VDA I
VDA
2A
2B T
Studio 252 3 4 258 259
↓
console
monitoring
VDA studio line#1 270 271
NDS Vedio 255 254 1.2 sk11
equalizer 352 265
1B
IRD DD≠1 261
263 console monitoring
287 264
274 275
IRD Studio line#2 CCVS In 11
283 Console monitoring IN12
276
Pattern 1
3k 12
The plate supply for 1KQW PA (BEL 4000 x) is derived from this
power supply. The HT Power supply is housed in a separate rack & is located outside the Txr.
racks.
+ 28V SMPS :
The +28V SMPS unit consists of two separate 28V modules. Each module feeds one
80W power amplifier & the corresponding dual driver section. Remote sensing & TTL ON/OFF
facilities for each module are provided.
4 Fan Unit:
This unit consists of 4 blowers used for cooling the solid state power amplifier. The cool
air is sucked from the unit & blown vertically upward through the power amplifier heat sinks.
The ac supply for all blowers are paralleled & fed through a power connector at the rear end of
the unit.
AGC Ckt :
AGC ckt. is used for providing automatic gain control for the vision power of Txr. RF sample is
fed to this unit. The DC O/P from AGC ckt. is
fed in parallel to the two VSBF (Vestigial Side Band Filter) & mixer units of solid state exciter,
Both (Main & standby). This AGC voltage is intern fed to the voltage controlled alternator
located internal to the VSBF & mixer of the exciter.
Monitoring:
The RF monitoring unit is used for the RF samples from different stage of the Txr. by the
keyboard selection. A linear detector is used to broadly monitor the video from the RF sample fed
to it.