THERMODYNAMICS EQUATION SHEET

First Law: E = m(u + v

2
/2 + gz) h = u + pv = u + p/!
Closed system: "E = Q - W
Open system:
!
dE
dt
=

Q

W + m (h +
V
2
2
in
"
+ gz) # m (h +
V
2
2
out
"
+ gz)
Second Law:
Closed system:
!
S
2
" S
1
=
1
T
b
dQ
#
+$
Open system:
!
dS
dt
=

Q
T
"
+ m s
in
"
# m s
out
"
+ $

Ideal Gas Law: PV = NR
u
T m = N*M v = V/m ! = PM/R
u
T
R
u
= 8314 J/kmol-K R = R
u
/ M

Specific Heats: c
P
= dh/dT c
V
= du/dT R = c
P
- c
V
k = c
P
/ c
V

Phase change: x = m
vapor
/ m
total
u
mix
= (1-x)*u
f
+ x*u
g
(also true for h, v, s)

Boundary Work:
!
W = PdV
"

Isothermal process of ideal gas: PV = C
Isentropic process of ideal gas: PV
k
= C

Conservation of mass:
!
dm
dt
= m
in
"
# m
out
"

!
m = " AV

Isentropic efficiencies: #
T
= W
act
/W
isen
#
C
= W
isen
/W
act
#
N
= V
2
/V
s
2


Isentropic process of an ideal gas:
!
P
2
P
1
=
V
1
V
2
"
#
$
%
&
'
k

!
T
2
T
1
=
V
1
V
2
"
#
$
%
&
'
k(1

!
T
2
T
1
=
P
2
P
1
"
#
$
%
&
'
k(1
k


Carnot cycles: Q
H
/ Q
L
= T
H
/ T
L
# = 1 - T
L
/ T
H
for Carnot power cycle

Coefficient of Performance: Refrigerator $ = Q
C
/ W
NET
Heat pump % = Q
H
/ W
NET


Availability: X = (E - U
o
) + P(v-v
o
) - T
o
(S - S
o
)
Flow exergy: & = (h-h
o
) +T
o
(s-s
o
) + V
2
/2 + gz

Properties of air @ STP: k = 1.4 M = 29 kg/kmol R = 287 J/kg-K
c
P
= 1005 J/kg-K c
V
= 718 J/kg-K
Properties of water @ STP: k = 1.0 M = 18 kg/kmol ! = 1000 kg/m
3

c
P
= 4184 J/kg-K c
V
= 4184 J/kg-K

!
"
Otto
=1#
1
CR
k#1

!
"
Brayton
=1#
1
PR
(k#1)/ k

!
F
THRUST
= m V
OUT
"V
IN
( )


Gibbs free energy: g = h T s Helmholtz free energy: a = u T s

Mass fraction:
!
Y
i
=
m
i
m
and mole fraction:
!
X
i
=
N
i
N
TOTAL

!
Y
i
i
"
=1 and
!
X
i
i
"
=1
Mixture mean molecular weight:
!
M = X
i
M
i
i
"
and
!
Y
i
= X
i
M
i
M

Psychrometrics:
Absolute humidity:
!
" =
m
vapor
m
air
and
!
" =
M
vapor
M
air
X
vapor
X
air
=
M
vapor
M
air
P
vapor
P
air
=
0.622P
vapor
P # P
vapor

Relative humidity:
!
" =
m
vapor
m
vapor,saturated
also
!
" =
P
vapor
P
saturation
(T)

!
" =
#P
(0.622 +#)P
sat
(T)
and
!
" =
0.622#P
sat
(T)
P $#P
sat
(T)

!
Y
vapor
=
"
" +1

!
h = Y
i
i
"
h
i
=
1
# +1
h
air
+
#
# +1
h
vapor

the textbook defines the enthalpy per mass of dry air as: h = h
air
+ ' h
vapor


M
vapor
/M
air
= 18.02 / 28.97 = 0.622 (to 3 significant digits) and P
air
= P - P
vapor
.

For -10 C < T < 50 C h
vapor
! 2500.9 + 1.82 T [kJ/kg]
(thus c
P,VAPOR
! 1.82 kJ/kg-K for a very limited range of temperature)

Combustion: For air, for every 1 kmol of O
2
there is 3.76 kmol of N
2


Heats of formation at reference state of 298 K and 1 atm (101.3 kPa)
H
2
O
2
N
2
H
2
O CO CO
2

"h
0
f
(kJ/kmol) 0 0 0 -241,800 -110,500 -393,500
c
P
(kJ/kmol-K) 28.87 29.32 29.07 33.45 29.07 37.20

Lower heating values (kJ/kg) at reference state of 298 K and 1 atm (101.3 kPa)
CH
4
C
2
H
6
C
3
H
8
C
4
H
10
C
5
H
12
C
8
H
18

"h
0
f
(kJ/kmol) -74,830 -84,670 -103,850 -124,730 -146,440 -208,450
LHV (kJ/kg) 50,020 47,490 46,360 45,740 45,360 44,790

Atomic weights: H 1, C 12, N 14, O 16

Conversion factors: 1 hp = 550 ft-lbf/s 4.45 N = 1 lbf 1 m = 3.28 ft
1 lbf = 32.2 lbm-ft/s
2
1 hp = 746 W 1 m/s = 2.24 mph 1 mile = 5280 ft
1 Gal = 3.78 L 1000 L = 1 m
3
2.54 cm = 1 in 1 kg = 2.2 lbm