- 75 -

http://www.ivypub.org/fes
Frontier of Environmental Science
June 2014, Volume 3, Issue 2, PP.75-83
Decomposition for Influence Factors of Carbon
Emissions in the Region of Beijing, Tianjin and
Hebei
-

Based on the Perspective of Terminal Energy
Xiaohong Yu
#
, Mengsi Zhang
Management and Economics Institute/Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
#
Email: yuxiaohong@bit.edu.cn
Abstract
In order to analyze the influence factors of carbon emissions in the region of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei, and explore the path to
develop low-carbon economy, this paper starts with the terminal energy consumption of three industries and residential
consumption, and constructs an identical equation, which is composed of the population size, level of economic development,
energy intensity, the proportion of energy consumption, energy structure and the coefficient of carbon emission. Based on the
data of terminal energy consumption during 2000-2012, various factors are analyzed and their contribution is measured by LMDI
(Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index). The result shows that, the scale of population and economy make positive driving effect,
energy intensity, energy structure and carbon intensity make negative driving effect, and the proportion of energy consumption
makes negative driving effect before 2006, and then changes into positive driving effect. Some suggestions of low-carbon
economy are listed: to control the population size and improve the quality of economic development, to support the research of
new energy technology, to accelerate regional integration and optimize the industrial structure, to enhance environmental
protection and spread the concept of low-carbon.
Keywords: Carbon Emission; LMDI ; the Region of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei; Low-carbon Economy
1 INTRODUCTION
In 2009, on the 15th Meeting of the Parties of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Changethe
conference held at Copenhagen, China has made a promise that, comparing to 2005, carbon emissions of per unit
GDP would be reduced by 40%-45% in 2020. The economic circle of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei is the important
growth pole of Chinese economy. There are many problems that having a dense population, rapid economic growth,
higher development level of heavy chemical industry. To achieve this reduction target, this region should be focused
on. On February 26, 2014, Chinese President (Xi 2014) hosted a forum in Beijing. He listened to the thematic work
reports about the joint development of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei. He emphasized the significance of coordinated
development of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei, and made seven requirements, wishing to explore an effective path of
ecological civilization to promote population, economy, resources and environment in harmony. Therefore, how to
obtain the maximum economic output in the entire region of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei, while reducing carbon
dioxide emissions (hereinafter referred to as carbon emissions) as much as possible, must be paid attention by
scholars.
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
At present, Kaya identity is the basic formula in the study of carbon emissions. This identity was first proposed by
Yoichi Kaya on a seminar of the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). Based on the idea of identity,

-
Fund: Research on social sciences from department of education (13YJAH122)

- 76 -
http://www.ivypub.org/fes
Most of scholars introduced different factors in the formula to extend the LDMI (Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index)
decomposition method, in order to explore the factors affecting carbon emissions. B.W. Ang (2004) made a
comparative analysis about different index decomposition methods and practical application. The study showed
LMDI method is the best of all methods. Of course, LMDI method has its limitations. It cant deal with the data of
zero and negative values. But B.W. Ang et al. (1998) solved this problem skillfully by AL (analytical limit).
Can Wang et al. (2005) studied the change of carbon emissions by LMDI method during 1957-2000, in China. It
found that 95% of China's carbon emissions reduction was caused by the decline in energy intensity, while only a
small part thanks to the energy restructuring. Katerina Papagiannaki & Danae Diakoulak (2009) made factor
decomposition for the change of carbon emission by LMDI method during 1990-2005, in Denmark and Greece. It
introduced factors that vehicle ownership, mixed fuel, an annual mileage, engine displacement and vehicle
technology, and revealed how these factors affected trends of carbon dioxide emissions. Claudia Sheinbaum et al.
(2010) analyzed trends of carbon emissions from Mexican steel industry by LMDI method during 1970-2006. This
study showed that the energy structure and energy efficiency promoted carbon emission, and energy efficiency made
the highest contribution. Xu Guoquan et al. (2006) studied the change of per capita carbon emissions in China by
LDMI method during 1995-2004. It found that the positive contribution rate of economic development presented
exponential growth, while the negative contribution rate of energy efficiency and energy structure showed an
inverted U type. Wang Jia & Yu Weiyang (2012) extended the Kaya formula, introduced the carbon emissions of
primary, secondary and tertiary industries in the formula, and made decomposition for influence factors of carbon
emissions by LMDI method in the region of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei during 2000-2009. It showed that Energy
intensity, energy structure and industrial structure were negative driving factors, the level of economic development,
population size were positive driving factors. Among these factors, the adjustment and optimization of industrial
structure played a key role in the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions. Yang Rong & Chang Xuanyu (2012)
analyzed five influence factors of carbon emissions in the western region of china by LMDI method during 1995-
2009. These factors were economic scale, economic structure, energy intensity, energy structure and the coefficient
of carbon emission. The result showed that the major factor in increasing carbon emissions was the rapid growth of
economic scale. The potential factors of carbon reduction were optimization of energy structure. Zhang Jilu (2012)
constructed four factors of economic growth, technological progress, energy consumption structure, the coefficient
of energy carbon emission, and analyzed carbon emissions in central region of China by LMDI method during 1995-
2010. It showed that the determinant factor of per capita carbon emissions in the central region was the growth of
economic scale, whose cumulative effect of carbon emissions was much higher than the reduction effect of energy
efficiency and energy structure.
3 MODEL BUILDING AND DATA SOURCES
At present, many scholars analyze and demonstrate the influence factors of carbon emissions in China or some
provinces by LMDI method. However, the research on carbon emissions in the region of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei is
involved rarely. In view of this situation, the influence factors of carbon emission in the region of Beijing-Tianjin-
Hebei are analyzed, and the contribution of each factor are estimated in order to explore a feasible path of low-
carbon economy for the region of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, and to make theoretical basis for the realization of regional
integration.
The terminal energy consumption is used to calculate CO
2
emission in this paper. Therefore, the value of energy
emission intensity is changing. It is affected by the structure of terminal energy and combustion efficiency, and can
reflect the impact of the terminal energy consumption habits on carbon emission. It is also an innovation of this
paper.
3.1 Model Building
For carbon emissions, a Japanese scholar Yoyichi Kaya proposed the famous Kaya identity. Combining with factors
of carbon emissions, the Kaya identity is extended. The influence factors of carbon emission in the region of Beijing-
Tianjin-Hebei are decomposed by the following identity.

- 77 -
http://www.ivypub.org/fes
ij ij
i
ij i ij ij
ij ij ij
i ij
E C
E G E
C C P PRIAS U
P G E E E
= = =

(1)
Where, i is whereabouts of the terminal energy consumption, including three industries and residential consumption,
j is the three kinds of energy, including Coal, oil and natural gas, C is the total carbon emissions,
ij
C is the CO2
emissions from energy j in the consumption whereabouts i , P is the scale of population, G is GDP, E is the total
of terminal energy consumption,
i
E is the energy consumption in whereabouts i ,
ij
E is the consumption of energy
j in consumption whereabouts i , R G P = , I E G = and
i i
A E E = , are, respectively, the level of economic
development, energy intensity and the proportion of energy consumption. The structure of energy consumption is
given by
ij ij i
S E E = and the coefficient of carbon emission is given by
ij ij ij
U C E = .
The change in emission level from year 0 to year T (
tot
C A ) is decomposed into effects associated with the following
factors: population size (
pop
C A ), level of economic development (
act
C A ), energy intensity (
int
C A ), proportion of
energy consumption (
str
C A ), structure of energy consumption (
pro
C A ), carbon intensity (
emf
C A ):
0
int
T
tot pop act str pro emf
C C C C C C C C C A = = A + A + A + A + A + A (2)
The LMDI formulas are as follows where decomposition is for changes between year 0 and year T:
0
ln
T
pop ij
ij
P
C
P
e A =
| |
|
\ .

(3)
0
ln
T
act ij
ij
R
C
R
e A =
| |
|
\ .

(4)
int
0
ln
T
ij
ij
I
C
I
e A =
| |
|
\ .

(5)
0
ln
T
i
str ij
ij
i
A
C
A
e A =
| |
|
\ .

(6)
0
ln
T
ij
pro ij
ij
ij
S
C
S
e A =
| |
|
|
\ .

(7)
0
ln
T
ij
emf ij
ij
ij
U
C
U
e A =
| |
|
|
\ .

(8)
3.2 Sources and I nstructions of Data
Based on the data from IPCC (2006) and Chinese low calorific value of various energy sources, the Coefficients of
carbon emission are calculated. In the Calculation process, since only the calculation of primary energy, it is
assumed that the carbon in the fuel is completely oxidized. Because of Chinese energy classification and IPCC
calibre are inconsistent; some energy coefficients are estimated by similar energys value. Conversion coefficients of
standard coal are from GB/T 2589-2008 General rule of energy consumption calculation in China. When the
coefficient value is in an interval, the intermediate value is adopted. The adopted coefficients are shown in Table1.
In the statistics of Chinese energy balance table, the value of final energy consumption is calculated by deducting
losses only in coal, coke, oil, refining, transmission and distribution, not deducting losses in electricity generation
and energy used in energy industry. Therefore, in order to avoid issues of double counting and inter-provincial power
scheduling, only the carbon emissions from primary terminal energy consumptions are calculated in the energy
balance tables of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei. The consumptions of raw coal, washed coal, briquettes, coke and coke
oven gas are added up to the consumption of coal. The consumptions of crude oil, gasoline, kerosene, diesel oil, fuel
oil, liquefied petroleum gas and refinery gas are added up to the consumption of oil. The consumption of natural gas
is kept.

- 78 -
http://www.ivypub.org/fes
TABLE 1 THE COEFFICIENTS OF CO
2
EMISSION AND STANDARD COAL CONVERSION OF PRIMARY ENERGY
Name of energy Coefficient of CO
2
emission Unit Conversion coefficient of standard coal Unit
Total coal
raw coal 2.69 KgCO
2
/Kg 0.7143 Kgce/Kg
cleaned coal 2.69 KgCO
2
/Kg 0.9000 Kgce/Kg
briquettes 2.69 KgCO
2
Kg 0.9714 Kgce/Kg
coke 3.14 KgCO
2
/Kg 1.4286 Kgce/Kg
coke oven gas 0.93 KgCO
2
/M
3
0.5929 Kg/M
3

Total oil
crude oil 3.07 KgCO
2
/Kg 1.4286 Kgce/Kg
gasoline 3.02 KgCO
2
/Kg 1.4714 Kgce/Kg
kerosene 3.10 KgCO
2
/Kg 1.4714 Kgce/Kg
diesel oil 3.17 KgCO
2
/Kg 1.4571 Kgce/Kg
fuel oil 3.24 KgCO
2
/Kg 1.4286 Kgce/Kg
LPG 3.17 KgCO
2
/Kg 1.7143 Kgce/Kg
refinery gas 2.65 KgCO
2
/Kg 1.5714 Kgce/Kg
natural gas 2.09 KgCO
2
/M
3
1.2721 Kg/M
3

TABLE 2 AL STRATEGY PROCESSING METHOD
case

1 0 + 0 +

2 + 0 + 0

6 0 0 0 0 0
3 + + 0 + 0
4 + + + 0 0
5 + + 0 0 0
7 + 0 0 0 0
8 0 + 0 0 0

Consumption of terminal energy is divided into four parts, including the primary, secondary and tertiary industry and
residential consumption. The primary industry includes agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fisheries and water
conservancy. The secondary industry includes industrial and construction. The tertiary industry includes
transportation, warehousing and postal service, wholesale, retail, hotel etc.
In addition, for zero value in the decomposition by LMDI method, AL strategy is adopted. The handling method of
different cases as shown in Table 2. The year 2000 as the base year, all data of GDP is converted at constant prices.
Annual population data is the number of the resident population in Statistical Yearbook of Beijing, Tianjin and
Hebei.
4 DECOMPOSITION AND ANALYSIS FOR THE INFLUENCE FACTORS OF CARBON
EMISSIONS IN THE REGION OF BEIJING-TIANJIN-HEBEI
4.1 Source Constitution of Carbon Emission
During 2000-2012, the carbon emissions in the region of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei have been in a gradually increasing
trend, and the momentum is fierce. In the perspective of terminal consumption as shown in figure 1, the carbon
emissions from the primary industry make minimum contribution, the contribution of the secondary industry has
been high, and the contribution of the tertiary industry begins to have a larger increase after 2004. The contribution
of residential consumption shows a gradual decline. Changes in the contribution of the secondary and tertiary
industries, is closely related to well-developed transportation industry and rapid development of Beijing-Tianjin-
0
ij
X
T
ij
X
0
ij
C
T
ij
C
0 0
,
( , C ) ln(X / X )
T T
X ij ij ij ij ij
C L C A =
,
T
X ij ij
C C A =
0
, X ij ij
C C A =

- 79 -
http://www.ivypub.org/fes
Hebei. At the same time, it shows that the impact of residents living habits and cooking methods on carbon emission
is relatively small.

FIG. 1 ANALYSIS OF CARBON EMISSION IN THE VIEW OF TERMINAL CONSUMPTION
In the perspective of energy structure as shown in figure 2, although the contributions of carbon emissions from coal
decrease slightly, but still are dominant. So reducing the use of coal can reduce carbon emissions effectively.
Meanwhile, it can be seen, the contributions of oil and natural gas increase yearly, which are closely related with the
rapid development of transportation industry in the region of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei. It is imperative to Change the
consumption structure of energy, especially a reduction in coal consumption. In addition, economic development is
bound to increase energy consumption. Therefore, in order to reduce carbon emission radically, it is an effective way
to promote technological progress, and to improve energy efficiency.

FIG. 2 ANALYSIS OF CARBON EMISSION IN THE VIEW OF ENERGY STRUCTURE
4.2 Decomposition for Influence Factors of Carbon Emission by LMDI
According to the formula (1) - (8) and the collected data, the contribution value
pop
C A ,
act
C A ,
int
C A ,
str
C A ,
pro
C A
and
emf
C A of population size P , economic scale R , energy intensity I , the proportion of energy consumption
i
A
,
energy consumption structure
ij
S and energy emission intensity
ij
U are calculated. These are six influence factors of
carbon emissions in the region of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei. The practical contribution of various factors on the total
contribution is calculated. The results are shown in table 3 and figure 3.
Obviously, among the six factors: the scale of population and economy has positive correlation with carbon
emissions. They generate positive driving effect, and make higher contribution, especially economic scale. Energy
intensity, energy consumption structure and energy emission intensity have negative correlation with carbon
emissions. They generate negative driving effect. Among these, the contributions of energy intensity and energy
emission intensity are slightly higher. The proportion of energy consumption makes negative driving effect before
2006, and then changes into positive driving effect. But, on the whole, the positive driving effect of six factors is

- 80 -
http://www.ivypub.org/fes
significantly greater than the negative driving effect. So carbon emissions keep an increasing trend in the region of
Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei.
TABLE 3 DECOMPOSITION FOR THE INFLUENCE FACTORS OF CARBON EMISSION IN THE REGION OF BEIJING-TIANJIN-HEBEI
year
total effect population
scale
economy
scale
energy intensity
energy
consumption
proportion
energy
consumption
structure
energy
emission
intensity
tot
C A

pop
C A

act
C A

int
C A

str
C A

pro
C A

emf
C A

2001
1056.40 164.29 2768.69 -1831.12 -9.16 -213.45 177.14
contribution 15.55% 262.09% -173.34% -0.87% -20.21% 16.77%
2002
2622.57 429.43 5731.28 -2980.53 -39.60 -250.18 -267.83
contribution 16.37% 218.54% -113.65% -1.51% -9.54% -10.21%
2003
6393.33 706.63 9500.23 -2687.49 -24.32 -150.15 -951.56
contribution 11.05% 148.60% -42.04% -0.38% -2.35% -14.88%
2004
10513.41 1076.02 14170.27 -3007.88 -108.96 -189.90 -1426.14
contribution 10.23% 134.78% -28.61% -1.04% -1.81% -13.56%
2005
19513.46 1631.53 20083.91 166.32 -88.67 -270.12 -2009.52
contribution 8.36% 102.92% 0.85% -0.45% -1.38% -10.30%
2006
23754.33 2299.76 25427.21 -748.38 -35.82 -347.58 -2840.86
contribution 9.68% 107.04% -3.15% -0.15% -1.46% -11.96%
2007
26583.53 3044.14 30779.89 -4150.32 35.56 -624.90 -2500.83
contribution 11.45% 115.79% -15.61% 0.13% -2.35% -9.41%
2008
31294.14 4068.24 35819.22 -4978.44 22.38 -565.45 -3071.80
contribution 13.00% 114.46% -15.91% 0.07% -1.81% -9.82%
2009
33343.89 4952.00 40353.44 -8138.03 58.86 -633.61 -3248.79
contribution 14.85% 121.02% -24.41% 0.18% -1.90% -9.74%
2010
35043.93 6468.40 44868.09 -11109.74 16.02 -887.71 -4311.13
contribution 18.46% 128.03% -31.70% 0.05% -2.53% -12.30%
2011
40679.51 7477.35 51335.73 -12427.65 82.64 -1022.16 -4766.41
contribution 18.38% 126.20% -30.55% 0.20% -2.51% -11.72%
2012
43395.72 8324.23 56219.18 -15431.48 108.08 -1126.17 -4698.13
contribution 19.18% 129.5% -35.56% 0.25% -2.60% -10.83%
Note: Based on 2000 as the base period, all the data in the table is evaluated.

FIG. 3 DECOMPOSITION RESULTS FOR INFLUENCE FACTORS OF CARBON EMISSION BY LMDI DURING 2000-2012

- 81 -
http://www.ivypub.org/fes
4.3 Analysis of empirical results:
1) Positive Driving Effect of Population Size
During 2000-2012, the average growth of population in the region of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei is 1.47%. The positive
driving effect of population increase on the carbon emission is reflected in every aspect. For example,
communication and transportation, household energy consumption etc. Among the six factors, although, the
contribution of population size is not high, it shows an increasing trend. Therefore, it should be focused on
controlling population growth to reduce carbon emissions.
2) Positive Driving Effect of Economic Scale
As shown in figure 3, it is obvious that economic scale made positive driving effect on carbon emission. Moreover,
among all the factors, the contribution of economic scale for carbon emissions is the highest. From 2005, the
contribution decreased slightly, but it is still dominant. Rapid economic growth is accompanied by an increase in
energy consumption. It is the most important reason of causing the continued growth of carbon emissions. As an
important growth pole of Chinese economy, the annual average growth rate of GDP in the region of Beijing-Tianjin-
Hebei remains at 12.18%, which is higher than the national average. It is a significant challenge to reduce carbon
emission, while maintaining sustained and rapid economic development.
3) Negative Driving Effect of Energy Intensity
Energy intensity makes carbon negative driving effect on carbon emissions. And it makes the biggest contribution,
making negative driving effect among factors. Because energy intensity represents energy efficiency. If increasing
the negative driving effect of energy intensity was intended, promoting technological progress and developing clean
energy is needed. Then the improvement of energy efficiency can be achieved. Relying on advanced technology in
the region of Beijing- Tianjin-Hebei, energy intensity is from 10,300 tons per million in 2000 down to 7,900 tons /
million in 2012. However, the negative driving effect is far less than the positive driving effect.
4) Negative Driving Effect of Energy Consumption Structure
Because the proportions of consumption of coal and oil decline, and the proportion of natural gas increases. Energy
consumption structure makes negative driving effect on carbon emission. Although the contribution of this effect is
relatively low, in the long run, it is imperative to reduce the consumption of coal and oil and make effort to
manufacture "low-carbon" structure of energy consumption.
5) Negative Driving Effect of Energy Emission Intensity
The data of primary energy consumption is adopted in most studies, so the driving effect of energy emission
intensity is zero. But the data of terminal energy is calculated in this paper, the effect of energy emission intensity
exists. Energy emission intensity stand for the coefficient of carbon dioxide emission. The essence of improving
energy emission intensity is to improve the combustion efficiency of energy, make full use of energy. The negative
driving effect of energy emission intensity ranks only second to energy intensity. Therefore, it is greater important to
make scientific and technological progress, in order to reduce carbon emission.
4.4 Analysis for Driving Effect of the Proportion of Energy Consumption
The proportion of energy consumption stand for the impact of three industries and residential consumption on carbon
emissions. It reflects the industrial structure in the view of energy. The result shows that it makes negative driving
effect before 2006, then changes into positive driving effect. The reason is industrial restructuring in each province
during the "Eleventh Five-Year". This shows that, in order to reduce carbon emission, it is required to restructure and
upgrade industrial structure from the overall situation of regional integration, not just to consider this issue from the
province own interests.
5 COUNTERMEASURE AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF LOW-
CARBON ECONOMY IN THE REGION OF BEIJING-TIANJIN-HEBEI

- 82 -
http://www.ivypub.org/fes
5.1 Control the Population Size and Improve the Quality of Economic Development
Increasing population makes tremendous pressure on energy, environment. Low-carbon economy requires
population, resource and environment in harmony, and ultimately to achieve an equilibrium. Based on long-term
goal, the region of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei need to balance population size, economic development, resource and
environment, ensuring sustainable development.
5.2 Vigorously Support Research of New Energy Technology
Improving energy efficiency is an important way to reduce carbon emissions. There are basic conditions for
improvement of new energy technology in the region of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei. Power of science and technology is
developed. New energy technology is in lead. Development of industry is mature. The government should
vigorously support research of new energy technology, improves energy efficiency, ultimately achieves the purpose
of reducing carbon emission.
5.3 Accelerate the I mplementation of Regional Integration, Optimize the I ndustrial Structure
After 2006, in spite of that many heavy industrial factories are moved from Beijing to Tianjin and Hebei. But
because of their own policies of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei, carbon emissions in the region increased rather than
decreased, and the industrial structure also made the positive driving effect. The reason is that the industrial structure
adjustment and optimization is not implemented in the entire region. To implement regional integration, the
geographical, administrative, technical and other obstacles should be broken. The top-level design of Beijing-
Tianjin-Hebei should be all-round cooperation. The optimization and upgrading of industrial structure is an effective
way to reduce carbon emission. The regional integration of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei, is not just the integration of
economy, but an all-round integration of industry, ecology, environment, spatial function, society and public services.
5.4 I ncrease Efforts on Environmental Protection, Popularize the Concept of Low-carbon
Carbon dioxide emission is closely related to production modes and living habits. In various industries, especially
heavy industry, it can largely reduce carbon dioxide emission to strengthen efforts on environmental protection and
reduce energy consumption of per unit output. Popularizing the concept of low-carbon can make producers and
residents gradually establish an awareness of low-carbon environmental in production and daily life. Starting from
the minor matter and scratch, but all add up, this will surely make greater contribution to reduction of carbon dioxide
emission.
REFERENCES
[1] B.W. Ang. Decomposition analysis for policymaking in energy: which is the preferred method. Energy Policy. (32): 1131-1139.
2004
[2] B.W. Ang, F.Q. Zhang, KI-HONG CHOI. Factorizing changes in energy and environmental indicators through decomposition.
Energy. 23(6): 489-495. 1998
[3] B.W. Ang, Na Liu. Handling zero values in the logarithmic mean Divisia index decomposition approach. Energy Policy. 35: 238-
246. 2007
[4] Beijing Municipal Bureau of Statistics. Beijing Statistical Yearbook. Beijing: China Statistics Press. 2013
[5] Can Wang, Jining Chen, Ji Zou. Decomposition of energy-related CO
2
emission in China: 1957-2000. Energy. 30: 73-83. 2005
[6] Claudia Sheinbaum, Leticia Ozawa, Daniel Castillo. Using logarithmic mean Divisia index to analyze changes in energy use and
carbon dioxide emissions in Mexico's iron and steel industry. Energy Economics. 32(6): 1337-1344. 2010
[7] Department of Energy, National Bureau of Statistics. Energy statistical manual. Beijing: China Statistics Press. 2010
[8] Energy Satistics Division, National Bureau of Statistics. China energy statistical yearbook. Beijing: China Statistics Press. 2001-
2013
[9] Guoquan Xu, Zeyuan Liu, Zhaohu Jiang. Decomposition Model and Empirical Study of Carbon Emissions for China, 1995-2004.
Chinese J Population, Resources and Environment. 16(6): 158-161. 2006
[10] Hebei Province Bureau of Statistics. Hebei Statistical Yearbook. Beijing: China Statistics Press. 2013
[11] IPCC. Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. IGES. Japan. 2006

- 83 -
http://www.ivypub.org/fes
[12] Jinping Xi. Make efforts to achieve the development for integration of the region of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei. Clear function
positioning of three provinces. J China Securities. 2(28): 1. 2014
[13] Jilu Zhang. Analysis on Regional Factor Decomposition of Carbon Emission and Optimal Low-carbon Development Scenario: A
Case of Central China. Economic Problems. (7): 126-129. 2012
[14] Jia Wang, Weiyang Yu. Analysis for driving factors of carbon emission in the region of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei. J Statistics and
Decision. (1):114-117. 2012
[15] Kay Yoichia. Impact of Carbon Dioxide Emission on GNP Growth: Interpretation of Proposed Scenario. Paris: IPCC. 1989
[16] Katerina Papagiannaki, Danae Diakoulak. Decomposition analysis of CO
2
emissionsfrom passenger cars: The cases of Greece and
Denmark. Energy Policy. 37(8): 3259-3267. 2009
[17] Rong Yang, Xuanyu Chang. Decomposition of Carbon emission Factors in Western China based on LMDI. Resources and
Industries. 14(2): 172-179. 2012
[18] State council information office. Our commitment to a 40%-45% drop in carbon dioxide emission of per unit GDP in 2020.
Xinhua network. November 26. 2009
[19] Tianjin Municipal Bureau of statistics. Tianjin Statistical Yearbook. Beijing: China Statistics Press. 2013
AUTHORS
1
Xiaohong Yu, Born in 1972, PHD,
associate professor of Management and
Economics Institute, Beijing Institute of
Technology, research for the industrial
economic theory and policy, industrial
ecology management.
2
Mengsi Zhang, Born in 1986, graduate of Management and
Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, research for the
industrial economy.