Application of Derivatives Theory - H

MATHS
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1
+n + as4in (Application of derivatives)
l- - +i <. -zi ii ( ~lin-. zi l ( =l--+-n. i n vn . LMVT, (+l<-i. -l--l-l--
sfaa +t < + =s +n (Derivative as rate of change) :
til+ nli- + +: -izii n t ~-=ii- +i li t l+ (+ - n l-- + =i-i <= - n l+= +i
l- - ti-i t =ini-- l- - +i < +i =n = = i t nl+- tn l- - +i < +i ~- - = ii
=-l-i- + =+- t
(+ ~izii-zii i--i -itni l+ i < n l- - + =ii += l-zi l-- l+i i(
(+ l-l+=+ i--i -itni l+ l+= -t <i +i ii+ n ~- l-- = ziiil+ liin n l-- ti =+-i
t
(+ iil-+ zii-zii =n + =i-i < i n l-- +i < i--i -itni
:= +i + =ii z-i +i ii ~i <zi- ~+n + ,ii =i t
sfiiii (Definition) :
+n- f(x) +i ~-in [a, a + h] n x + =i-i ~i=- l-- +i <
h
) a ( f ) h a ( f +
,ii liili- +i i-i t
sfiiii (Definition) :
f +i x + =i -i -i-ili+ l-- +i < f'(x) =
0 h
lim
h
) a ( f ) h a ( f +
,ii liili- +i i-i t l+ =ini +i
~l-- t
ai a : -i-ili+ zi< + -i n n x =n +i <lzi - -ti + =+-i tn =ni-- zi< '< l- -' +i -i n
'-i-ili+ < l- -' + ~izi n +- t
a<iri # 1 -i +i -i zi+n l+--i -i = c -i t lzii 5cm t
(i) lzii + =i-i (ii) i= + =i -i
rn : (i) A = tr
2
,
dr
dA
= 2tr
5 r
dr
dA
=
(
(
= 10t = ni.
2
/= ni.
(ii) A =
4
t
D
2
,
dD
dA
=
2
t
D
10 D
dD
dA
=
(
(
=
2
t
. 10 = 5t = ni.
2
/= ni.
a<iri # 2 l< -i +i -izi+n 2cm
2
/sec +i < = c-i ti. -i := -i + ~--n- -i n( n + -izi+n +
c - +i < ai- +il(
MATHS
2
rn : -i +i -i zi+n A
1
= tr
2
. n +i -i zi+n A
2
= 2r
2
dt
dA
1
= 2tr
dt
dr
,
dt
dA
2
= 4r .
dt
dr
2 = 2tr .
dt
dr
r
dt
dr
=
t
1
dt
dA
2
= 4 .
t
1
=
t
4
= ni
2
/= +
n +i -izi+n
t
4
=ni
2
/=+ +i < = c -i t
a<iri # 3 (+ i- +i ~i-- 7 =ni
3
/=+ +i < = c ti ti. -i ai -izi+n + c - +i < -= -ii ai-
+il( l= -ii l+-i +i n-i: 4 =ni. ti i ?
rn : ni-i l+ l+=i =n t l+-i +i n-i: x = ni t
v = x
3

dt
dv
= 3x
2
dt
dx
n l+-
dt
dv
= 7
dt
dx
=
2
x 3
7
= ni-= +
S = 6x
2
dt
dS
= 12x
dt
dx
dt
dS
= 12x.
2
x 3
7
=
x
28
x = 4 = ni.
dt
dS
= 7 = ni
2
/= +
a<iri # 4 (+ i: = 12 =ni
3
/=+ +i < = - lni: i-i t := - = =n-n (+ zi+ := -t = --i
t l+ zi+ +i --i: -=+ ~iii +i lzii +i 1/6 t l= -ii zi+ +i --i: 4 =ni t -= -ii -
= -- in zi + +i --i: + c - +i < ai- +il(
rn : v =
3
1
tr
2
h
n l+- h =
6
r
v =
3
1
t (6h)
2
h
v = 12t h
3
dt
dv
= 36t h
2
.
dt
dh
dt
dv
= 12 = ni
2
/= + -ii h = 4 = ni.
dt
dh
=
2
) 4 .( 36
12
t
=
t 48
1
= ni./= +
4iu +i4 :
(1) (+ -i +i lzii 3 =ni./=+ +i < = c ti t -i +i lzii 10 =ni. ti. -= -ii -i +
-izi+n + c - +i < ai- +il(
MATHS
3
(2) 5 m n-i: +i (+ =ic i (+ <ii + =ti n +i t : t =ic i + i< +i =n-n 2 = ni./= +
+i < = <ii = < ii -i i-i t l< l+=i -ii =ic i +i i< <ii = 4 ni. +i < i ti .
-i -= -ii =ic i + -i l= + <ii l+=n- +i < ai- +il(
(3) 45 -ii ~z+ii in zi+-ni +i = 2 =ni.
3
/=+ +i < = << + i-i + ti t l=
-ii i-i +i l- + - -i: 2 = ni. t -= -ii i-i +i l-+ --i: + +n ti- +i < ai- +il(
(4) (+ nn ti = ii nii =n-n = =iii - -a-i t -ii :=+ - -a- in -ii- = 500 +i
+i <i (+ -i+ ,ii :=+i -ii l+i i-i t l= -ii -i+ +i ---- +ii t/4 t. -= -ii
+ii 0.14 l-/ln- +i < = c ti t ai- +il( l+ -= -ii nii l+= < = - -a ti
t
Answers : (1) 60t = ni.
2
/= + (2)
3
8
= ni./= + (3)
t 2
1
= ni./= + (4) 140 +i/ln-
szi ii i fin
ni-i y = f(x) l-zii-=i (+ +n- t ni-i (+ ii PQ t l< l-<~i Q
1
,
Q
2
, ..... = n - in + + ~- l<zi l-< Q, P +i ~i c -i t ~ii -
Q P, ii PQ l-< P -zi ii tini -zi ii + n-- P = n-
ini ii P ~lin- +tni-i t
dx
dy
+i 4ifat4 i
Q P, h 0 ( ii PQ +i vi-i. P -zi ii +i vi-i +i ~i ~n = ti -i t (l-zi <i )
ii PQ +i vi-i =
h
) x ( f ) h x ( f +
P Q
lim
ii PQ +i vi-i =
0 h
lim
h
) x ( f ) h x ( f +
P -zi ii +i vi-i = f'(x) =
dx
dy
szi ii i fin +i ut+i (Equation of Tangent and Normal) :
+ y = f(x) + l-< (x
1
,y
1
) -zi ii +i cin
) y , x (
1 1
dx
dy
= f'(x
1
) ti-i t ~- + y = f(x) + l+=i l-<
(x
1
, y
1
) -zi ii +i =ni+i (y y
1
) = f'(x
1
) (x x
1
) ,ii l<i i-i t l+ f'(x
1
) i--l+ t
-l+ ~lin-. -zi ii + n-- ii ti-i t ~- :=+i =ni+i l-< (x
1
, y
1
)
(y y
1
) =
) x ( f
1
1
'
(x x
1
) ,ii l<i i-i t l+ f'(x) ~zi - i--l+ t
l< f'(x
1
) = 0 ti . -i -zi ii y = y
1
~i ~lin- ii x = x
1
ti ni
l<
h
) x ( f ) h x ( f
lim
1 1
0 h
+
= i ti. -i -zi ii x = x
1
(-ii -zi ii) ~i ~lin- ii y = y
1
tini
MATHS
4
a<iri # 5 x = 0 y = e
x
+i -zi ii +i =ni+i ai- +il(
rn : x = 0 y = e
0
= 1
~- -zi l-< (0, 1) tini
dx
dy
= e
x

0 x
dx
dy
=
= 1
~- -zi ii +i =ni+i
1 (x 0) = (y 1)
y = x + 1
a<iri # 6 + y =
1 x
1
+i -zi +- ini =ii =n ii~i + =ni+i ai- +il( i =n ii x + y = 0

+ =ni-- ti `
rn : ni-il+ -zi ii l-< (x
1
, y
1
) ii -i n: t l=+i cin 1 t
) y , x (
1 1
dx
dy
= 1.
2
1
) 1 x (
1
= 1.
x
1
= 0 i 2
y
1
= 1 i 1
~- l-< (0, 1) ~i (2, 1) ~ii -zi ii~i + =ni+i
1(x 0) = (y + 1) ( 1 (x 2) = (y 1)
x + y + 1 = 0 ( y + x = 3
a<iri # 7 x = 2 +y = |x
2
| x | | + ~lin- +i =ni+i ai- +il(
rn : x = 2 + =ini- n y = x
2
+ x ti ni
~- ~ii -zi l-< ( 2, 2) tini
dx
dy
= 2x + 1
2 x
dx
dy
=
= 3
~- l-< ( 2, 2) ~lin- +i i-i
3
1
tini
~- ~lin- +i =ni+i
3
1
(x + 2) = y 2
3y = x + 8
a<iri # 8 l=z +il( l+ + x +
y
= a + l+=i l-< ii-i n: -zi ii ,ii l-<zii ~-ii +i
n( ~--ii +i in ~- t-i t
rn : ni-i (+ - l-< P(x
1
, y
1
) + x +
y
= a l-i- t
MATHS
5
~- l-< p -zi ii +i =ni+i
1
1
x
y
(x x
1
) = (y y
1
)

1
x
x
+
1
x =
1
y
y
1
y
1
x
x
+
1
y
y
=
1
x +
1
y
1
x
x
+
1
y
y
=
a
( a y x
1 1
= + )
~- l-< A ( ) 0 , ax
1
~i l-< B ) ay , 0 (
1
t
+i n( ~--ii +i in = a (
1
x +
1
y
) = a . a = a.
a<iri # 9 l-< (1, 2) = n x
2
= 4y ii- n( =ii =-i ~lin-i + =ni+i ai- +il(
rn : ni-i l-< Q
|
|
.
|
\
|
4
h
, h
2
t
~ m
PQ
= l-< Q ~lin- +i cin
~lin- +i cin =
h x
dy
dx
=
=
h
2
1 h
2
4
h
2
=
h
2
4
h
3
2h = 2h + 2
h
3
= 8 h = 2
~- l-< Q (2, 1) t ~ii ~lin- +i =ni+i x + y = 3 t
aia : l< n( =ni+i n h +i +n (+ ti i--l+ ni- =-i t ~- +n (+ ti -zi l-< tini l== l-<
(1, 2) = +n (+ i--l+ ~lin- +i =ni+i i-- tini
4iu +i4 :
(5) + x = 1 a sin u, y = b cos
2
u + l-< u =
2
t
~lin +i i-i ai- +il(
(6) l--- +i + l< t( l-<~i -zi ii ~i ~lin + =ni+i ai- +il(
(i) (1, 3) y = x
4
6x
3
+ 13x
2
10x + 5
(ii) (2, 2) y
2
=
x 4
x
3
(7) l=z +il( l+ + xy = c

2
+i l+=i -zi ii ~i l-<zii ~-ii = l-ln- lzii +i -izi+n ~- t
(8) (+ + +i =ni+i x = at
2
~i y = at
3
,ii l<i i-i t - n-- ii~i +i (+ n i nn
l-< O = n-i t ~i + +i P ~i Q lnn-i t l=z +il( l+ P ~i Q ii -i n: -zi ii~i
+ l--z < l-< +i l-< i 4y
2
= 3ax - a
2
t
MATHS
6
Answers : (5)
b 2
a
(6) (i) -zi ii : y = 2x + 1, ~lin- :x + 2y = 7
(ii) -zi ii : 2x + y = 2, ~lin- :x 2y = 6
f+ut ir 4 f-< u it t nr szi ii +i ut+i (Tangent from an External Point) :
l<i ni l-< P(a, b) t i l+ + y = f(x) l-i- -ti t. - + y = f(x) ii -i n: =ii =i -zi ii(
i l+ P(a,b) = n-i t . -zi l-< Q, +i ai- ++ l-+ini i =+-i t
f'(h) =
a h
b ) h ( f
-zi ii +i =ni+i y b =
a h
b ) h ( f
(x a)
a<iri # 10 l-< c +i t ni- ai- +il( l=+ ln( (0, 3) ~i (5, 2) +i lnni- ini =n ii + y =
1 x
c
+
+i
-zi +-i ti
rn : l-< A ~i B +i lnni- ini ii +i =ni+i x + y = 3 t
=n ii ~i + + =ni+ii +i tn +-
3 x =
1 x
c
+
x
2
2x + (c 3) = 0 ......(i)
=n ii x + y = 3 l< n( + +i -zi + ni l< =ni+i (i) + n n =ni- ti
~- l,ii- =ni+i +i l-+ (D) = 0
4 = 4 (c 3) c = 4
c = 4 +i =ni+i (i) n i-
x
2
2x + 1 = 0 x = 1
~- -zi l-< (1, 2) t
aia : l< =n ii ~i + (+ <= +i -zi +- ti. -i <i-i + =ni+ii +i tn +- -zi l-<~i + =n-
<i -i-i n n i-- ti n
a<iri # 11 l< + y = x
3
l-i- l-< P(2, 8) ii-i n: -zi ii. + +i - l-< Q lnn-i ti . -i
l-< Q + l-< zii + ai- +il(
rn : l-< P (2, 8) -zi ii +i =ni+i
y = 12x 16
-zi ii ~i + + =ni+ii +i tn +-
x
3
12x + 16 = 0
:= lziii-i =ni+i = -zi ii ~i + + =ii l--z< l-< ~ii- l-< P ~i Q i-- ti i- t
MATHS
7
(l-zi < i ) n l+-. - l+ ii + +i l-< P -zi +-i t
~- =ni+i x
3
12x + 16 = 0 + ln( x = 2 -i-i n n ti ni -ii ~- n n x = h ti ni
~- =ni+i l=zi-- = n ni +i i n 2 + 2 + h = 0
h = 4
~- Q l-< + l-< zii+ ( 4, 64) t
4iu +i4 :
(9) nn l-< = + y = (x + 1)
3
l+--i -zi ii( ii-i i =+-i t` :- -zi ii~i + =ni+i ii
ai- +il(
(10) ~l-n y =
5 x
9 x
+
+
ii-i n: -= -zi ii +i =ni+i ai- +il( i l+ nn l-< (0, 0) =
n -i ti
Answers : (9) y = 0, 4y = 27x (10) x + y = 0; 25y + x= 0
szi ii, fin, uszit ii i uin +t nir
(Lengths of tangent, normal, sutangent and subnormal) :
ni-i + y = f(x) +i: l-< P (h, k) t ni-i l+ l-< P ii -i n: -zi ii ~i ~lin- x-~-i +i +nzi
T ~i N l-< lnn-i t. -i n-i: PT +i -zi ii +i n-i: ~i n-i: PN +i ~lin- +i n-i: +t-
t
PT +i x-~-i -i TM, ~-zii +tni-i t l+ PN +i x ~-i -i MN, ~in- +tni-i t
ni-i m =
k , h
dx
dy
= -zi ii +i cin
~- -zi ii +i =ni+i m (x h) = (y k)
-i +- n y = 0 i- -zi ii ,ii x -~-i +ii ni ~--i x = h
m
k
ti ni
:=i -t ~lin- ,ii x-~-i +ii ni ~--i x = h + km
~ n-i:i PT, PN, TM, MN < i =zi = ~i=i-i = ai- +i i =+-i t
(i) PT =
2
m
1
1 k +
= -zi ii +i n-i:
MATHS
8
(ii) PN =
2
m 1 k +
= ~lin- +i n-i:
(iii) TM =
m
k
= ~-zii +i n-i:
(iv) MN = |km| = ~i n- +i n-i:
a<iri # 12 + y = x
3
+ 3x
2
+ 4x 1 + l-< x = 0 -zi ii +i n-i: ai- +il(
rn : ti m =
0 x
dx
dy
=
dx
dy
= 3x
2
+ 6x + 4 m = 4
~i k = y(0) k = 1
=
2
m
1
1 k +
=
16
1
1 1 +
=
4
17
a<iri # 13 l=z +il( l+ + y = be
x/a
+ l+=i l-< ~-zii +i n-i: =< ~- ti-i t
rn : ni-i l+ l-< (x
1
, y
1
) + y = be
x/a
l-i- t
m =
1
x
dx
dy
=
a
e . b
a / x
1
=
a
y
1
~ ~-zii +i n-i: =
m
y
1
=
a / y
y
1
1
= | a |, i l+ =< ~- t-i t
a<iri # 14 l=z +il( l+ + y = a n (x
2
a
2
) + l+=i l-< ii-i n: -zi ii ~i ~-zii +i n-i:i
+i i n -zi l-< + l-< zii+ + =ni-i-i t
rn : ni-i -zi l-< + l-< zii + (x
1
, y
1
) t
m =
1
x
dx
dy
=
2
1
2
1
a x
ax 2
-zi ii +i n-i: + ~-zii +i n-i: = |y

1
|
2
m
1
1 +
+
m
y
1
= y
1
2
1
2
2 2
1
2
x a 4
) a x (
1

+
+
1
2 2
1 1
ax 2
) a x ( y
= y
1
1
2
1
2 4 4
1
ax 2
x a 2 a x + +
+
1
2 2
1 1
ax 2
) a x ( y
=
1
2 2
1 1
ax 2
) a x ( y +
+
1
2 2
1 1
ax 2
) a x ( y
=
1
2
1 1
ax 2
) x 2 ( y
=
a
y x
1 1
4iu +i4 :
(11) + x
m + n
= a
m n
y
2n
ti a (+ i-in+ ~- t -ii m, n i-in+ ii + t . + ln( l=z +il( l+
~-zii +i mi ii- +i ni- ~in- +i ni ii- + ni- n l-- + =ii <n-i t
(12) l=z +il( l+ + y =
2
a
n
2 2
2 2
x a a
x a a

+
2 2
x a + ln( ii -i n: -zi ii + y~-i -ii -zi
MATHS
9
l-< + i- + iin +i n-i: l-i t-i t
(13) + y
2
= x
3
l-i- l-< (4, 8) ~i n- +i n-i: ai- +il(
Answer : (13) 24
+i + r4 +i i (Angle between the curves) :
<i +i + l--z< l-< <i-i +i +i -zi ii~i ~ii ~lin-i + i- +i -- +ii +i + n +ii
+tni-i t
tan u =
2 1
2 1
m m 1
m m
+

ti m
1
( m
2
l--z<- l-< -zi ii~i + c in t
aia : (i) <i +i + i- + +ii +i liili- ti - + ln( <i-i +i +i (+<= +i l--z< +-i ~iz+
t t l--z< l-< ai- ++ i ~ini = -i l+i i =+-i t
(ii) l< <i + (+<= +i (+ = ~li+ l-< l--z< +- ti. -i <i-i +i + i- +i +ii l--z<
l-< + =i-i ai- l+i i-i t
(iii) <i + =n+i ii +tni- t l< --+ + l--z < l-< l--z <- +i i =n+i i ti ~ii -
m
1
m
2
= 1
a<iri # 15 <i +i y
2
= 4x ~i x
2
= 4y + i- +i +i i ai- +il( +i <i -i + =n+iii t `
rn : y
2
= 4x ~i x
2
= 4y (+ < = +i (0, 0) ~i (4, 4) l--z < +- t
C
1
: y
2
= 4x C
2
: x
2
= 4y
dx
dy
=
y
2
dx
dy
=
2
x
0 , 0
dx
dy
=
0 , 0
dx
dy
= 0
~- l-< (0, 0) u = 90 ti ni
) 4 , 4 (
dx
dy
=
2
1
) 4 , 4 (
dx
dy
= 2
tanu =
2
1
. 2 1
2
1
2
+
=
4
3
~- <i + =n+i ii -ti t +il+ --+ i- +i +i i l-< (4, 4) =n+i i -ti t
a<iri # 16 + y
2
= 4x ( y = e
x/2
+i l--z < +i i ai- +il((
rn : ni-i l+ + (+< = +i l-< (x
1
, y
1
) +i- t
MATHS
10
y
2
= 4x + ln(
) y , x (
1 1
dx
dy
=
1
y
2
~i y = e
x/2
+ ln(
) y , x (
1 1
dx
dy
=
2
1
2 / x
1
e
=
2
y
1
m
1
m
2
= 1 ~- u = 90
aia : ti tn +i +i l--z < l-< i-- n ai- -ti t ~i n l+- ilnl- + ~iii t < i =+- t l+ + - l--z <
+- t
a<iri # 17 p +i t =-iil- ni- ai- +il( l=+ ln( =ni+i px
2
= nx +i +n (+ ti tn ti
rn : +n (+ ti tn ti- + ln( t ~iz+ t l+ <i-i + (+<= +i +n (+ l-< +i ~-
(i) (ii)
I. l 0
- <i -i + + n (+ <= +i -zi +- -ilt(
~ii - l-< (x
1
,y
1
) <i -i +i y = px
2
~i y = nx +i -zi ii~i +i cin =ni- ti -i -ilt(
2px
1
=
1
x
1
x
1
2
=
p 2
1
.........(i)
-ii y
1
= px
1
2
y
1
= p |
|
.
|
\
|
p 2
1
y
1
=
2
1
........(ii)
~i y
1
= nx
1

2
1
= nx
1
x
1
= e
1/2
.........(iii)
:= +i x
1
2
=
p 2
1
e =
p 2
1
p =
e 2
1
~- p + =-iil- ni- ( , 0]
)
`
e 2
1
t
4iu +i4 :
(14) l---lnli- +i + l--z < +i i ai- +il(
(i) y = x
2
~i 6y = 7 x
3
+ ln( (1, 1)
MATHS
11
(ii) x
2
y
2
= 5 ~i
8
y
18
x
2 2
+
= 1.
Answers : (14) (i) t/2 (ii) t/2
<i +i + t +t -4 aa < t (Shortest distance between two curves) :
<i ~+n-i + i (+ < = +i l--< < -ti +- ti --+ i- +i - --n < i --+ -il-a ~lin- +
~-l<zi i-- ti-i t (l+ <i-i + ln( -il-a ~lin- liili- ti)
a<iri # 18 =n ii y = x 2 -ii n y = x
2
+ 3x + 2 + i- +i - --n < i ai- +il(
rn : ni-i ii y = x 2 + l-+-n l-< P(x
1
, y
1
) t
-
) y , x (
1 1
dx
dy
= ii +i i-i
2x
1
+ 3 = 1
x
1
= 1
y
1
= 0
~- ii y =x 2 + l-+-n l-< ( 1, 0) t -ii := l-< = ii +i n-- <i ti ---n <i tini
p =
2
3
4iu +i4 :
(15) + (x + 2)
2
+ (y 1)
2
+i ~li+-n ~i - --n ni- ai- +il( l+ (x 2)
2
+ (y + 1)
2
s 4 .
Answer : (15) 2 5 2 , 2 5 2 + .
ifa y uf-a+aa
ni-i y = f(x) (+ +n- t l< x n zi l ox + = n- y n zi l oy = f(x + ox) f(x) ti . -i
0 x
lim
o x
) x ( f ) x x ( f
o
o +
=
dx
dy
= f'(x)
l-< x y + ~+n +i ox lz + =n- f'(x) ox = liili- +- t l= dy = l-l- +- t
~ii - dy = f'(x) ox
ni-i P(x, f(x)), Q((x + ox), f(x + ox)) (l-zi n <zii ( ~- =i)
oy = QS,
ox = PS,
dy = RS
+: vii ln+ ll-il-i n oy +i i dy +i ai- +-i ~i=i- ti -i t
in s4 (Rolle's theorem) :
l< +i: +n- f(x) := +i liili- t l+
MATHS
12
(i) f(x) =- ~--in a s x s b n x +i =-- +n- ti
(ii) l -i ~--in a < x < b n x + + l-< + ln( f'(x) lni- ti
(iii) f(a) = f(b).
-i +n = +n (+ l-< x = c := +i lni- ti ni l+ f'(c) = 0 c e (a,b)
in v4 +i 4ifat4 sat+i
ni-i + y = f(x) i l+ [a, b] n =-- ( (a, b) n ~+n-i ti . +i ~in i -ii i-i t (l-zii-=i)
A(a, f(a)), B(b, f(b)), f(a) = f(b), C(c, f(c)), f'(c) = 0.
C
1
(c
1
, f(c
1
)), f'(c
1
) = 0
C
2
(c
2
, f(c
2
)), f'(c
2
) = 0
C
3
(c
3
, f(c
3
)), f'(c
3
) = 0
vn =n n ti -i-i t l+ f(x) + ~ini =ni- +il in <i l-<~i + n +n = +n (+ l-<
(=i ti-i t l= -zi ii x-~-i + =ni-- ti-i t
in s4 +t tnfiat4 -4i4i :
f(x) + <i tni a ( b + n (~ii- f(x) =0) + <i nni + n) f'(x) +i +n = +n (+ tn lni- ti-i t
a<iri # 19 : ~--in x e [a, b] + ln( f(x) = (x a)
n
(x b)
m
+ ln( in n +i =i- +il(. ti m, n i+-
=i( t
rn : - l+ f(x) (+ t<i +n- t ~- f(x) =-- ( ~+n-i t -ii f(a) = 0 ( f(b) = 0.
f'(x) = 0 +z x e (a , b) + ln(
n(x a)
n1
(x b)
m
+ m(x a)
n
(x b)
m1
= 0
(x a)
n1
(x b)
m1
[(m + n) x (na + mb)]
x =
n m
mb na
+
+
, m, n e R
+
i ~--in (a, b) n l-i- t
a<iri # 20 : l< 2a + 3b + 6c = 0 ti. -i l=z +il( l+ =ni+i ax
2
+ bx + c = 0 +i 0 ( 1 + n +n = +n
(+ i--l+ n n t `
rn : ni-i f(x) =
3
ax
3
+
2
bx
2
+ cx
f(0) = 0
( f(1) =
3
a
+
2
b
+ c = 2a + 3b + 6c = 0
l< f(0) = f(1) ti . -i x e (0, 1) + + z ni-i + ln( f'(x) = 0
+n = +n (+ x e (0, 1) + ln( ax
2
+ bx + c = 0
MATHS
13
4iu +i4 :
(16) l< f(x) in vn + vl--ii +i =-- +-i ti. -i v<lzi- +il( l+ f'(x) + <i +nin- tni + n
f(x) +i ~li+ = ~li+ (+ tn ti-i t
(17) v<lzi- +il( l+ l+=i i--l+ + ln( t< P(x) = x
7
+ x
3
+ +i ai+ (+ i--l+ nn ti-i
t
nni ir4ia v4 (LMVT) :
l< [a, b] n (+ +n- f := v+i liili- t l+
(i) [a, b] n =-- ti -ii
(ii) (a, b) ~+n-i ti. -i a ( b (a < c < b) + n +n = +n (+ i--l+ =i lni- t -il+
a b
) a ( f ) b ( f
= f'(c)
u-4isa: ni-i (+ +n- g(x) = f(x) + x, x e [a, b] t.
ti (+ ~- := v+i t l+ g(a) = g(b)
=
a b
) a ( f ) b ( f
~ +n- g(x), =-- ( ~+n-i <i +n-i + in+n + i - t

(i) [a, b] n =-- ti
(ii) (a, b) n ~+n-i ti -ii
(iii) g(a) = g(b)
:=ln( in vn = (+ i--l+ =i c e (a, b) := v+i lni- t l+ g'(c) = 0 +i
-- g'(x) = f'(x) +
0 = g'(c) = f'(c) +
f'(c) = =
a b
) a ( f ) b ( f
LMVT +i 4ifat4 sat+i :

vn =n n t -i-i t l+ f(x) + ~ini + <i l-<~i A( B + n +n = +n (+ l-< (=i lni-
t ti -zi ii. ii AB + =ni-- ti
C(c, f(c)), f'(c) = AB +i vi-i
+l-+ +i- : l< LMVT + +i- n b +i a + h = vl--iil- + l<i i(. -i a ( b + n =i c +i
a + uh, ti 0 < u < 1 + n lnii i =+-i t
~-
h
) a ( f ) h a ( f +
= f'(a + uh)
i
f(a + h) = f(a) + hf' (a + uh), 0 < u < 1
MATHS
14
a<iri # 21 : ~--in x e [1, 1] n f(x) = x
2
+ 4x 5 + ln( LMVT +i =i- +il(
rn : f(1) = 2 ; f(1) = 10
f'(c) =
) 1 ( 1
) 1 ( f ) 1 ( f

2c + 4 = 4 c = 0
a<iri # 22 : nni nini- vn +i -in + l=z +il( l+ l a > 0 ti. -i
2
b 1
a b
+
< tan
1
b tan
1
a <
2
a 1
a b
+
rn ni-i f(x) = tan

1
x ; x e [a, b] + ln( LMVT nin +-
f'(c) =
a b
a tan b tan
1 1

, a < c < b + ln( ( f'(x) =
2
x 1+
1
,
-l+ f'(x) (+l< ri=ni- +n- t
~- l< a < c 64, f(7) = 343 ti . -i v<lzi - +il(
l+ (+ c e(2, 7) lni- t -il+ f''(c) < 6c
rn ni-i g(x) = f(x) x
3
LMVT =
2 4
) 2 ( g ) 4 ( g
= g'(c
1
) , 2 < c
1
< 4
-ii
4 7
) 4 ( g ) 7 ( g
= g'(c
2
), 4 < c
2
< 7
g'(c
1
) > 0 , g'(c
2
) < 0
LMVT =
1 2
1 2
c c
) c ( g ) c ( g
' '
= g''(c), c
1
< c < c
2
g''(c) < 0
f''(c) 6c < 0 l+=i c e (c
1
, c
2
), c e (2, 7)
4iu +i4 :
(18) l< (+ +n- f(x) =ii x e(a, b) + ln( LMVT ( f'(x) = 0 + vl--i =-- +-i ti . -i l=z +il(
l+ [a, b] + ln( f(x) l-- t
(19) LMVT = l=z +il( l+ l< (a, b) + =ii l-< ~i + ln( 0, x e (a, b) ti. -i v<lzi- +il( l+ [a, b] + ln( f(x) (+l< zni- t
MATHS
15
+na +t y+f<aai (Monotonicity of a function) :
ni-i f (+ i--l+ ni- +n- t l=+i i-- D(Dc R) t ~i S, D +i -=n-- t. f +i S n (+l< zni-
(ri=ni- -ti ) (z ni-) +t- t l< + x
1
, x
2
e S + ln( x
1
< x
2
f(x
1
) s f(x
2
). f +i S n (+l< ri=ni-
(z ni- -ti ) (ri=ni-) +ti i-i t l< + x
1
, x
2
e S + ln( x
1
< x
2
f(x
1
) > f(x
2
)
f, S n l--- z ni- +tni-i t l< x
1
, x
2
e S + ln( x
1
< x
2
f(x
1
) < f(x
2
) :=i -t f, S n l--- ri=ni-
+tni-i t l< x
1
, x
2
e S + ln( x
1
< x
2
f(x
1
) > f(x
2
)
ai a : (i) f l- - z ni- t f (+l< z ni- t (ri=ni- -ti ) n l+- lni n +i = ti -i ~iz+ -ti t
(ii) f l- - ri=ni- t f (+l< ri=ni- t (z ni- -ti ) - lni n +i = ti -i ~iz+ -ti t
(iii) l< S n f(x) = ~- ti . -i f z ni- t ~i =ii ti S n ri=ni- t
(iv) (+ +n- f (+l< z ni- +n- +tni-i t l< t :=+ i-- n (+l< z ni- t ai+ :=i -t
l< f :=+ i-- n (+l< ri=ni- ti . -i tn +t- t l+ f (+l< ri=ni- t
(v) f (+l< +n- +ti i-i t l< i -i t (+l< z ni- t i (+l< ri=ni- t
(vi) l< f, S + (+ -=n-- n z ni- t ~i S + < = -=n -- n ri=ni- t. -i f, S n (+l< -ti
t
y+f<aai ia + fny +na +i as4in
(Application of differentiation for detecting monotonicity) :
ni-i I (+ ~--in (i ni. - 0 x e I, -i f, I n l--- z ni- t
(ii) l< f'(x) < 0 x e I, -i f, I n l--- ri=ni- t
ai a : l< f'(x) > 0 x e I, I + li--li-- +: -- l-<~i +i zi+ l- f'(x) = 0 ti. -i f ii I n l--- (+l<
zni- t l--- (+l< ri=ni- +n- + ln( ii ti l-il- t (li--li-- +: l-<~i +i n-n t l+ (=
l-< l- f'(x) = 0 ti . (+ ~--in -ti -i- ti)
a<iri # 24 : ni-i f(x) = x
3
f'(x) = 3x
2
x = 0 +i zi + =ii nt f'(x) > 0.
~- x e R + ln( +n- f(x) l--- z ni- +n- ti ni
a<iri # 25 : ni-i f(x) = x sinx
f'(x) = 1 cosx
~ x = 0, 2t, 4t ~il< +i zi+ =ii nt f' (x) > 0 t -- =ii l-< ll+- t -ii ~--in
-ti -i- t ~- tn l-+i l-+in =+- t l+ x e R + ln( f(x) l--- z ni- t i-- n tn
MATHS
16
:= ~in i = ii 0 t -- i- t := l-il- n =ii x e(c, d) ( (e,b) + ln( f'(x) = 0
+i =n-i t ~- l<i ni +n- (a, b) n z ni- ((+l< zni-) t -- l--- zni- -ti t
a<iri # 27 : t ~--in ai- +il( ti +n- f(x) = x
3
3x + 2 (+l< z ni- ti
rn : f'(x) = x
3
3x + 2
f'(x) = 3(x
2
1)
f'(x) = 3(x 1) (x + 1)
(+l< z ni- + ln( f'(x) > 0 3(x 1) (x + 1) > 0
x e ( , 1] [1, ), ~- f ~--in ( , 1] ~i [1, ) n (+l< z ni- t
a<iri # 28 : l---lnli- +n-i +i (+l<-i +i ~--in ai- +il(
(i) f(x) = x
2
(x 2)
2
(ii) f(x) = x n x
(iii) f(x) = sinx + cosx ; x e [0, 2t]
rn : (i) f(x) = x
2
(x 2)
2
f'(x) = 4x (x 1) (x 2)
f'(x) + l-t - l-- +i -i nni-i
~- x e [0, 1] ( [2, ) + ln( (+l< z ni-
( x e ( , 0] ( [1, 2] + ln( (+l< ri=ni-
(ii) f(x) = x n x
f'(x) = 1 + n x
f'(x) > 0 n x > 1 x >
e
1
x e |
.
|
,
e
1
+ ln( (+l< z ni- ( x e
(
\
|
e
1
, 0 + ln( (+l< ri=ni-
MATHS
17
(iii) f(x) = sinx + cosx
f'(x) = cosx sinx
(+l< z ni- + ln( f'(x) > 0 cosx > sinx
x e
(
t
4
, 0 (
(
t
t
2 ,
4
5
n f z ni- t
~- x e
(
t t
4
5
,
4
+ ln( (+l< ri=ni-
ai a : l< +n- f(x), (a, b) n (+l< z ni- -ii [a, b] n f(x) =-- ti . -i f(x) ~--in [a, b] n z ni- t
a<iri # 29 : f(x) = [x] (+ =ic i +n- (Step up function) t +i t x e R + ln( l--- z ni- +n- t `
rn : -ti , f(x) = [x] z ni- ((+l< z ni-) (ri=ni- -ti ) t -- :=+ ~in i = - t l+ t l--- z ni-
+n- -ti t
a<iri # 30 : l< f(x) = sin
4
x + cos
4
x + bx + c ti. -i b ( c + =iil- ni- ai- +il( -il+ x e R + ln( +n-
f(x) (+l< ti
rn : f(x) = sin
4
x + cos
4
x + bx + c
f'(x) = 4 sin
3
x cosx 4cos
3
x sinx + b = sin4x + b.
fifa- (i) : (+l< z ni- + ln( f'(x) > 0 , x e R + ln(
x e R + ln( b > sin 4x b > 1
fifa- (ii) : (+l< ri=ni- + ln( x e R + ln( f'(x) s 0
x e R + ln( b s sin 4x, b s 1
~- f(x) (+l< ti - + ln( b e ( , 1] (1, ) ( c e R.
a<iri # 31 : a + = iil- ni- ai- +il( -il+ f(x) = e
2x
(a + 1) e
x
+ 2x , x e R + ln( (+l< z ni- ti
rn : f(x) = e
2x
(a + 1) e
x
+ 2x
f'(x) = 2e
2x
(a + 1) e
x
+ 2
~ =ii x e R + ln( 2e
2x
(a + 1) e
x
+ 2 > 0
=ii x e R + ln( 2
|
.
|
\
|
+
x
x
e
1
e
(a + 1) > 0
=ii x e R + ln( (a + 1) < 2
|
.
|
\
|
+
x
x
e
1
e
MATHS
18
a + 1 s 4
|
.
|
\
|
+ gSA gksrk 2 eku wure U; dk
x
x
e
1
e
a s 3
+fs+ ffri {in i u )
x e R + ln( 2e
2x
(a + 1) e
x
+ 2 > 0
e
x
= t i- t e (0, )
t e (0, ) + ln( 2t
2
(a + 1) t + 2 > 0
fifa- (i) : D s 0
(a + 1)
2
4 s 0
(a + 5) (a 3) s 0
a e [ 5, 3]
i
fifa- (ii) : 0.
a 2
b
< 0 ( f(0) > 0
a e ( , 5] [3, ) ,
4
1 a +
< 0 ( 2 > 0
a e ( , 5] [3, ), a < 1 ( a e R
a e ( , 5]
(i) ( (ii) +i =i l- =n -- a e ( , 3]
4iu +i4 :
(21) l---lnli- +n-i +i (+l<-i + ~--in ai- +il(
(i) f(x) = x
3
+ 6x
2
9x 2 (ii) f(x) = x +
1 x
1
+
(iii) f(x) = x .
2
x x
e

(iv) f(x) = x cosx
(22) l< f(x) = x tan
1
x ti . -i l=z +il( l+ x e R + ln( f(x) (+l< z ni- t
(23) l< =ii x e R + ln( f(x) = 2e
x
ae
x
+ (2a + 1) x 3 (+l< z ni- ti. -i a + ni-i +i l=
ai- +il(
(24) l< f(x) = e
2x
ae
x
+ 1 ti . -i l=z +il( l+ =ii x e R + ln( a + l+=i ii ni- + ln( f(x)
(+l< ri=ni- -ti ti =+-i t
(25) a + ni- ai- +il( l-+ ln( +n- f(x) = (a + 2) x
3
ax
2
+ 9ax 1 =ii x eR + ln( (+l<
ri=ni- t
Answers : (21) (i) [1, 3] n z ni- ; ( , 1] (3, ) n ri=ni-
(ii) (,2] [0, ) n z ni- ; [ 2, 1) (1, 0] n ri=ni-
(iii) (
1 ,
2
1
n z ni- ; (
\
|

2
1
,
[1, ) n ri=ni-
(iv) x e R + ln( z ni-
(23) a > 0 (25) < a s 3
MATHS
19
y+ f-< s +na +t y+f<aai (Monotonicity of function at a point ) :
1. l-< x = a, a e D
f
+n- f(x) l--- z ni- +n- +tni-i t l< x = a + l- i -- ~- =iln-
n
l--- z ni- t
2. l-< x = a, a e D
f
+n- f(x) l--- ri=ni- +n- +tni-i t l< x = a + l- i -- ~- =iln-
n
l--- ri=ni- t
ai a : l< x = a l=ini l-< ti . -i +n- f(x) +i (+l<-i i-ii + ln( (+ ~i +i ~=ln+i +i -in -l--
t
MATHS
20
a<iria l---lnli- +n-i n = +i -=i +n- x = a z ni-. ri=ni- i - -i z ni- - ti ri=ni- t
(i) (ii)
(iii) (iv)
y+ f-< s & ia y siuia +na + fny st+ii
(Test for increasing and decreasing functions at a point)
(1) l< f'(a) > 0 ti . -i x = a f(x) z ni- t
(2) l< f'(a) < 0 ti . -i x = a f(x) ri=ni- t
(3) l< f'(a) = 0 ti . -i a + i =iln- ~i <i =iln- f'(x) + l-t - +i i - +- t
(i) l< <i -i =iln-i f'(x) i-in+ t . -i f, x = a z ni- t
(ii) l< <i -i =iln-i f'(x) +iin+ t . -i f, x = a ri=ni- t
(iii) l< :- =iln-i f'(x) + l-t - li- ti . -i f, x = a (+l< -ti t
a<iri # 32 : ni-i f(x) = x
3
3x + 2 ti . -i x = 0, 1, 2 +n- +i (+l<-i +i i - +il(
rn : f(x) = x
3
3x + 2
f'(x) = 3(x
2
1)
(i) f'(0) = 3 x = 0 ri=ni-
(ii) f'(1) = 0
( i =iln- n f'(x) i-in+ t ~i <i =iln- n f'(x) +iin+ t
x = 1 - -i z ni- - ti ri=ni-
(iii) f'(2) = 9 x = 2 z ni-
aia: -i +- l-n + n -- +n-i nin ti -i t i x = a = -- ti
MATHS
21
4iu +i4 :
(26) x = a +n- f(x) +i (+l<-i ti - + ln( l---lnli- ~in ii l-ii +il(
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
(27) l< f(x) = x
3
3x
2
+ 3x + 4 ti . -i l-< ~i (i) x = 0 (ii) x = 1 f(x) +i + l- l-ii +il(
(28) +n- f(x) =
s s
s s
2 x 1 ] x [
1 x 0 x
+i ~in i -i:( x = 0,1, 2 +n- f(x) + (+l< ti - l-ii
+il( +i x e [0, 2] + ln( +n- f(x) (+l< z ni- t `
Answers : (26) (i) - -i (+l< z ni- - ti (+l< ri=ni-
(ii) (+l< ri=ni- (iii) (+l< ri=ni- (iv) (+l< z ni-
(27) <i -i x = 0 ( x = 1 (+l< z ni-
(28) x = 0, 2 (+l< z ni-. x = 1 - -i (+l< z ni- - ti (+l< ri=ni-
-ti . x e [0, 2] + ln( +n- f(x) (+l< z ni- -ti t
uf+ii +i fu& +a + fny y+f<aai +i as4i n
(Use of monotonicity for proving inequalities) :
<i +n-i f(x) ( g(x) +i - n-i h(x) = f(x) g(x) + (+l< ti ( ~in i + lzn ii = +i i
=+-i t
a<iri # 33 : x e
|
.
|
\
| t
2
, 0
+ ln( l=z +il( l+ sin x < x < tan x
rn : ni-i f(x) = x sin x f'(x) = 1 cos x
x e
|
.
|
\
| t
2
, 0
+ ln( f' (x) > 0
f(x) (+l< z ni- t f(x) > f(0)
x sin x > 0 x > sin x
:=i +i ~- +n- g(x) = x tan x g'(x) = 1 sec
2
x
x e
|
.
|
\
| t
2
, 0
+ ln( g'(x) < 0 g(x) (+l< ri=ni- t
~- g(x) < g(0)
x tan x < 0 x < tan x
sin x < x < tan x :l- l=zn
a<iri # 34 : x e (0, 1) + ln( l=z +il( l+ x
3
x
3
< tan
1
x < x
6
x
3
, +n- i ~- -i+ =
0 x
lim
(
(

x
x tan
1
+i ni- ai- +il(
MATHS
22
rn: ni-i f(x) = x
3
x
3
tan
1
x
f(x) = 1 x
2

2
x 1
1
+
f'(x) =
2
4
x 1
x
+
f'(x) < 0, x e (0, 1) + ln( f(x) (+l< ri=ni- t
f(x) < f(0)
x
3
x
3
tan
1
x < 0
x
3
x
3
< tan
1
x ...........(i)
:=i +i g(x) = x
6
x
3
tan
1
x
g'(x) = 1
2
x
2
2
x 1
1
+
g'(x) =
) x 1 ( 2
) x 1 ( x
2
2 2
+
g'(x) > 0 x e (0, 1) + ln( g(x) (+l< z ni- t

g(x) > g(0)
x
6
x
3
tan
1
x > 0
x
6
x
3
> tan
1
x ........(ii)
~=ln+i~i (i) ( (ii) =
x
3
x
3
< tan
1
x < x
6
x
3
:l- l=zn
x > 0 + ln( ii 1
3
x
2
<
x
x tan
1
< 1
6
x
2
~- =l- n +i =ti-i = tn l=z + =+- t l+
0 x
lim
x
x tan
1
= 1 nl+- t i- i- i t l+
x1 ti. -i
x
x tan
1
+i ni- i i ~i = 1 ti-i t ~ii -
x
x tan
1
< 1
0 x
lim
(
(
x
x tan
1
= 0
ai a : ~=ln+i~i +i l=z +- n =ln+i ~i-i t . -i tn =< i - +-i -ilt( +i l+ := lli n =ln+i +i l-<
t - nt-i i t =ini--i =ln+i l-< ~--in + ~l--n l-< ti -i t i := ~i=i-i = - i <
lli (by hit and trial) = -i + n - t
a<iri # 35 : x e
|
.
|
\
| t
2
, 0
+ ln( l=z +il( l+ sin x > x
6
x
3
MATHS
23
rn : ni-i f(x) = sin x x +
6
x
3
f'(x) = cos x 1 +
2
x
2
:= l-< tn t l-lz-- -ti + =+- t l+ f'(x) i-in+ t i +iin+. :=+ ln( tn f'(x) +i
(+l< + l- ai- +- t
f''(x) = x sinx
- l+ f''(x) > 0 x e
|
.
|
\
| t
2
, 0
+ ln( f'(x) (+l< z ni- t
f'(x) > f(0)
f'(x) > 0 f(x) (+l< z ni- t
f(x) > f(0)
sin x x +
6
x
3
> 0
sin x > x
6
x
3
:l- l=zn
a<iri # 36 :i-ii +il( l+ sin x tan x i x
2
n = +i - i t -ii
0 x
lim
2
x
x tan x sin
, ti x e
|
.
|
\
| t
2
, 0
+i ni-
ai- +il(
rn : ni-i f(x) = sinx. tanx x
2
f'(x) = cos x . tan x + sin x . sec
2
x 2x
f'(x) = sin x + sin x sec
2
x 2x
f''(x) = cos x + cos x sec
2
x + 2sec
2
x sin x tan x 2
f''(x) = (cos x + sec x 2) + 2 sec
2
x sin x tan x
~ cos x + sec x 2 =
( )
2
x sec x cos
( 2 sec
2
x tan x . sin x > 0 +i l+ x e
|
.
|
\
| t
2
, 0
f''(x) > 0 f'(x) (+l< z ni- t
~- f'(x) > f'(0)
f'(x) > 0 f(x) (+l< z ni- t
f(x) > 0
sin x tan x x
2
> 0
~- sin x tan x > x
2
2
x
x tan x sin
> 1
0 x
lim
2
x
x tan x sin
= 1
a<iri # 37 : l=z +il( l+ f(x) =
x
x
1
1 |
.
|
\
|
+
:=+ i-- n (+l< z ni- t ~-ii f(x) +i ~ini ii l-( -ii
:=+i l= ai- +il(
rn : f(x) =
x
x
1
1 |
.
|
\
|
+
; f(x) + i-- + ln( 1 +
x
1
> 0
x
1 x +
> 0 (, 1) (0, )
MATHS
24
f'(x) =
x
x
1
1 |
.
|
\
|
+
(
(
(
(
+
+ |
.
|
\
|
+
2
x
1
x
1
1
x
x
1
1 n
f'(x) =
x
x
1
1 |
.
|
\
|
+
(
+
|
.
|
\
|
+
1 x
1
x
1
1 n
~
x
x
1
1 |
.
|
\
|
+
=< i-in+ t ~- f'(x) +i l-t - n |
.
|
\
|
+
x
1
1
x 1
1
+
+ l-t - l-i +-i t
~ii - tn n
|
.
|
\
|
+
x
1
1
(
x 1
1
+
+i - n-i +-i t
~- ni-i g(x) = n |
.
|
\
|
+
x
1
1
1 x
1
+
g'(x) =
x
1
1
1
+
2
x
1
+
2
) 1 x (
1
+
g'(x) =
2
) 1 x ( x
1
+
(i) x e (0, ) + ln( g'(x) < 0

x e (0, )+ ln( g(x) (+l< ri=ni- t
g(x) >
x
lim
g(x)
g(x) > 0.
( - l+ g(x) > 0 f'(x) > 0
(ii) x e ( , 1) + ln( g'(x) > 0
x e ( , 1) + ln( g(x) (+l< z ni- t
g(x) >
x
lim
g(x)
g(x) > 0 f'(x) > 0
~- (i) ( (ii) = tn x e ( , 1) (0, ) + ln( f'(x) > 0 i-- ti -i t
f(x) :=+ i-- n (+l< z ni- t
f(x) +i ~in i ii-- + ln( -=+ l=ini l-< ~i f(x) +i ni- ai- +-i nti t
~ii - , 0, 1
x
lim
x
x
1
1 |
.
|
\
|
+
= e
+
0 x
lim
x
x
1
1 |
.
|
\
|
+
= 1 (
1 x
lim

x
x
1
1 |
.
|
\
|
+
=
~- f(x) +i ~ini l-zii-=i t
l= y e (1, ) {e}
a<iri # 38 : (100)
1/100
( (101)
1/101
n = +i- i t`
rn : ni-i f(x) = x
1/x
( tn f(x) +i (+l< +l- +i i-ii +-i t
f'(x) = x
1/x
.
|
.
|
\
|
2
x
nx 1
f'(x) > 0 x e (0,e)
MATHS
25
( f'(x) < 0 x e (e,)
~- x > e + ln( f(x) (+l< ri=ni- +n- t
( -l+ 100 < 101
f(100) > f(101)
(100)
1/100
> (101)
1/101
4iu +i4 :
(29) l---lnli- ~=ln+i~i +i l=z +il(
(i) x e (0, 1) + ln( x < n(1 x)
(ii) x e (0, ) + ln( x > tan
1
(x)
(iii) x e (0, ) + ln( e
x
> x + 1
(iv) x e (0, ) + ln(
x 1
x
+
s n (1 + x) s x
(v) x e
|
.
|
\
| t
2
, 0
+ ln(
t
2
<
x
x sin
< 1
(30) f(x) = x
1/x
+ -in = t -i:( l+ e
t
~i t
e
n = +i- i t `
Answer : (30) e
t
anai, a-inai i afa sfa a f-< (Concavity, convexity, point of inflection) :
(+ +n- f(x), (a, b) n ~-n t l< + l-< (x
0
,f(x
0
)) ii -i n: -zi ii + + -i- t-i ti .
f(x), (a, b) n --in t l< + l-< (x
0
, f(x
0
)) ii-i n: -zi ii + + - t-i ti
~ini y = f(x) (+ l-< (c, f(c)) +i. :=+i -l- l- - l-< +ti i-i t l< +z o e R
+
+ ln( f(x), (c
o, c) n ~-n t ~i (c, c + o) n --in t (i lni n-)
sfii : 1. l< f''(x) > 0 x e (a, b) ti . -i (a, b) n + y = f(x) ~-n t
2. l< f''(x) < 0 x e (a, b) ti . -i (a, b) n + y = f(x) --in t
MATHS
26
3. l< f, x = c =-- t ~i f''(x), c + <i -i -+ ll- l-t - i-i ti . -i l-< (c, f(c))
+ +i -l- l- - l-< +tni-i t
4. l< f''(c) = 0 ~i f'''(c) = 0 ti . -i l-< (c, f(c)) +i -l- l- - l-< +t- t
+ai + as4i n u uf+ii +i u-4isa (Proving inequalities using curvature) :
=ini--i :- ~=ln+i~i n +z lzi i l-<~i 
3
x x 2
2 1
e
+
.
rn : ni-i f(x) = e
x
( ni-i + y = e
x
<i l-< x
1
( x
2
t
ni-i R (+ ~- l-< t i
PQ
+i 1 : 2 ~-i- n liil- +-i t
l-< R +i y l-< zii +
3
e e
2 1
x x 2
+
t ( l-< S +i y l-< zii +
3
x x 2
2 1
e
+
t
- l+ f(x) = e
x
=< - +i ~i ~-n t ~- l-< R =< l-< S + - ti ni
3
e e
2 1
x x 2
+
<
3
x x 2
2 1
e
+
+fs+ ffri -i +- ~=ln+i AM ( GM + -i n = ~i=i-i = l=z + =+- t
a<iri # 40 : l< 0 < x
1
< x
2
< x
3
< t ti . -i l=z +il( l+ sin
|
.
|
\
| + +
3
x x x
3 2 1
>
3
x sin x sin x sin
3 2 1
+ +
-ii l=z
+il( l+ l< lzii + +i i A, B, C ti. -i sinA + sinB + sinC +i ~li+-n ni-
2
3 3
t
MATHS
27
rn :
ni-i l-< A, B, C (+ lzii -i- t + -< + G +i yl-< zii +
3
x sin x sin x sin
3 2 1
+ +
t ( l-<
F +i yl-< zii + sin
|
.
|
\
| + +
3
x x x
3 2 1
t
~- sin
|
.
|
\
| + +
3
x x x
3 2 1
>
3
x sin x sin x sin
3 2 1
+ +
.
l < A + B + C = t ti . -i
sin
|
.
|
\
| + +
3
C B A
>
3
C sin B sin A sin + +
sin
3
t
>
3
C sin B sin A sin + +
2
3 3
> C sin B sin A sin + +
(sinA + sinB + sinC) +i ~li+-n ni-
2
3 3
t
a<iri # 41 : +n- f(x) = sin
2
x, x e [0, 2t] + -l- l- - l-< ai- +il(
rn : f(x) = sin
2
x
f'(x) = sin2x
f''(x) = 2 cos2x
f''(0) = 0 x =
4
t
,
4
3t
t <i-i l-< -l- l-- l-< t +i l+ f''(x) +i l-t - <n-i t -- f'(x) := l-< + =i-i -ti
<n-i t
a<iri # 42 : f(x) = 3x
4
4x
3
+ -l- l-- l-< ai- +il( -l--. l-l-- ~i ~-n-i +i nt <- t( f(x)
+i ~ini ii -i:(
rn : f(x) = 3x
4
4x
3
MATHS
28
f'(x) = 12x
3
12x
2
f'(x) = 12x
2
(x 1)
f''(x) = 12(3x
2
2x)
f''(x) = 12x(3x 2)
f''(x) = 0 x = 0,
3
2
.
f''(x) + l-t -ii +i - i-ii +-
x = 0,
3
2
-l- l- - l < t
~- f(x) +i ~ini l-zii-=i t
4iu +i4 :
(31)
e
e 1
2
+
i
t
t +
2
1
n = i ai- +il(
(32) l< 0 < x
1
< x
2
< x
3
< t ti . -i l=z +il( l+ sin
|
.
|
\
| + +
4
x x x 2
3 2 1
>
4
x sin x sin x sin 2
3 2 1
+ +
(33) l< f(x) (+l< ri=ni- +n- ti -ii f''(x) > 0 ti ( ni-i f
1
(x) lni- ti . -i l=z +il( l+
2
) x ( f ) x ( f
2
1
1
1
+
> f
1
|
.
|
\
| +
2
x x
2 1
.
Answer : (31)
e
e 1
2
+
s a-a (Global Maximum) :
l+=i +n- f(x) n (+ n ----n lni- t l< +n = +n (+ c e E := +i t l+ f(x) s f(c) x e E.
~- tn +t =+- t l+ n -l-- x = c lnn-i t -ii :=+i ni- f(c) t
iiat4 af-a (Local Maxima) :
l+=i +n- f(x) n x = c (+ -ii-i ----n ti -i t l< ~--in (c h, c + h), h > 0 n f(x) +i ~li+-n
ni- f(c) t
~ii - =ii x e (c h, c + h), x = c + ln( f(x) < f(c)
~ii - f(c o) < f(c) > f(c + o), 0 < o < h
aia : l< x = c =ini - l-< ti . -i (c h, c) i (c, c + h) (h > o) ~iz+-i- =i i n n lni i-i t
s faaa (Global Minimum) :
l+=i +n- f(x) n (+ n l----n ti -i t l< +n = +n (+ c e E := +i t l+ f(x) > f(c) x e
MATHS
29
E.
iiat4 fafaa (Local Minima) :
l+=i +n- f(x) n x = c (+ -ii-i l----n ti -i t l< c + =iln- ~--in (c h, c + h), h > 0 n +n-
+i ---n ni- f(c) ti
~ii - =ii x e (c h, c + h), x = c + ln( f(x) > f(c)
~ii - f(c o) > f(c) < f(c + o), 0 < o < h
(Extrema) :
(+ -l-- i (+ l-l-- +i -n +ti i-i t
-i+i ni-i y = f(x), x e [a, b] +i ~in i l--- t
x = a, x = c
2
, x = c
4
-ii-i -l-- l-< t l+ :- l-< ~i ~li+-n ni- +nzi f(a), f(c
2
), f(c
4
) t
x = c
1
, x = c
3
, x = b -ii-i l-l-- l-< t l+ :- l-< ~i l----n ni- +nzi f(c
1
), f(c
3
), f(b) t
x = c
2
n -l-- l-< t
x = c
3
n l-l-- l-< t
ni-i y = h(x), x e [a, b) +i ~in i l--- t
a c
1
c
1
c
2
c
3
c
4 b
h(a)
h(c )
2
h(c )
1
h(c )
4
h(c )
3
x = c
1
, x = c
4
-ii-i -l-- l-< t l+ ~li+-n ni- +nzi h(c
1
), h(c
4
) t
x = a, x = c
2
-ii-i l-l-- l-< t l+ - --n ni- +nzi h(a), h(c
2
) t
x = c
3
- -i -l--i l-< t ~i - ti l-l-- l-< t
n -l-- h(c
4
) t
n l-l-- h(a) t
a<iri # 43 : l< f(x) =
=
s <
0 x 1
2 | x | 0 | x |
ti . -i x = 0 +n- f(x) + ti +i l --i +il(
rn. x = 0 +n- -ii-i -l-- i-i t
MATHS
30
a<iri # 44 : l< f(x) =
s s
< s
+ +
+
+
3 x 1 3 x 2
1 x 0
) 2 b 3 b (
) 1 b b b (
x
2
2 3
3
ti. -i b + =ii =i ni- ai- +il( l-+ ln(
x = 1 f(x) - --n ni- i-i t
rn. := -t + z-i +i ni+i lli ,ii ~i=i-i = tn + =+- t
~ini = - t l+ x = 1 +n- f(x) +i i i =ini +i ni-. x = 1 +n- f(x) + ni- = i -i ~li+ tini
i -=+ i ti ni
1 x
lim
f(x) > f(1)
1 +
) 2 b 3 b (
) 1 b b b (
2
2 3
+ +
+
> 1
) 2 b ( ) 1 b (
) 1 b )( 1 b (
2
+ +
+
> 0
b e ( 2, 1) [1, + )
4iu +i4 (Self practice problems) :
(34) l<( n( l---lnli- +i + ln( ai- +il( l+ x = a, +n- +i -ii-i -l-- l-<. -ii-i l-l--
l-< ~ii <i-i ti -ti
(i) (ii)
(iii)
(35) l< n +i +i i - ++ n -l--l-l-- l-< ( -ii-i -l--l-l-- l-< ai- +il(
MATHS
31
(i) (ii) (iii)
Answers : (34) (i) -l -- (ii) - -i -l-- - ti l-l--
(iii) l-l--
(35) (i) x = 2 -ii-i -l--. x = 3 -ii-i l-l--. x = 2 -l--
(ii) x = 1 -ii-i l-l-- l+ n l-l--. -ii-i ( n -l-- +
l-< lni- -ti t
(iii) x = 1 -ii-i ( n -l--. x = 0 -ii-i ( n l-l--
+nat4 +nai + fny af-a, fafaa (Maxima Minima for differentiable functions) :
+ n liiii +i in ++ -l--. l-l-- + z-i +i tn +-i n lz+n ti-i t ~- := =n-i + tn
+ ln( ~+n-i-i l=zi-- +i -in l+i i-i t
f-< + fny iz4+ sfa-ri
(A necessary condition for an extrema) :
ni-i f(x), x = c ~+n-i t
s 4 (Theorem) : f(x) +i -n ni- f(c) ti- + ln( ~iz+ l--i t l+ f'(c) = 0 ti ~ii - f(c) -n ni- t
f'(c) = 0
aia : f'(c) = 0 +n ~iz+ l--i t nl+- i-- -ti t
~ii - f'(c) = 0 / f(c) -n t
ni-i f(x) = x
3
f'(0) = 0
nl+- f(0) -n l-< -ti t (l-zi <i )
f-< + fny s4ia sfa-ri
(Sufficient condition for an extrema) :
ni-i f(x) ~+n-i +n- t
s4 (Theorem) : f(x) +i -n ni- f(c) ti- + ln( i-- l--i t l+ f'(x) +i l-t - x = c +i i +- ll--
ti
~ii- f(c) (+ -n l-< t l< ~i +n l< x ,ii c +i i +- f'(x) +i l-t- ll-- ti(l-zi <i)
MATHS
32
x = c (+ -ii-i -l-- l-< t x = c +i i +- =n f'(x) +i l-t - i-in+ = +iin+ n ll- -
ti -i t
x = c (+ -ii-i l-l-- t x = c +i i +- =n f'(x) +i l-t - +iin+ = i-in+ ti -i t
fi f-< (Stationary points) :
+n- f(x) + ~in i l-< ti f'(x) = 0 ti. l-i l-< +tni- t
l-i l-< f(x) + l- - +i < zi - ti-i t
a<iri # 45 : f(x) = 4x
3
6x
2
24x + 9 + ln( l-i l-< ~i +i ai- +il(
rn. f'(x) = 12x
2
12x 24
f'(x) = 0 x = 1, 2
f( 1) = 23, f(2) = 31
~- ( 1, 23), (2, 31) l-i l-< t
a<iri # 46 : l< f(x) = x
3
+ ax
2
+ bx + c + x = 1 ( x = 3 -n l-< ti . -i a, b, c ai- +il(
rn. -n ni- +i ~i ~li+-n i - --n ni- = t . - l+ f(x) ~+n-i +n- t
~- f'( 1) = 0 = f'(3)
f'(x) = 3x
2
+ 2ax + b
f'(3) = 27 + 6a + b = 0
f'( 1) = 3 2a + b = 0
a = 3, b = 9, c e R
s i +n st+ii (First Derivative Test) :
ni-i f(x) (+ =-- ~i ~+n-i +n- t
-i - I. f'(x) ai- +il(
-i- II. f'(x) = 0 +i tn +il( ni-i x = c (+ tn t (~ii - l-i l-< ai- +il()
-i - III. l-t - l- - +i -ii +-
(i) l< f'(x) +i l-t- x =c ii ~i = <ii ~i i- +iin+ = i-in+ ti-i t - x = c -ii-i
l-l-- l-< t
(ii) l< f'(x) +i l-t- x =c ii ~i = <ii ~i i- i-in+ = +iin+ ti-i t - x = c -ii-i
-l-- l-< t
(iii) l< x = c +i i +- f'(x) +i l-t - ll- - -ti ti-i t . - x = c - -i -l-- l-< t ~i -
ti l-l-- l-< t
a<irie # 47 : f(x) = x
2
(x 2)
2
+ -l-- ~i l-l-- l-< ~i +i ai- +il(
rn. f(x) = x
2
(x 2)
2
f'(x) = 4x (x 1) (x 2)
f'(x) = 0 x = 0, 1, 2
f'(x) + l-t - +i -ii +-
~- x = 1 -l-- l-< t . x = 0, 2 l-l-- l-< t
MATHS
33
ai a : =i- +n- + = <i n -l-- ( l-l-- l-< (+i-- ti - t
a<iri # 48 : +n- f(x) = x
3
12x + ln( -l-- ( l-l-- l-< ai- +il( -ii +n- +i ~in i ii -i:(
rn. f(x) = x
3
12x
f'(x) = 3(x
2
4) = 3(x 2) (x + 2)
f'(x) = 0 x = 2
~in i -i- + ln( tn f(x) + -l-- ( l-l-- ni- ai- +- ti n
16 2
16 2
) x ( f x
+

a<iri # 49 : <lzi- +il( l+ +n- f(x) = x
3
6x
2
+ 12x 8 + ln( -l-- ( l-l-- +i +i: ii l-< lni-
-ti t
rn. f(x) = x
3
6x
2
+ 12x 8
f'(x) = 3(x
2
4x + 4)
f'(x) = 3(x 2)
2
f'(x) = 0 x = 2
n l+- t - t l+ l-< x = 2 = n - f'(x) +i l-t - ~ll-- t-i t - l+ f'(2
+
) > 0 (
f'(2
) > 0, ~- +n- f(x) + ln( -l-- i l-l-- +i +i : l-< lni- -ti t

i-- n f(x), x e R + ln( (+l< z ni- +n- t
a<iri # 50 : ni-il+ f(x) = x
3
+ 3(a 7)x
2
+ 3(a
2
9) x 1 t l< f(x) + ln( -l-- +i l-< i-in+ ti . -i
a + =ii =-i ni- ai- +il(
rn. f'(x) = 3 [x
2
+ 2(a 7)x + (a
2
9)] = 0
ni-i f'(x) = 0 + n n o, | t -ii o < | t f'(x) + l-t - l- - i-ii =
zi n n x = o i l+ i-in+ t . -l-- l-< t
~- - t l+ f'(x) = 0 + <i-i nn i-in+ ( lili ti- -ilt(
(i) D > 0 a <
7
29
(ii)
a 2
b
> 0 a < 7
MATHS
34
(iii) f'(0) > 0 a e ( , 3) (3, )
(i), (ii) ~i (iii) = a e ( , 3) |
.
|
\
|
7
29
, 3
4iu +i4 (Self practice problems) :
(36) l---lnli- +n-i +i -ii-i -l-- ~i l-l-- l-< ai- +il(
(i) f(x) = (x 1)
3
(x + 2)
2
(ii) f(x) = sin 2x x
(iii) f(x) = x
3
+ x
2
+ x + 1.
Answer : 36. (i) x = 2 -l--, x =
5
4
l-l--
(ii) x = nt +
6
t
-l-- ; x = nt
6
t
l-l--
(iii) -ii-i -l-- i l-l-- +i +i : l-< -ti t
uaa +nai + fny af-a/fafaa (Maxima Minima for continuous functions) :
ni-i f(x) =-- +n- t
+ifa+ f-< (Critical points) :
t l-< ti f'(x) = 0 i f(x) ~+n-i -ti ti . +i l-+ l-< +tni- t
l-i l-<
_
+i l-+ l-<
a<iri # 51 : f(x) = max (sinx, cosx) x e (0, 2t) + +i l-+ l-< ~i +i = i ai- +il(
rn.
f(x) + -i- +i l-+ l-< x =
4
t
,
2
t
,
4
5t
t
r-si aia (Important Note) :
R n f(x) liili- ti- + ln( -n l-< (l< lni- ti ) +n +il-+ l-< i-- ti- t
a<iri # 52 : +n- f(x) = |x
2
2x| (x e R) + ln( = iil- -l--l-l-- l-< ai- +il(
rn. f(x) =
s
< <
>
0 x x 2 x
2 x 0 x x 2
2 x x 2 x
2
2
2
MATHS
35
f'(x) =
<
< <
>
0 x ) 1 x ( 2
2 x 0 ) x 1 ( 2
2 x ) 1 x ( 2
x = 1 f'(x) = 0 -ii x = 0, 2 f'(x) +i ~l-- -ti t ~- l-< =-iil- +il-+ l-< t
a<iri # 53 : ni-i f(x) =
>
< +
0 x x sin 3
0 x x 10 x x
2 3
. x = 0 f(x) +i l- +i i-ii +il(
rn. x = 0 f(x) =-- +n- t
f'(x) =

>
< +
0 x x cos 3
0 x 10 x 2 x 3
2
f'(0
+
) = 3 ~i f'(0
) = 10
~- x = 0 f(x) ~+n-i -ti t
x = 0 (+ +i l-+ l-< t
-ii ~+n +i l-t - +iin+ = i-in+ ti -i t :=ln( x = 0 -ii-i l-l-- l-< t
a<iri # 54 : f(x) = 4x
3
6x
2
24x + 9 + +i l-+ l-< ai- +il( l< (i) x e [0, 3] (ii) x e [3, 3]
(iii) x e [ 1, 2].
rn. f'(x) = 12(x
2
x 2)
= 12(x 2) (x + 1)
f'(x) = 0 x = 1 i 2
(i) l< x e [0, 3] , x = 2 +i l-+ l-< t
(ii) l< x e [ 3, 3] - x = 1, 2 <i +i l-+ l-< ti n
(iii) l< x e [ 1, 2] - +i : +i l-+ l-< -ti t +i l+ x = 1 ~i x = 2 <i -i =ini-- l-< t
aia : +il-+ l-< =< ~--in + ~i--l+ l-< ti- t
uaa +nai + fny s (Global extrema for continuous functions) :
(i) +n- < ~-in + ln( liili- t
ni-i f(x), x e [a, b] =-- +n- t
-i - I : +i l-+ l-< ai- +il( ni-il+ c
1
, c
2
......., c
n
t
-i - II : f(a), f(c
1
).........., f(c
n
), f(b) ai- +il(
ni-i M = max.{ f(a), f(c
1
),..........., f(c
n
), f(b)}
m = min.{f(a), f(c
1
), ........f(c
n
), f(b)}
-i - III : M n -l-- t
m n l-l-- t
(ii) +n- ini ~ -in + ln( liili- t
ni-i f(x), x e (a, b) =-- +n- t
-i - I +i l-+ l-< ai- +il( ni-il+ c
1
, c
2
, .......c
n
-i - II f(c
1
), f(c
2
), ........., f(c
n
) ai- +il(
ni-i M = max {f(c
1
), .......f(c
n
)}
m = min {f(c
1
),............,f(c
n
)}
-i - III
+
a x
Lim
f(x) =
1
(say),

b x
Lim
f(x) =
2
(ni-i)
l< = min.{
1
,
2
}, L = max.{
1
,
2
}
-i - IV
(i) l< m s ti. -i m n l-l-- t
MATHS
36
(ii) l< m > ti. -i f(x) +i +i: n l-l-- -ti t
(iii) l< M > L ti. -i M +i n -l-- t
(iv) l< M < L ti. -i f(x) +i +i: n -l-- -ti t
a<iri # 55 : f(x) = x
3
12x x e [ 1, 3] +i ~li+-n ~i l----n ni- ai- +il(
rn. -l-- ~i l-l-- l- l-<~i i-- ti n +il-+ l-< ~i =ini-- l-< t
x e [ 1, 3] ~i f(x) = x
3
12x + ln(
+ n +i l-+ l-< x = 2 t
:- l-< ~i x = 1, 2, 3 f(x) +i ni- ai- ++ nt-in ( - --n ni- i-- + =+- t
9 3
16 2
11 1
) x ( f x
f(x) +i l-l-- = 16 ( f(x) +i -l-- = 11.

4iu +i4 (Self Practice Problems) :
(37) ni-i f(x) = 2x
3
9x
2
+ 12x + 6
(i) f(x), x e R + ln( -l--l-l-- + =iil- l-< ai- +il(
(ii) x e [0, 2] + ln( f(x) + +i l-+ l-< ~i +i = i ai- +il(
(iii) x e [0, 2] + ln( f(x) + n -l--l-l-- +i l -- +il(
(iv) l=z +il( l+ x e (1, 3) + ln( +n- +i n -l--ia ni- -ti t
Answers : (37) (i) x = 1, 2 (ii) 1 (x = 1)
(iii) f(0) = 6 n l-l-- t ~i f(1) = 11 n -l-- t
a<iri # 56 : ni-i f(x) =
< < |
.
|
\
|
+
=
< s +
2
3
x 0 ;
2
1
x log
0 x ;
0 x 1
; x x
2 / 1
2
= 0 ( = 1 + ln( n -l--. n l-l-- +i l--i +il( + l+= ni- + ln( f(x) +i ni-
n -l-a t
rn: = 0 + ln( y = f(x) +i ~ini l--- t
3/2 1/2
1
1
1
n -l--. n l-l-- lni- -ti t
= 1 + ln( y = f(x) +i ~ini l--- t
MATHS
37
3/2 1/2
1
1
1
n -l-a ni- 1 t i x = 0 i-- ti-i t
n l-l-- lni- -ti t
0 x
Lim
f(x) = 0,
+
0 x
Lim
f(x) = 1, f(0) =
n -l-a lni- ti- + ln( f(0) > 1 > 1.
a<iri # 57 : f(x) = 3x
4
+ 8x
3
18x
2
+ 60 + -n l-< ai- +il( g(x) =
) x ( f
40
+i ~ini -i:( -ii :=+ -ii-i (
n -n +i- <il(
rn : f'(x) = 0
12x (x
2
+ 2x 3) = 0
12x (x 1) (x + 3) = 0
x = 3, 0, 1
f'(x) = 12(x + 3) x(x 1)
3 0 1
+ +
x = 3, 1 -ii-i l-l-- i-- ti-i t

x = 0 -ii-i -l-- i-- ti-i t
f(3) = 75, f(1) = 53 -ii-i l-l-- t
f(0) = 60 -ii-i -l-- t
x
Lim
f(x) = ,
x
Lim
f(x) =
+n- -ii-i -l-- lni- -ti t -ii-i l-l-- 75 t
g'(x) =
2
)) x ( f (
40
f'(x)
g(x) + +il--+ l-< f(x) + =ni- t
y = f(x) +i +--i ~ini l--- t
53
60
75
|
3
o
1
ni-i f(x) + zi- o, | t
g(o), g(|) liili- -ti t
| x
Lim
g(x) = ,
+
| x
Lim
g(x) = ,

o x
Lim g(x) = ,
+
o x
Lim
g(x) =
y = g(x) +i ~--- -lzii x = o , x = | t
x
Lim
g(x) = 0,
x
Lim
g(x) = 0
y = 0 ii ~--- -zii t
y = f(x) + -ii-i l-l-- l-< x = 3, x = 1 t
y = g(x) + -ii-i -l-- l-< x = 3, x = 1 t
:=i +i y = g(x) +i -ii-i l-l-- l-< x = 0 t
MATHS
38
g(x) +i n -n lni- -ti t
y = g(x) +i +--i ~ini l--- t
(8/15)
|
3
o 1
40/53
1
2/3
4iu +i4 (Self Practice Problems) :
(38) ni-i f(x) =
2
x
+
x
2
. f(x) +i -ii-i -l-- ( -ii-i l-l-- ai- +il( +i ~i := -ii-i
---n ni- + -ii-i ~li+-n ni- = ~li+ ti - +i li---i +i ii + =+- t `
(39) ni-i f(x) =

>
< +
0 x x cos
0 x ) x (
2
. + =-iil- ni- ai- +il( -il+ x = 0 f(x) -ii-i -l-- i-i
ti
Answers : (38) x = 2 -ii-i -l--ia f(2) = 2; x = 2 -ii-i l-l-- f(2) = 2.
(39) e [ 1, 1)
a- + + +ni zii af-a/fafaa aia +ai
(Maxima Minima by heigher order derivatives) :
fzat4 +n st+ii (Second derivative test) :
ni-i f(x) +i --- ~+n l,-i +n -+ t
-i - I. f'(x) ai- +il(
-i - II. f'(x) = 0 +i tn +il( ni-i x = c (+ tn t
-i - III. f''(c) ai- +il(
-i - IV.
(i) l< f''(c) = 0 - ~in i-ii +i ~iz+-i t
(ii) l< f''(c) > 0 - x = c l-l-- l-< t
(iii) l< f''(c) < 0 - x = c -l-- l-< t
-l-- + ln( f'(x) i-in+ = +iin+ ti-i t (l-zii- =i)
f'(x) ri=ni- +n- t ~- f'(c) < 0
a<iri # 58 : f(x) = sin2x x, x e (0, t) + ln( -ii-i -l-- i l-l-- l-< ai- +il(
rn. f(x) = sin2x x
f'(x) = 2cos2x 1
MATHS
39
f'(x) = 0 cos 2x =
2
1
x =
6
t
,
6
5t
f''(x) = 4 sin 2x
f''
|
.
|
\
| t
6
< 0 x =
6
t
-l--
f''
|
.
|
\
| t
6
5
> 0 x =
6
5t
l-l--
4iu +i4 (Self practice problems)
(40) f(x) = sin 2x x + -ii-i -l-- ( l-l-- + l-< ai- +il(
(41) ni-i f(x) = sinx (1 + cosx) ; x e (0, 2t), f(x) +il--+ l-< ~i +i = i ai- +il( -ii :- +il--+
l-< ~i n = -l--/l-l-- l-< ai- +il(
Answer : 40 x = nt +
6
t
-l-- ; x = nt
6
t
l-l--
41. -i -
-l-- l-< x =
3
t
t
x = t -n l-< -ti t
l-l-- l-< x =
3
5t
t
ni +n st+ii (n
th
Derivative test) :
ni-i f(x) +i n +n -+ ~+n lni- t
l < f'(c) = f''(c) = ..........= f
n1
(c) = 0 ~i
f
n
(c) = 0 - l---lnli- = -ii-i( t
(i) n =n t , f
(n)
(c) < 0 x = c -l--i l-< t
(ii) n =n t , f
(n)
(c) > 0 x = c l-l-- l-< t
(iii) n lin t , f
(n)
(c) < 0 f(x), x = c + l- ri=ni- t
(iv) n lin t , f
(n)
> 0 f(x), x = c + l- z ni- t
a<iri # 59 : f(x) = x
5
5x
4
+ 5x
3
1 + ln( -ii-i -l--i ~i l-l-- l-< ai- +il(
rn. f(x) = x
5
5x
4
+ 5x
3
1
f'(x) = 5x
2
(x 1) (x 3)
f'(x) = 0 x = 0, 1, 3
f''(x) = 10x (2x
2
6x + 3)
~ f''(1) < 0 x = 1 -l--ia
f''(3) > 0 x = 3 l-l--
~i f''(0) = 0 l,-i ~+n i-ii ~=+n t
~- f'''(x) = 30 (2x
2
4x + 1)
f'''(0) = 30
x = 0 - -i -l--ia t - l-l--
aia : in -i + i< f'(x) + l-t - l- - = -l-- ( l-l-- +i i - +i+i = lii-+ t f'(x) +i
x = 0 +i : l-t - l- - -ti ti -i t
f'(x) = 5x
2
(x 1) (x 3)
MATHS
40
af-a y fafaa + a s 4i n (Application of Maxima/Minima to Problems)
l+=i l<( n( z- +i tn +- + ln( (+ -< <zii +n- +i +n i-n + n -ii i =+-i t ~i
-n ni- -=+ ~+n +i zi - ++ i-- l+( i =+- t =i l+ iin '+i l--+ l-<' n -ii ni t.
-l-- ( l-l-- ai- l+i i =+-i t
4i< ia + fny +i iffa + as4i nt u i (Useful Formulae of Measuration to Remember )
1. i-ii +i ~i-- = bh
2. i-ii +i ai -izi+n = 2(b + bh + h)
3. i- +i ~i-- = a
3
4. i- +i ai -izi+n = 6a
2
5. zi + +i ~i-- =
3
1
t r
2
h
6. zi + +i + i -i zi+n = tr ( = l- + - -i: )
7. n- +i + i -izi+n = 2trh
8. n- +i =- i i -izi+n = 2trh + 2tr
2
9. ni n +i ~i-- =
3
4
tr
3
10. nin +i i -izi+n = 4tr
2
11. -ii iin +i -izi+n =
2
1
r
2
u l+ u l- n t
12. l n +i ~i-- = (~iii +i -i zi+n) (--i: )
13. ln +i iz =-t +i -izi+n = (~iii +i llnl-) (--i:)
14. l +i +n -izi+n = (iz =-t) + 2 (~iii +i -izi+n)
(i- t l+ ln +i =ii iz =-t ~i-i+i ti-i t)
15. liln +i ~i-- =
3
1
(~iii +i -izi+n) (- -i:)
16. liln +i + i -i zi+n =
2
1
(~iii +i llnl-) (l- + - -i: )
(i- t l+ liln +i l-+ =-t lziii+i ti-i t)
a<iri # 60 l< =ni+i x
3
+ px + q = 0 + -i- i--l+ n n ti . -i v<lzi - l+l( l+ 4p
3
+ 27q
2
< 0
rn f(x) = x
3
+ px + q, f'(x) = 3x
2
+ p
f(x) +i (+ -l-- > 0 -ii (+ l-l-- < 0 ti -i -ilt(
f'(x) = 0
MATHS
41
x =
0 p ,
3
p
<
x =
3
p
f ~li+-n ( x =
3
p
f - --n t
f 0
3
p
f
3
p
<
|
|
.
|
\
|

|
|
.
|
\
|

0
3
p
3
p 2
q
3
p
3
p 2
q <
|
|
.
|
\
|

+
|
|
.
|
\
|

q
2
+
27
p 4
3
< 0, 4p
3
+ 27q
2
< 0
a<iri # 61 : ( =i <i i-in+ = i( x ~i y ai- +il( l-+i i n 60 ti ( n i- xy
3
~li+-n ti
rn. x + y = 60
x = 60 y xy
3
= (60 y)y
3
ni-i f(y) = (60 y) y
3
; y e (0, 60)
f(y) +i ~li+-n ti- + ln( tn +il-+ l-< ai- +- t
f'(y) = 3y
2
(60 y) y
3
= 0
f'(y) = y
2
(180 4y) = 0
y = 45
f'(45
+
) < 0 -ii f'(45
) > 0 ~- -ii-i -l-- y = 45 t

~- x = 15 ( y = 45.
a<iri # 62 : r lzii in (+ ~i-i + ~--n- ~i- -ii ni ti. -i ~li+-n -izi+n +i ~i- ai- +il(
rn. ni-i l+ ~i- +i i i( x ~i y t
A = xy.
ti x ~i y -- zi - -ti t ~i i:iini= n = r + =ii =-l-i- t
4
x
2
+ y
2
= r
2
y =
4
x
r
2
2
A(x) = x
4
x
r
2
2
A(x) =
4
x
r x
4
2 2
ni-i f(x) = r
2
x
2

4
x
4
; x e (0, r)
A(x) ~li+-n t f(x) ~li+-n t
~- f'(x) = x(2r
2
x
2
) = 0
x = r 2
~i f'(r
+
2
) < 0 ( f'(r

2
) > 0
~- f(x) ~li+-n ti ni x = r 2 ~i y =
2
r
.
+fs+ ffri ni-i ~ l-< zii+ zl- + -i n = l=n nn l-< -i +i + -< t (l-zii- =i)
A = xy
MATHS
42
A = 2 (rcosu) (rsinu)
A = r
2
sin2u u e |
.
|
\
| t
2
, 0
- t l+ A ~li+-n ti ni u =
4
t
ti
x = r 2 ~i y =
2
r
.
a<iri # 63 : 40 n ni -izi+n +i -i< + -i n = (+ ini + -ii ni l=+i ~iii ni +i t ~iii
+i lni ai- +il( -il+ + +i ~i-- ~li+-n ti
rn. ni-i ~iii +i n-i: x ni ~i - -i: y ni t
V = x
2
y
- x ~i y := + + i -izi+n = =-z t i 40 n ni t
x
2
+ 4xy = 40
y =
x 4
x 40
2
x e (0, 40 )
V(x) = x
2
|
|
.
|
\
|

x 4
x 40
2
V(x) =
4
) x x 40 (
3
~li+-n ~i-- + ln(

V'(x) =
4
) x 3 40 (
2
= 0 x =
3
40
m
~i V''(x) =
2
x 3
V''
|
|
.
|
\
|
3
40
< 0.
~- x =
3
40
m ~i-- ~li+-n t
a<iri # 64 : l< (+ n- -ii n- (+ l<( n( zi + + ~--n - l-i- t n- +i lni ai- +il( -il+
:=+i ~i-- ~li+-n ti
rn. ni-i n- +i lzii x, - -i: y -ii ~i-- v t
v = tx
2
y
x, y =n lzii + -i n = =-z ti =+- t (l-zii- =i)
x r
y
=
r
h
MATHS
43
y =
r
h
(r x)
v(x) = tx
2
r
h
(r x) x e (0, r)
v(x) =
r
h t
(rx
2
x
3
)
v'(x) =
r
h t
x (2r 3x)
v'
|
.
|
\
|
3
r 2
= 0 ~i v''
|
.
|
\
|
3
r 2
< 0
~- ~i-- x =
|
.
|
\
|
3
r 2
~i y =
3
h
~li+-n t
a<iri # 65 : 36 2 cm
3
~i-- + =ii =n n lilni n ---n + ai -izi+n in liln +i lni ai-
+il(
rn. ni-i ~iii +i i i +i n-i: x cm ~i liln +i n-- - -i: y t
V =
3
1
~iii +i -i zi+n - -i:
V =
3
1
x
2
y = 36 2
y =
2
x
2 108
~i S =
2
1
~iii +i lni l- + - -i:
=
2
1
(4x).
n l+- =
2
2
y
4
x
+
S = 2x
2
2
y
4
x
+ =
2 2 4
y x 4 x +
S =
2
2
2 4
x
2 108
x 4 x
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
S(x) =
2
2
4
x
) 108 .( 8
x +
ni-i f(x) = x
4
+
2
2
x
) 108 .( 8
f(x) + - --n ti - + ln( f'(x) = 4x
3

3
2
x
) 108 ( 16
= 0
f'(x) = 4
3
6 6
x
) 6 x (
= 0
x = 6, i l+ l-l-- l-< t
~- x = 6 cm ~i y = 3 2
MATHS
44
a<iri # 66 : ni-i A(1, 2) -ii B( 2, 4) <i l-i l-< t =n ii y = x (+ - l-< P := +i --i i-i
t l+ APAB +i lni - --n ti . -i l-< P + l-< zii+ ai- +il(
rn. -l+ A'B ~i P, A',B + = ii ti- +i l-il- n =n-i lni- ti ni ~- i +i n-i:
- --n ti- + ln( P (+ ( =i lzi i l-< t l=+ ln( PA( PB < i ii y = x n +nzi ~il-- l+i
( il-- l+i - i
l-< A' ( B +i lnni- ini =n ii +i =ni+i y = 2x.
:= =n ii +i. =n ii y = x + =ii l--z < l-< P ti ni
~- P (0, 0).
aia: -i+- l=zi-- ~li+ -ini t +il+ := -t + z-i n P +i l-il- +i lni +i +n- -i+ ---n
+- n tn t- n-i ti i-i t
4iu +i4 :
(42) ( =i <i i-in+ = i( x ~i y ai- +il( l-+i i n 35 ti ( n i-+n x
2
y
5
~li+-n ti
(43) ii- +i 18 cms i i ini (+ ni +i -i< + -ii +i-i = (+ =ni- n +i n t ii~i +i -
+i ~i ni + l-i c ++- +i (+ =-<+ -ii ni t := +i l-ln- =-<+ +i ~i-- ~li+-n
ti- + ln( +i n n +i ii +i n-i: ai- +il(
MATHS
45
(44) l=z +il( l+ l+=i l< n i -i zi+n in n- -ii n- +i ~i-- ~li+-n ti ni l<
n- +i - -i: -=+ ~iii + i= + i ti
(45) <ii -i
25
x
2
+
16
y
2
= 1 ii - n( (+ ~lin- +i +-< = ~li+-n <i ai- +il(
(46) l-< P(1, 2) = n- ini (+ =n ii := +i ii -i i-i t l+ t i-in+ l-< zii ~-ii +i +nzi
l-< ~i A~i B +i-i ti . -i APAB +i ---n -i zi+n ai- +il(
(47) <i +- A( B (+ =iii = + + (+ ti ~i l-i- t ~i :-+i =+ = <i +nzi a ( b t A
~i B = in n n- = + +i +nzi l-< C ( D lnn- t C ( D + n <i c t = +
l+=i l-< P ~--in := +i -ii i-i t l+ < i APB ---n ti l-< P +i l-il- ai-
+il(
Answers : (42) x = 25, y = 10. (43) 3 cm (45) 1 :+i:
(46) 4 :+i: (47) C = P +i < i
b a
ac
+
t

Application of Derivatives Theory - H

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Application of Derivatives Theory - H

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MATHS

+i -zi +- ini =ii =n ii~i + =ni+i ai- +il( i =n ii x + y = 0

(7) l=z +il( l+ + xy = c

-zi ii +i n-i: + ~-zii +i n-i: = |y

~ +n- g(x), =-- ( ~+n-i <i +n-i + in+n + i - t

LMVT +i 4ifat4 sat+i :

rn ni-i f(x) = tan

g'(x) > 0 x e (0, 1) + ln( g(x) (+l< z ni- t

(i) x e (0, ) + ln( g'(x) < 0

) > 0, ~- +n- f(x) + ln( -l-- i l-l-- +i +i : l-< lni- -ti t

f(x) +i l-l-- = 16 ( f(x) +i -l-- = 11.

x = 3, 1 -ii-i l-l-- i-- ti-i t

) > 0 ~- -ii-i -l-- y = 45 t

~li+-n ~i-- + ln(

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