Chapter # 4 Forces

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Solved Examples
1. Suppose the exact charge neutrality does not hold in a world and the electron has a charge 1% less in
magnitude than the proton. Calculate the Coulomb force acting between two blocks of iron each of
mass 1 kg separated by a distance of 1 m. Number of protons in an iron atom = 26 and 58 kg of iron
contains 6 10
26
atins.
Sol. Each atom of iron will have a net positive charge 26 0.01 1.6 10
19
C on it in the assumed world.
The total positive charge on a 1 kg block would be
58
10 6
26

26 1.6 10
21
C
= 4.3 10
5
X.
The Coulomb force between the two blocks is
=
0
4
1
tc
2
2 1
r
q q
=
2
2 5 2 2 9
) m 1 (
) C 10 3 . 4 ( C / m N 10 0 . 9
= 9 10
9
18.49 10
10
N
= 1.7 10
21
N.
A tremendous force indeed !
Worked out Examples
1. Figure shows two hydrogen atoms. Show on a separate diagram all the electric forces acting on
different particles of the system.
Sol. Each particle exerts electric forces on the remaining three particles. Thus there exist 4 3 = 12 forces
in all. Figure shows them.
2. Figure shows two rods each of length l placed side by side , with their facing ends separated by a
distance a . Charges +q, q reside on the rods as shown. Calculate the electric force on the rod, Adue
to the rod B. Discuss the case when l >>a, a>>l.
Sol. The force on the rod A due to the change +q of the rod B
=
2
0
2
2
0
2
a 4
q
) a l ( 4
q
e t
+
+ e t

towards right . The force on this rod due to the charge q
=
2
0
2
2
0
2
) a l ( 4
q
) a l 2 ( 4
q
+ e t

+ e t
towards right .
The resultant force on the rod is
Chapter # 4 Forces
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F =
0
2
4
q
e t
(
(

+
+
+

2 2 2
) a l 2 (
1
) a l (
2
a
1
towards right.
If l >> a, the last two terms in the square brackets are negligible as compared to the first term. Then
F ~
2
0
2
a 4
q
e t
If a >> l
F ~
(

+
e t
2 2 2
0
2
a
1
a
2
a
1
4
q
~ 0
Two neutral objects placed far away exert only negligible force on each other but when they are placed
closer they may exert appreciable force.
3. Calculate the ratio of electric to gravitational force between two electrons.
Sol. The electric force =
2
0
2
r 4
e
e t
and the gravitational force =
2
2
e
r
) m ( G
The ratio is
2
e 0
2
) m ( G 4
e
e t
=
2 31
2
2
11
2 19
2
2
9
) kg 10 1 . 9 (
kg
m N
10 67 . 6
) C 10 6 . 1 (
C
m N
10 9

= 4.17 10
42
.
QUESTIONS FOR SHORT ANSWERS
1. Abody of mass m is placed on a table . The earth is pulling the body with a force mg. Taking this force
to be the action , what is the reaction?
2. A boy is sitting on a chair placed on the floor of a room. Write as many action-reaction pairs of forces
as you can
3. A lawyer alleges in court that the police has forced his client to issue a statement of confession. What
kind of force is this?
4. When you hold a pen and write on your notebook, what kind of force is exerted by you on the pen? By
the pen on the notebook? By you on the notebook ?
5. Is it true that the reaction of a gravitational force is always gravitational, of an electromagnetic force is
always electromagnetic and so on ?
6. Suppose the magnitude of Nuclear force between two protons varies with the distance between them
as shown in figure. Estimate the ratio Nuclear force / Coulomb force for (a) x = 8 fm (b) = 4 fm, (c) x
= 2 fm, (d) x = 1 fm (1fm = 10
15
m.)
7. List all the forces acting on the block B in figure.
Chapter # 4 Forces
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8. List all the forces acting on (a) the pulley A, (b) the boy and (c) the block C in figure.
9. Figure shows a boy pulling a wagon on a road. List as many forces as you can which are relevant with
this figure . Find the pairs of forces connected by Newtons third law of motion.
10. Figure shows a cart . Complete the table shown below.
Force on Force by Nature of the force Direction
Cart
1
2
3
:
Horse
1
2
3
:
Driver
1
2
3
:
Chapter # 4 Forces
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Objective I
1. When Nells Bohar shook hand with Werner Heisenberg, what kind of force they exerted ?
-i-= i . - ti:-n = tii lnni-i t -i --+ n +i -=i n nn-i t
(a) Gravitational (b*) Electromagnetic (c) Nuclear (d) Weak
(a) n i (b*) l -- -+i (c) -ili+i (d) -iii
2. Let E,G and N represents the magnitude of electromagnetic, gravitional and nuclear forces between
two electrons at a given separation . Then
ni-il+ l+=i l-l-- < i l-i-. <i :n+i -i + n nn- in l - --+i. ni -lii -ili+i ni
+ lnii +nzi E,G -ii N t . -i
(a) N < E < G (b) E > N > G (c) G > N > E (d*) E > G > N
3. The sum of all electromagnetic forces between different particles of a system of charged particles is
zero.
~ilzi- +ii + l-+i + lli-- +ii + n nn-in l---+i ni +i in zi- tini
(a) Only if all the particles are positively charged.
+n l< l-- -+i ni +i i n zi- ti ni
(b) Only if all the particles are negatively charged.
+ n l< =n-- +i +iilzi- t
(c) Only if half the particles are positively charged and half are negatively charged.
+n l< ~ii +i i-ilzi- -ii ~ii +i +iilzi- t
(d*) irrespective of the signs of the charges.
~izii + l--t l-i -ti +-i t
4. A 60 kg man pushes a 40 kg man by a force of 60 N. The 40 kg man has pushed the other man with a
force.
60 l+ni <ni- +i (+ l+- 40 l+ni. <ni- in l+- +i 60 N n = i++i <-i t 40 l+n i <ni- +i
l+-< = +i l--- n = i+nni
(a) 40N (b) 0 (c*) 60N (d) 20N
Sol. Due to action reaction pair they will be equal in magnitude.
Objective II
1. A neutron exerts a force on a proton which is
(+ - i - l+=i ii - i n nni-i t . t t
(a*) gravitional (b) electromagnetic (c*) nuclear (d) weak
(a*) n i (b) l -- -+i (c*) -ili+i (d) -iii
2. A proton exerts a force on a proton which is
+i : ii -. l+=i ~- i i - i n nni-i t . t t
(a*) gravitional (b*) electromagnetic (c*) nuclear (d) weak
(a*) n i (b) l -- -+i (c*) -ili+i (d) -iii
3. Mark the correct statements :
= +i- - l-
(a) The nuclear force between two protons is always greater than the electromagnetic force between
them.
<i i i -i + n nn- ini -ili+i n =< --+ n nn- in l -- -+i n= ~li+ ti-i t
(b*) The electromagnetic force between two protons is always greater than the gravitional force
between them.
<i i i -i + n nn- ini l-- -+i n =< --+ n nn- in n i n = ~li+ ti -i t
(c*) The gravitional force between two protons may be greater than the nuclear force between
them.
<i ii -i + + n nn- ini n i n. --+ n nn- in -ili+i n = ~li+ ti =+-i t
(d*) The electromagnetic force between two protons may be greater than the nuclear force acting
between them.
Chapter # 4 Forces
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<i ii -i + n nn- ini l- --+i n --+ n nn-in -ili+i n = ~li+ ti =+-i t
4. If all matter were made of electrically neutral particles such as neutrons,
l< =n-- <ii - -<i=ii- +ii = - i -i = -i ti -i
(a*) there would be no force of friction. (b*) there would be no tension in the string
(c*) it would not be possible to sit on a chair (d) the earth could not move around the sun.
(a*) -i ti +i: iii n -ti ti-i (b*) -i ti ii n --i -ti ti -i
(c*) -i ti +=i a-i =i -ti ti -i (d) -i i = + -ii ~i nl- -ti +-i
5. Which of the following systems may be adequately described by classical physics ?
l--- n = +i -= l-+i ai+ l- =-n- i li+i + ~ -n- ~i- t
(a*) motion of a cricket ball (b*) motin of a dust particle
(c) a hydrogen ato (d) a neutron changing to a proton.
(a*) l++ +i n < +i nl- (b*) in + +i +i nl-
(c) ti: i - nii (d) i i - n ll- - ti -i t ~i (+ - i -
6. The two ends of a spring are displaced along the length of the spring. All displacement have equal
magnitudes. In which case or cases the tention or compression in the spring will have a maximum
magnitude ?
l+=i l-n + <i-i l= l-n +i n-i: + ~-l<zi l-iil- l+ n t =n-- l-ii- =ni- lnii + t
l+= l-il- n i l-lil-i n l-n n --i i =i- +i lnii ~li+-n t
(a*) the right end is displaced toward right and the left end towards left.
<ii l=i <ii ~i -ii ii l=i ii ~i l-iil- l+i i
(b) both ends are displaced towards right.
<i -i l= <ii ~i l-iil- l+ i
(c) both ends are displaced towards left.
<i-i l= ii ~i l-iil- l+ i
(d*) the right end is displaced towards left and the left end towards right.
<ii l=i ii ~i -iiii l=i <-ii ~i l-iil- l+i i
7. Action and reaction
l+i -ii l-l+i
(a*) act on two different objects (b*) have equal magnitude
(c*) have opposite directions (d*) have resultant zero.
(a*) <i li--li-- --~i nn-i t (b*) + lnii (+ =ni- ti - t
(c*) +i l<zii( li- ti-i t (d*) +i liini zi- ti-i t
Exercises
1. The gravitational force acting on a particle of 1 g due to a similar particle is equal to 6.67 10
17
N.
Calculate the separation between the particles.
1 nin <ni- in +i (= ti (+ ~- +i ,ii nn- ini ni n 6.67 10
17
N -- t +ii +
n < i +i ni-i +il
[Ans : 1m]
2. Calculate the force with which you attract the earth.
i + ,ii ~i nn- in +iii n +i ni-i +il
3. At what distance should two charges , each equal to 1C be placed so that the force between them
equals your weight ?
=ni- lnii 1 C in <i ~izii +i l+--i < iii l+--+ n nn- ini n. ~i+ ii + i t `
4. Two spherical bodies, each of mass 50 kg, are placed at a sepration of 20 cm. Equal charges are
placed on the bodies and it is found that the force of Coulomb repulsion equals the gravitational attraction
in magnitude of the charge placed on either body.
<i nini+i c--~i. (+ <ni- 50 l+ni t) +i 20 =ni < ii ni t--~i =ni- ~izi i n t
-ii t l-i- l+i ni t l+ +nini l+ii n -ii ni n + lnii i t l+=i ii -- i
n ~izi +i lnii ai- +il
Chapter # 4 Forces
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[Ans : 4.3 10
9
C]
5. A monkey is sitting on a tree limb. The limb exerts a normal force of 48N and a fractional force of 20N.
Find the magnitude of the total force exerted by the limb on the monkey.
(+ -< +i ini ai t ini + ,ii nnii ni ~lin-- n 48N -ii iii n 20 N t ini +
,ii -< nni n + n n +i ni-i +il
[Ans : 52N]
6. A body builder exerts a force of 150N against a bullworker and compresses it by 20cm. Calculate the
spring constant of the spring in the bullworker.
(+ tni- n+ 150 N n nni+i :=+i 20 =ni =-il- + <-i t n+ n nni t: l-n +i
l- n l--i + ai- +il
[Ans : 750 N/M]
7. Asatellite is projected vertically upwards from an earth station. At what height above the earths surface
will the force on the satellite due to the earth be reduced to half its value at the earth station?
(Radius of the earth is 6400 km.)
i +i =-t l-i- - zi- = -ii - +i ~i (+ -nt -i l- l+ini t i +i =-t = l+= - -i:
i + +ii nn- ini n. := - zi- i + +ii n +i ~iii t in ` (i +i lzii 6400
l+ni t)
[Ans : 2650 km]
8. Two charged particles placed at a separation of 20 cm exert 20N of Coulomb force on each other. What
will be the force if the separation is increased to 25 cm ?
20 =ni <i l-i- <i ~izi - 20 N +nini n nni- t l< :-+ n < i c i+ 25 =ni + <i
i -i n l+--i ti i ni `
[Ans : 13N]
9. The force with which the earth attracts an objects is called the weight of the object. Calculate the
weight of the moon from the following data : The universal constant of gravitation G = 6.67 10
11
N
m
2
/kg
2
, mass of the moon = 7.36 10
22
kg, mass of the earth = 6 10
24
kg, and the distance between
the earth and the moon = 3.8 10
5
km.
l+=i -- +i i l= n = ~i+li- +-i t t -= -- +i ii +tni-i t l---lnli- ~i+ i + ~i
ii --<ni + ii +i ni-i +il ni+ii +i =ilzi+ l--i+ G = 6.67 10
11
Nm
2
/kg
2
, --<ni
+i <ni- = 7.36 10
22
kg, i +i <ni- = 6 10
24
kg, li ( --<ni + i- +i <i = 3.8 10
5
km.
[Ans : 2 10
20
N]
10. Find the ratio of the magnitude of the electric force to the gravitational force between two protons.
<i i i -i + n nn- in - n -ii n i n +i ~- i- ai- +il
[Ans : 1.24 10
36
]
11. The average separation between the proton and the electron in a hydrogen atom in ground state is 5.3
10
11
m.
ti:i- nii +i n n ~-ii n ii - -ii :n + i - + n ~i =-< i 5.3 10
11
ni. t
(a) Calculate the Coulomb force between then at the separation
:= < i <i -i + n + nini n +i ni-i +il
(b) When the atom goes into its first excited state the average separation between the proton & electron
process to four times its value in the ground state what is the coulomb force in this state.
nii in --il- -i -- n i-i t -i ii - -ii :n+i - + n ~i=- <i. nn -i ~-ii +i<i
+i -i n-i ti i-i t := ~-ii n + nini n +i ni- l+--i t `
[Ans : (a) 8.2 10
8
N, (b) 5.1 10
9
N]
12. The geostationary orbit of the earth is at a distance of about 36000 km from the earths surface. Find
the weight of a 120-kg equipment placed in a geostationary satellite. The radius of the earth is 6400
km.
i +i i-iii +-ii +i i +i =-t = <i nnin 36000 l+ni t i-iii -nt n i t( 120 l+ni
< ni- + -+i+i ii ai- +il i +i lzii 6400 l+ni t
[Ans : 27N]