Data communication and

computer networks
I1: Communication Networks
and the Internet
The story
Leo@internet!
What happens under the
internet-hood?
Structure of the internet
Network cables?
?
?
Network interface card?
Ethernet-switch?
@home!
Structure of the internet
o Connecting to an ISP
http://ispmonitor.be/
Point-of-presence
@navigators.com/internet_architecture.html
Structure of the internet
o Network of networks = internet
ISP / NSP
Vertical ISP / peer-2-peer ISP / backbone ISP
IXP / NAP connection points
Example: www.bnix.be of www.euro-ix.net (movie!)
@Data and computer
communication, William Stallings
Structure of the internet
o ISP interconnection: tier-1, tier-2,
Example Tier 1
Level 3 Communications,
Cable & Wireless, UUNet,
Sprint, AT&T,
Structure of the internet
http://www.opte.org/maps/
Structure of the internet
o Trans-atlantic cable
Structure of the internet
o Trans-atlantic connections
Check out: http://www.cablemap.info/
Structure of the internet
o LAN / WAN / MAN / PAN / WPAN /
WAN (wide area network)
International network used by several corporations and
individuals
Operated by third party (ex. national telecom)
Long distance media (telephone lines, satellite,...)
Technologies: circuit switching, packet switching, frame relay,
ATM
LAN (local area network)
Limited distance, 1 geographical location ( 1 km)
Use of private cable, managed by 1 corporation
Technologies: ethernet, homeplug, WiFi,
PAN (personal area network)
WLAN (wireless LAN)
HAN (home network)
...
Network devices
@Data and computer communication, William Stallings
Edge
Core
TCP/IP
o TCP/IP rules the internet!
Universal, virtual network: overlay on
interconnected physical networks
Internet ::TCP/IP
ATM, X.25,
Ethernet,
Wifi,
User s view
Real network
LANs
WANs
TCP/IP
Host-to-network
Computer 1 Router/bridge 1
Host-to-network
data TCP/IP
data
Ethernet TCP/IP
data TCP/IP
data Ethernet TCP/IP
data Ethernet TCP/IP
LAN:
Internet:
Application: data
Contd
next slide
...
TCP/IP
Host-to-network
Router/bridge 1 Router/bridge 2
Host-to-network
data TCP/IP
data ATM TCP/IP
data TCP/IP
data ATM TCP/IP
data ATM TCP/IP
Contd
next slide
...
TCP/IP
Host-to-network
Computer 2
Router/bridge 2
Host-to-network
data TCP/IP
data
WiFi TCP/IP
data TCP/IP
data WiFi TCP/IP
data WiFi TCP/IP
data
A layered network design
A layered model separates communication
functions and application processing
OSI model
o Layer 5->7
Application-specific
communication
o Layer 4
Logical end2end
communication
o Layer 1->3
Physical host2host
communication
L3: Network
L7: Application
L5: Session
L6: Presentation
L4: Transport
L2: Data Link
L1: Physical
OSI
Defined by ISO!
OSI = open systems interconnection
OSI model
o L1: physical layer
Takes care of the transmission of bits on the
hardware
Is involved in
Voltage levels
Physical connectors
Cables
Data rate
Transmission distance
...
OSI model
o L2: data link layer
Offers a communication channel to the network layer
that is free of undetected transmission errors across
the physical link
Is involved in
Physical addressing
Network topology
Error detection/correction and notification
Framing
Flow control
Accessing the medium

OSI model
o L3: network layer
Specifies how packets are forwarded from
one end of the network to another
Is involved in
Packet routing (path calculation and selection)
Network addressing
Fragmentation
Congestion control
Accounting

OSI model
o L4: transport layer
Offers end-to-end communication channel
between applications
Several classes of service, e.g.:
Connectionless / connection-oriented
Unreliable / reliable (acknowledged)
Is involved in
Multiplexing
Congestion control
Flow control

OSI model
o L5: session layer
Specifies how to establish, manage and
terminate a communication session with a
remote system
Is involved in
Login on a remote system
Authentication
Synchronization of transfers, e.g. A/V streams

OSI model
o L6: presentation layer
Takes care of the representation (syntax) of
data during transfer between 2 applications
Is involved in
Negotiates and translates appropriate transfer
syntax (ASCII, EBCDIC,...)
Data format representations (little/big endian, )
Encryption
Compression
...
OSI model
o L7: application layer
Specifies how a particular application uses
the network
E.g. web browsing & HTTP
Is involved in
Definition of application requests/replies
E.g. HTTP GET - request

OSI model
Multi-layer switch
Gateway
Router
Switch/bridge
Repeater/hub
Network devices
o Gateway
o Multi-layer switch
Layer-3 ~ router
Higher layers (47)
o Router
Routing from source to destination
Routing @IP-level
Routing tables
Store-and-forward based on 2-level address
hierarchy
Core router/edge router
Network devices
o Switch
~ multi-port device
Frame filtering
Routing @MAC-level
Collision domain separation
VLANs
o Hub
~ multi-port repeater
Regenerate incoming signals on all outputs
o Repeater
Amplifying, retiming,
Network devices
Example: LAN bridge