Suggests that attachments are innate an adaptive.

This is in order to help us survive

Children who keep close to their mothers are more likely to survive as they provide safety
Traits which form attachments are naturally selected. For example social releases which encourage
care giving
This is supported by Klaus and Kennel who stated that mothers who had prolonged skin to skin
contact with their mothers had a stronger attachment
However Durkin suggested that this could be due to the fact that mot of the mothers were
unmarried and from poor families so is difficult to generalise

Also suggests there is a sensitive period in which an attachment is most likely to occur (4-6 months).
After this it becomes ever more difficult to form an attachment.
This is supported by Shaffer and Emerson Glasweigan baby study, whom were studied at monthly
interval for the first 18 months of their life
It was shown that babies had a preference to certain people from 4-7 months but had not formed an
attachment, but by 7+ months they had a special preference to a single attachment
This also supports another of Bowlbys theories monotropy, in which one primary attachment is
formed with 68 % of babies forming a primary attachment to 1 person.

Harlows monkeys 1959
Harlow carried out an experiment on isolated rhesus monkeys, where 2 surrogate mothers were
placed in a cage with the monkey.
One was made of wire and provided food
The other was cloth providing comfort
Harlow found that the monkey appeared to form an attachment with the cloth surrogate, because in
times of stress it would cling to the cloth mother for safety
This disproves the learning theory as if the learning theory was correct, then the monkey would have
formed an attachment to the wire monkey as it suggests that babies form an attachment with the
person who feeds them



The strange situation is said to be reliable as it can be repeated to produce the same results again,
this is shown by main Kaplan and Cassidy who tested babies at 18 months and at 6 years and found
that 100% of those classified as securely attached remained securely attached
The test was devised by Ainsworth in the USA using American children
The test is therefore culturally biased and is an example of imposed etic, as what constitutes
desirable attachmets in USA may not be the same as in Chinak
Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988) carried out a meta-analysis combining the findings of
32 other studies of the strange situation
Found that in most countries secure attachment was the norm and there were more intra
cultural differences than inter cultural differences. However, studies from fox in an Israeli
kibbutz showed a high level of resistant attachments and Grossman in Germany found a high
percentage of insecure avoidant
Despite the large number of studies combined in this meta-analysis over half (18 of the 32)
were still US. Only five of the 32 were carried out in *collectivist cultures.
This could be due to imposed etic. The strange situation is designed for American children and
thus desirable attachemtns in America may not be desirable in China.

5 is obvs
Deprivation is when an existing attachment is lost
Goldfarb children raised in institutes performed poorly on IQ tests compared with those that had
been fostered
Privation is when an attachment has never been present
Gemie girl locked in room fofr most of her life
Poor social skills and no language abilities
Despite education leading to major improvements, social skills and language remained poor.

Report everything no mater how trivial
Context reinstatement recreate the scene sound, smells but crucially emotions
Recall in reverse order
Recall from a different perspective