Water Management Josef Frst 2 Learning objectives In this section you will learn: Overview of commonalities in GIS technology and hydrology to motivate for GIS use in hydrology and water management. Basic understanding of modelling with spatial information Overview of properties of spatial information in hydrology and water management 3 Outline Introduction Motivation Data and information Problems Summary
4 Introduction Establish a relationship between problems in water resources and the capabilities of GIS by comparison of terms and schematic figures Discrimination between Data and Information Characterisation of hydrological information 5 Motivation Concordance between tasks in hydrology and water management and functionality of GIS technology Hydrology and water management GIS The scientific study of the properties, distribution, and effects of water on the earth's surface, in the soil and underlying rocks, and in the atmosphere GIS is a system of hardware and software used for storage, retrieval, mapping, and analysis of geographic data, which references a particular place on the earth 6 Schematic illustration of the hydrologic cycle In a text book of hydrology (Bras, 1990): The world in GIS (ESRI, 1998): Motivation Concordance between tasks in hydrology and water management and functionality of GIS technology
7 Hydrologisches Modell SHE (Bathurst & OConnell, 1992): GIS-berlagerung (Vieux, 1992):
Motivation Concordance between tasks in hydrology and water management and functionality of GIS technology 8 Data and information Data 9 Data and information Data + Knowledge 10 Data and information Data + Knowledge = Information Danube 11 Data and information Data
??? part of ASCII Grid File 12 Data and information Header Information
Technical hints on format, resolution, georeference ??? What is it actually??? 13 Data and Information Metadata 14 Data and Information GIS map display 15 Data and Information Cartography 16 Data and information Data + Knowledge = Information E.g.: a sequence of coordinates describes a polyline (= data). Knowing that this polyline represents a reach of a river, creates knowledge of it. The model concept determines data requirements e.g: the unit hydrograph contains information about the catchments reaction to rainfall, which depends on shape, size, height, vegetation, geology, slopes, etc., without having to know these factor zu develop the UH it is amodel of the catchment and has a spatial reference Models with distributed parameters use a spatially distributed characterisation of catchment properties 17 Data and information Information Hydrol. time series River network Land cover Terrain Hydro- geology Geometry points lines, 2D, 3D areas (polygons) 3D surface bodies, volumes Acquisition point related, time dependent ground survey, remote sensing, derived from DEM ground survey, RS, regionalisatio n from point and line samples ground survey, photogramme try, RS, GPS,
boreholes, geophysics,
Presentation hydrographs, maps of monitoring networks maps, longitudinal profiles, cross sections, maps, areal statistics, 3D, contours, raster maps, hillshading, hypsometric curve raster maps, contours, profiles, pseudo-3D, fence diagrams Properties of spatial information in hydrology and water resources 18 Data and information Information Hydrol. time series River network Land cover Terrain Hydro- geology Model application Runoff, groundwater, flood statistics Hydraulics, flood routing, P-R, ecology, limnology Soil erosion, evapotranspir ation, GW recharge Distributed H.M., synthetic drainage network, soil erosion, Groundwater, soils, river basin models,
Geological sequence, Properties of spatial information in hydrology and water resources 19 Problems Water resources management Goal-oriented order of human impacts on surface and subsurface water. Compensation of conflicts between natural water supply and anthropogenic demands Uses and functions Domestic and industrial water supply, cooling water, irrigation, flood protection, hydro power, navigation, water quality, including sewage treatment and low flow regulation, recreation, fishing, drainage, erosion, sedimentation Protection and enhancement Natural water bodies, archeological, historical, biological and geological resources, eco-systems, quality of water, land and air. GIS supports inter-disciplinarity 20 Summary Many developments in GIS technology originate from environmental and natural sciences use of GIS in hydrology and water management natural Hydrologic models are based on information about the area, for which hydrologic processes are to be described. The model concept determines, in which form the area characteristics are to be made available important hydrologic information: Time series, drainage network, land use, elevation model, hydrogeology. Spatial hydrologic information is basis for water management planning, both for use and protection of water resources and the environment