31 Mesh-current and

nodal analysis
At the end of this chapter you should be able to:
solve d.c. and a.c. networks using mesh-current analysis
solve d.c. and a.c. networks using nodal analysis
31.1 Mesh-current
analysis
Mesh-current analysis is merely an extension of the use of Kirchhoffs
laws, explained in Chapter 30. Figure 31.1 shows a network whose circu-
lating currents I
1
, I
2
and I
3
have been assigned to closed loops in the
circuit rather than to branches. Currents I
1
, I
2
and I
3
are called mesh-
currents or loop-currents.
Figure 31.1
In mesh-current analysis the loop-currents are all arranged to circu-
late in the same direction (in Figure 31.1, shown as clockwise direction).
Kirchhoffs second law is applied to each of the loops in turn, which
in the circuit of Figure 31.1 produces three equations in three unknowns
which may be solved for I
1
, I
2
and I
3
. The three equations produced from
Figure 31.1 are:
I
1
Z
1
CZ
2
I
2
Z
2
D E
1
I
2
Z
2
CZ
3
CZ
4
I
1
Z
2
I
3
Z
4
D 0
I
3
Z
4
CZ
5
I
2
Z
4
D E
2
The branch currents are determined by taking the phasor sum of the
mesh currents common to that branch. For example, the current owing
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1
in impedance Z
2
of Figure 31.1 is given by (I
1
I
2
) phasorially. The
method of mesh-current analysis, called Maxwells theorem, is demon-
strated in the following problems.
Problem 1. Use mesh-current analysis to determine the current
owing in (a) the 5 resistance, and (b) the 1 resistance of the
d.c. circuit shown in Figure 31.2.
Figure 31.2
The mesh currents I
1
, I
2
and I
3
are shown in Figure 31.2. Using Kirch-
hoffs voltage law:
For loop 1, 3 C5I
1
5I
2
D 4 1
For loop 2, 4 C1 C6 C5I
2
5I
1
1I
3
D 0 2
For loop 3, 1 C8I
3
1I
2
D 5 3
Thus
8I
1
5I
2
4 D 0 1
0

5I
1
C16I
2
I
3
D 0 2
0

I
2
C9I
3
C5 D 0 3
0

Using determinants,
I
1

5 0 4
16 1 0
1 9 5

D
I
2

8 0 4
5 1 0
0 9 5

D
I
3

8 5 4
5 16 0
0 1 5

D
1

8 5 0
5 16 1
0 1 9

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2
I
1
5

1 0
9 5

16 1
1 9

D
I
2
8

1 0
9 5

5 1
0 9

D
I
3
4

5 16
0 1

C5

8 5
5 16

D
1
8

16 1
1 9

C5

5 1
0 9

I
1
55 4143
D
I
2
85 445
D
I
3
45 C5103
D
1
8143 C545
I
1
547
D
I
2
140
D
I
3
495
D
1
919
Hence I
1
D
547
919
D 0.595 A, I
2
D
140
919
D 0.152 A, and
I
3
D
495
919
D 0.539 A
Thus current in the 5 Z resistance D I
1
I
2
D 0.595 0.152
D 0.44 A,
and current in the 1 Z resistance D I
2
I
3
D 0.152 0.539
D 0.69 A
Problem 2. For the a.c. network shown in Figure 31.3 determine,
using mesh-current analysis, (a) the mesh currents I
1
and I
2
(b) the
current owing in the capacitor, and (c) the active power delivered
by the 100
6
0

V voltage source.
Figure 31.3
(a) For the rst loop 5 j4I
1
j4I
2
D 100
6
0

(1)
For the second loop 4 Cj3 j4I
2
j4I
1
D 0 (2)
Rewriting equations (1) and (2) gives:
5 j4I
1
Cj4I
2
100 D 0 1
0

j4I
1
C4 jI
2
C0 D 0 2
0

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Thus, using determinants,
I
1

j4 100
4 j 0

D
I
2

5 j4 100
j4 0

D
1

5 j4 j4
j4 4 j

I
1
400 j100
D
I
2
j400
D
1
32 j21
Hence I
1
D
400 j100
32 j21
D
412.31
6
14.04

38.28
6
33.27
D 10.77
6
19.23

A D 10.8
6
19.2

A,
correct to one decimal place
I
2
D
400
6
90

38.28
6
33.27
D 10.45
6
56.73

A
D 10.5
6
56.7

A,
correct to one decimal place
(b) Current owing in capacitor D I
1
I
2
D 10.77
6
19.23

10.45
6
56.73

D 4.44 Cj12.28 D 13.1

6
70.12

A,
i.e., the current in the capacitor is 13.1 A
(c) Source power P D VI cos D 10010.77 cos 19.23

D 1016.9 W D 1020 W,
correct to three signicant gures.
(Check: power in 5 resistor D I
2
1
5 D 10.77
2
5 D 579.97 W
and power in 4 resistor D I
2
2
4 D 10.45
2
4 D 436.81 W
Thus total power dissipated D 579.97 C436.81
D 1016.8 W D 1020 W, correct
to three signicant gures.)
Problem 3. A balanced star-connected 3-phase load is shown in
Figure 31.4. Determine the value of the line currents I
R
, I
Y
and I
B
using mesh-current analysis.
Figure 31.4
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Two mesh currents I
1
and I
2
are chosen as shown in Figure 31.4.
From loop 1, I
1
3 Cj4 CI
1
3 Cj4 I
2
3 Cj4 D 415
6
120

i.e., 6 Cj8I
1
3 Cj4I
2
415
6
120

D 0 1
From loop 2, I
2
3 Cj4 I
1
3 Cj4 CI
2
3 Cj4 D 415
6
0

i.e., 3 Cj4I
1
C6 Cj8I
2
415
6
0

D 0 2
Solving equations (1) and (2) using determinants gives:
I
1

3 Cj4 415
6
120

6 Cj8 415
6
0

D
I
2

6 Cj8 415
6
120

3 Cj4 415
6
0

D
1

6 Cj8 3 Cj4
3 Cj4 6 Cj8

I
1
2075
6
53.13 C4150
6
173.13
D
I
2
4150
6
53.13 2075
6
173.13
D
1
100
6
106.26 25
6
106.26
I
1
3594
6
143.13
D
I
2
3594
6
83.13
D
1
75
6
106.26
Hence I
1
D
3594
6
143.13

75
6
106.26
D 47.9
6
36.87

A
and I
2
D
3594
6
83.13

75
6
106.26
D 47.9
6
23.13

A
Thus line current I
R
D I
1
D 47.9
66
36.87

A
I
B
D I
2
D 47.9
6
23.23

A
D 47.9
66
156.87

A
and I
Y
D I
2
I
1
D 47.9
6
23.13

47.9
6
36.87

D 47.9
66
83.13

A
Further problems on mesh-current analysis may be found in Section 31.3,
problems 1 to 9, page 559.
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31.2 Nodal analysis A node of a network is dened as a point where two or more branches
are joined. If three or more branches join at a node, then that node is
called a principal node or junction. In Figure 31.5, points 1, 2, 3, 4 and
5 are nodes, and points 1, 2 and 3 are principal nodes.
A node voltage is the voltage of a particular node with respect to a
node called the reference node. If in Figure 31.5, for example, node 3 is
chosen as the reference node then V
13
is assumed to mean the voltage
at node 1 with respect to node 3 (as distinct from V
31
). Similarly, V
23
would be assumed to mean the voltage at node 2 with respect to node 3,
and so on. However, since the node voltage is always determined with
respect to a particular chosen reference node, the notation V
1
for V
13
and
V
2
for V
23
would always be used in this instance.
The object of nodal analysis is to determine the values of voltages at
all the principal nodes with respect to the reference node, e.g., to nd
voltages V
1
and V
2
in Figure 31.5. When such voltages are determined,
the currents owing in each branch can be found.
Kirchhoffs current law is applied to nodes 1 and 2 in turn in
Figure 31.5 and two equations in unknowns V
1
and V
2
are obtained which
may be simultaneously solved using determinants.
Figure 31.5 Figure 31.6
The branches leading to node 1 are shown separately in Figure 31.6.
Let us assume that all branch currents are leaving the node as shown.
Since the sum of currents at a junction is zero,
V
1
V
x
Z
A
C
V
1
Z
D
C
V
1
V
2
Z
B
D 0 1
Similarly, for node 2, assuming all branch currents are leaving the node
as shown in Figure 31.7,
V
2
V
1
Z
B
C
V
2
Z
E
C
V
2
CV
Y
Z
C
D 0 2
In equations (1) and (2), the currents are all assumed to be leaving the
node. In fact, any selection in the direction of the branch currents may
be made the resulting equations will be identical. (For example, if for
node 1 the current owing in Z
B
is considered as owing towards node 1
instead of away, then the equation for node 1 becomes
Figure 31.7
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V
1
V
x
Z
A
C
V
1
Z
D
D
V
2
V
1
Z
B
which if rearranged is seen to be exactly the same as equation (1).)
Rearranging equations (1) and (2) gives:

1
Z
A
C
1
Z
B
C
1
Z
D

V
1

1
Z
B

V
2

1
Z
A

V
x
D 0 3

1
Z
B

V
1
C

1
Z
B
C
1
Z
C
C
1
Z
E

V
2
C

1
Z
C

V
Y
D 0 4
Equations (3) and (4) may be rewritten in terms of admittances (where
admittance Y D l/Z ):
Y
A
CY
B
CY
D
V
1
Y
B
V
2
Y
A
V
x
D 0 5
Y
B
V
1
CY
B
CY
C
CY
E
V
2
CY
C
V
Y
D 0 6
Equations (5) and (6) may be solved for V
1
and V
2
by using determinants.
Thus
V
1

Y
B
Y
A
Y
B
CY
C
CY
E
Y
C

D
V
2

Y
A
CY
B
CY
D
Y
A
Y
B
Y
C

D
1

Y
A
CY
B
CY
D
Y
B
Y
B
Y
B
CY
C
CY
E

Current equations, and hence voltage equations, may be written at each

principal node of a network with the exception of a reference node. The
number of equations necessary to produce a solution for a circuit is, in
fact, always one less than the number of principal nodes.
Whether mesh-current analysis or nodal analysis is used to determine
currents in circuits depends on the number of loops and nodes the circuit
contains, Basically, the method that requires the least number of equations
is used. The method of nodal analysis is demonstrated in the following
problems.
Problem 4. For the network shown in Figure 31.8, determine the
voltage V
AB
, by using nodal analysis.
Figure 31.8
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Figure 31.8 contains two principal nodes (at 1 and B) and thus only one
nodal equation is required. B is taken as the reference node and the equa-
tion for node 1 is obtained as follows. Applying Kirchhoffs current law
to node 1 gives:
I
X
CI
Y
D I
i.e.,
V
1
16
C
V
1
4 Cj3
D 20
6
0

Thus V
1

1
16
C
1
4 Cj3

D 20
V
1

0.0625 C
4 j3
4
2
C3
2

D 20
V
1
0.0625 C0.16 j0.12 D 20
V
1
0.2225 j0.12 D 20
from which, V
1
D
20
0.2225 j0.12
D
20
0.2528
6
28.34
i.e., voltage V
1
D 79.1
6
28.34

V
The current through the 4 Cj3 branch, I
y
D V
1
/4 Cj3
Hence the voltage drop between points A and B, i.e., across the 4
resistance, is given by:
V
AB
D I
y
4 D
V
1
4
4 Cj3
D
79.1
6
28.34

5
6
36.87
4 D 63.3
6
8.53

V
Problem 5. Determine the value of voltage V
XY
shown in the
circuit of Figure 31.9.
Figure 31.9
The circuit contains no principal nodes. However, if point Y is chosen as
the reference node then an equation may be written for node X assuming
that current leaves point X by both branches.
Thus
V
X
8
6
0

5 C4
C
V
x
8
6
90

3 Cj6
D 0
from which, V
X

1
9
C
1
3 Cj6

D
8
9
C
j8
3 Cj6
V
X

1
9
C
3 j6
3
2
C6
2

D
8
9
C
j83 j6
3
2
C6
2
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V
X
0.1778 j0.1333 D 0.8889 C
48 Cj24
45
V
X
0.2222
6
36.86

D 1.9556 Cj0.5333
D 2.027
6
15.25

Since point Y is the reference node,

voltage V
X
D V
XY
D
2.027
6
15.25

0.2222
6
36.86
D 9.12
6
52.11

V
Problem 6. Use nodal analysis to determine the current owing
in each branch of the network shown in Figure 31.10.
Figure 31.10
This is the same problem as problem 1 of Chapter 30, page 536, which
was solved using Kirchhoffs laws. A comparison of methods can
be made.
There are only two principal nodes in Figure 31.10 so only one nodal
equation is required. Node 2 is taken as the reference node.
The equation at node 1 is I
1
CI
2
CI
3
D 0
i.e.,
V
1
100
6
0

25
C
V
1
20
C
V
1
50
6
90

10
D 0
i.e.,

1
25
C
1
20
C
1
10

V
1

100
6
0

25

50
6
90

10
D 0
0.19 V
1
D 4 Cj5
Thus the voltage at node 1, V
1
D
4 Cj5
0.19
D 33.70
6
51.34

V
or 21.05 Cj26.32V
Hence the current in the 25 resistance,
I
1
D
V
1
100
6
0

25
D
21.05 Cj26.32 100
25
D
78.95 Cj26.32
25
D 3.33
66
161.56

A owing away from node 1

or 3.33
6
161.56

180

A D 3.33
6
18.44

A owing toward
node 1)
The current in the 20 resistance,
I
2
D
V
1
20
D
33.70
6
51.34

20
D 1.69
66
51.34

A
owing from node 1 to node 2
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The current in the 10 resistor,
I
3
D
V
1
50
6
90

10
D
21.05 Cj26.32 j50
10
D
21.05 j23.68
10
D 3.17
66
48.36

A away from node 1

or 3.17
6
48.36

180

D 3.17
6
228.36

A D 3.17
66
131.64

A
toward node 1)
Problem 7. In the network of Figure 31.11 use nodal analysis to
determine (a) the voltage at nodes 1 and 2, (b) the current in the
j4 inductance, (c) the current in the 5 resistance, and (d) the
magnitude of the active power dissipated in the 2.5 resistance.
Figure 31.11
(a) At node 1,
V
1
25
6
0

2
C
V
1
j4
C
V
1
V
2
5
D 0
Rearranging gives:

1
2
C
1
j4
C
1
5

V
1

1
5

V
2

25
6
0

2
D 0
i.e., 0.7 Cj0.25V
1
0.2V
2
12.5 D 0 1
At node 2,
V
2
25
6
90

2.5
C
V
2
j4
C
V
2
V
1
5
D 0
Rearranging gives:

1
5

V
1
C

1
2.5
C
1
j4
C
1
5

V
2

25
6
90

2.5
D 0
i.e., 0.2V
1
C0.6 j0.25V
2
j10 D 0 2
Thus two simultaneous equations have been formed with two
unknowns, V
1
and V
2
. Using determinants, if
0.7 Cj0.25V
1
0.2V
2
12.5 D 0 1
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10
and 0.2V
1
C0.6 j0.25V
2
j10 D 0 2
then
V
1

0.2 12.5
0.6 j0.25 j10

D
V
2

0.7 Cj0.25 12.5

0.2 j10

D
1

0.7 Cj0.25 0.2

0.2 0.6 j0.25

i.e.,
V
1
j2 C7.5 j3.125
D
V
2
j7 C2.5 2.5
D
1
0.42 j0.175 Cj0.15 C0.0625 0.04
and
V
1
7.584
6
8.53
D
V
2
7
6
90
D
1
0.443
6
3.23
Thus voltage, V
1
D
7.584
6
8.53

0.443
6
3.23
D 17.12
6
5.30

V
D 17.1
6
5.3

V, correct to one decimal place,

and voltage, V
2
D
7
6
90

0.443
6
3.23
D 15.80
6
93.23

V
D 15.8
6
93.2

V, correct to one decimal place.

(b) The current in the j4 inductance is given by:
V
2
j4
D
15.80
6
93.23

4
6
90
D 3.95
6
3.23

A owing away from node 2

(c) The current in the 5 resistance is given by:
I
5
D
V
1
V
2
5
D
17.12
6
5.30

15.80
6
93.23

5
i.e., I
5
D
17.05 j1.58 0.89 Cj15.77
5
D
17.94 j17.35
5
D
24.96
6
44.04

5
D 4.99
6
44.04

A owing from node 1 to node 2

(d) The active power dissipated in the 2.5 resistor is given by
P
2.5
D I
2.5

2
2.5 D

V
2
25
6
90

2.5

2
2.5
D
0.89 Cj15.77 j25
2
2.5
D
9.273
6
95.51

2
2.5
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D
85.99
6
191.02

2.5
by de Moivres theorem
D 34.4
6
169

W
Thus the magnitude of the active power dissipated in the 2.5 Z
resistance is 34.4 W
Problem 8. In the network shown in Figure 31.12 determine the
voltage V
XY
using nodal analysis.
Figure 31.12
Node 3 is taken as the reference node.
At node 1, 25
6
0

D
V
1
4 Cj3
C
V
1
V
2
5
i.e.,

4 j3
25
C
1
5

V
1

1
5
V
2
25 D 0
or 0.379
6
18.43

V
1
0.2V
2
25 D 0 1
At node 2,
V
2
j10
C
V
2
j20
C
V
2
V
1
5
D 0
i.e., 0.2V
1
C

1
j10
C
1
j20
C
1
5

V
2
D 0
or 0.2V
1
Cj0.1 j0.05 C0.2V
2
D 0
i.e., 0.2V
1
C0.25
6
36.87

V
2
C0 D 0 2
Simultaneous equations (1) and (2) may be solved for V
1
and V
2
by using
determinants. Thus,
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12
V
1

0.2 25
0.25
6
36.87

D
V
2

0.379
6
18.43

25
0.2 0

D
1

0.379
6
18.43

0.2
0.2 0.25
6
36.87

i.e.,
V
1
6.25
6
36.87
D
V
2
5
D
1
0.09475
6
55.30 0.04
D
1
0.079
6
79.85
Hence voltage, V
1
D
6.25
6
36.87

0.079
6
79.85
D 79.11
66
42.98

V
and voltage, V
2
D
5
0.079
6
79.85
D 63.29
66
79.85

V
The current owing in the 4 Cj3 branch is V
1
/4 Cj3. Hence the
voltage between point X and node 3 is:
V
1
4 Cj3
j3 D
79.11
6
42.98

3
6
90

5
6
36.87
D 47.47
6
96.11

V
Thus the voltage
V
XY
D V
X
V
Y
D V
X
V
2
D 47.47
6
96.11

63.29
6
79.85

D 16.21 j15.10 D 22.15

66
137

V
Problem 9. Use nodal analysis to determine the voltages at nodes
2 and 3 in Figure 31.13 and hence determine the current owing
in the 2 resistor and the power dissipated in the 3 resistor.
This is the same problem as Problem 2 of Chapter 30, page 537, which
was solved using Kirchhoffs laws.
In Figure 31.13, the reference node is shown at point A.
At node 1,
V
1
V
2
1
C
V
1
6
C
V
1
8 V
3
5
D 0
i.e., 1.367V
1
V
2
0.2V
3
1.6 D 0 1
At node 2,
V
2
2
C
V
2
V
1
1
C
V
2
V
3
3
D 0
Figure 31.13
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i.e., V
1
C1.833V
2
0.333V
3
C0 D 0 2
At node 3,
V
3
4
C
V
3
V
2
3
C
V
3
C8 V
1
5
D 0
i.e., 0.2V
1
0.333V
2
C0.783V
3
C1.6 D 0 3
Equations (1) to (3) can be solved for V
1
, V
2
and V
3
by using
determinants. Hence
V
1

1 0.2 1.6
1.833 0.333 0
0.333 0.783 1.6

D
V
2

1.367 0.2 1.6

1 0.333 0
0.2 0.783 1.6

D
V
3

1.367 1 1.6
1 1.833 0
0.2 0.333 1.6

D
1

1.367 1 0.2
1 1.833 0.333
0.2 0.333 0.783

Solving for V
2
gives:
V
2
1.60.8496 C1.60.6552
D
1
1.3671.3244 C10.8496 0.20.6996
hence
V
2
0.31104
D
1
0.82093
from which, voltage, V
2
D
0.31104
0.82093
D 0.3789 V
Thus the current in the 2 Z resistor D
V
2
2
D
0.3789
2
D 0.19 A,
owing from node 2 to node A.
Solving for V
3
gives:
V
3
1.60.6996 C1.61.5057
D
1
0.82093
hence
V
3
1.2898
D
1
0.82093
from which, voltage,V
3
D
1.2898
0.82093
D 1.571 V
Power in the 3 Z resistor D I
3

2
3 D

V
2
V
3
3

2
3
D
0.3789 1.571
2
3
D 1.27 W
Further problems on nodal analysis may be found in Section 31.3
following, problems 10 to 15, page 560.
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31.3 Further problems
on mesh-current and
nodal analysis
Mesh-current analysis
1 Repeat problems 1 to 10, page 542, of Chapter 30 using mesh-
current analysis.
2 For the network shown in Figure 31.14, use mesh-current analysis
to determine the value of current I and the active power output of
the voltage source. [6.96
6
49.94

A; 644 W]
3 Use mesh-current analysis to determine currents I
1
, I
2
and I
3
for the
network shown in Figure 31.15.
[I
1
D 8.73
6
1.37

A, I
2
D 7.02
6
17.25

A,
I
3
D 3.05
6
48.67

A]
Figure 31.14
Figure 31.15
4 For the network shown in Figure 31.16, determine the current
owing in the 4 Cj3 impedance. [0]
Figure 31.16
5 For the network shown in Figure 31.17, use mesh-current analysis
to determine (a) the current in the capacitor, I
C
, (b) the current in
the inductance, I
L
, (c) the p.d. across the 4 resistance, and (d) the
total active circuit power.
[(a) 14.5 A (b) 11.5 A (c) 71.8 V (d) 2499 W]
Figure 31.17
6 Determine the value of the currents I
R
, I
Y
and I
B
in the network
shown in Figure 31.18 by using mesh-current analysis.
[I
R
D 7.84
6
71.19

AI I
Y
D 9.04
6
37.50

A;
I
B
D 9.89
6
168.81

A]
7 In the network of Figure 31.19, use mesh-current analysis to
determine (a) the current in the capacitor, (b) the current in the 5
resistance, (c) the active power output of the 15
6
0

V source, and
(d) the magnitude of the p.d. across the j2 inductance.
[(a) 1.03 A (b) 1.48 A
(c) 16.28 W (d) 3.47 V]
8 A balanced 3-phase delta-connected load is shown in Figure 31.20.
Use mesh-current analysis to determine the values of mesh currents
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Figure 31.18
I
1
, I
2
and I
3
shown and hence nd the line currents I
R
, I
Y
and I
B
.
[I
1
D 83
6
173.13

A, I
2
D 83
6
53.13

A,
I
3
D 83
6
66.87

A I
R
D 143.8
6
143.13

A,
I
Y
D 143.8
6
23.13

A, I
B
D 143.8
6
96.87

A]
9 Use mesh-circuit analysis to determine the value of currents I
A
to I
E
in the circuit shown in Figure 31.21.
[I
A
D 2.40
6
52.52

A; I
B
D 1.02
6
46.19

A;
I
C
D 1.39
6
57.17

A; I
D
D 0.67
6
15.57

A;
I
E
D 0.996
6
83.74

A]
Figure 31.19
Figure 31.20
Figure 31.21 Figure 31.22
Nodal analysis
10 Repeat problems 1, 2, 5, 8 and 10 on page 542 of Chapter 30, and
problems 2, 3, 5, and 9 above, using nodal analysis.
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Figure 31.23
11 Determine for the network shown in Figure 31.22 the voltage at
node 1 and the voltage V
AB
[V
1
D 59.0
6
28.92

V; V
AB
D 45.3
6
10.89

V]
12 Determine the voltage V
PQ
in the network shown in Figure 31.23.
[V
PQ
D 55.87
6
50.60

V]
13 Use nodal analysis to determine the currents I
A
, I
B
and I
C
shown in
the network of Figure 31.24.
[I
A
D 1.21
6
150.96

AI I
B
D 1.06
6
56.32

A;
I
C
D 0.55
6
32.01

A]
Figure 31.24
14 For the network shown in Figure 31.25 determine (a) the voltages at
nodes 1 and 2, (b) the current in the 40 resistance, (c) the current
in the 20 resistance, and (d) the magnitude of the active power
dissipated in the 10 resistance
[(a) V
1
D 88.12
6
33.86

V, V
2
D 58.72
6
72.28

V
(b) 2.20
6
33.86

A, away from node 1,

(c) 2.80
6
118.65

A, away from node 1, (d) 223 W]

Figure 31.25 Figure 31.26
15 Determine the voltage V
AB
in the network of Figure 31.26, using
nodal analysis. [V
AB
D 54.23
6
102.52

V]
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