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From the calculation, the concentration of HCl is approximately close to the concentration data of the solution,
which was 0.1 M. By using the same geometric method, the mid point of the curve was approximately when
the volume of KOH was 5 mL (pH = 2.0). Assuming that at the mid point pH = pK
a
, pK
a
of HCl will be 2.
However this value is not possible because pK
a
of HCl theoretically less than 1 and the value is very small.
Therefore, we can not determine pK
a
of HCl with this method.
2. Based on the concentration of hydrochloric acid determined in 1, determine the pH at each of the following
stages: I before the addition of the KOH standard solution, ii at the half-neutralization point, iii just before the
neutralization point, iv at the neutralization point, v just after the neutralization point, and vi at the completion
of the titration. Mark these pH values on your titration curve and compare these estimated data with your
experimental results.
(i) Because the solution was diluted with water, the concentration of the diluted HCl before the addition of
KOH was:
[] [
pH of Experimental result: 1.77
(ii) At the half neutralization point, 50% of HCl had been neutralized and []
[].
[
] , [
[]
[]
[]
]
pH of experimental result : 2.06
(iii) Assume that just before the neutralization point, about 10 mL of KOH is added. Therefore,
HCl + KOH KCl + H
2
O
1.00 0.995
-0.995 -0.995 0.9950 0.995
0.005 0.995 0.995
Initial mole of HCl = 0.100 x 10.0 = 1.00 mmol
Initial mole of KOH = 0.0995 x 10.0 = 0.995 mmol
pH= -log [H
+
]= -log [
] = 4.30
pH of experimental result : 6.005 (mean value of 5.85 and 6.16)
(iv) The equation to determine concentration of proton at the neutralization point can be obtained from
[
.
[
pH of experimental result : 6.96
(v) Assume that just after the neutralization point, about 10.15 mL KOH was added
HCl + KOH KCl + H
2
O
1.00 1.01
-1.00 -1.00 1.00 1.00
0 0.01 1.00 1.00
Initial mole of HCl = 0.100 x 10.0 = 1.00 mmol
Initial mole of KOH = 0.0995 x 10.15 = 1.01 mmol
pOH= -log [OH
-
]= -log [
] = 4.00
pH = 14-4 = 10.00
pH of experimental result: 7.64
(vi) Assume at the end of titration, volume of KOH added was 11.15 mL (mean value of 11.10 mL and 11.20
mL)
HCl + KOH KCl + H
2
O
1.00 1.11
-1.00 -1.00 1.00 1.00
0 0.11 1.00 1.00
Initial mole of HCl = 0.100 x 10 = 1.00 mmol
Initial mole of KOH = 0.0995 x 11.15 = 1.11 mmol
pOH= -log [OH
-
]= -log [
] = 2.96
pH = 11.04
pH of experimental result: 11.08 (mean value of 11.1 and 11.06)
3. List other indicators used in titration of acids and bases with their chemical structures and the pH ranges when
the indicators change color.
Indicators pH range Color range Structures
Thymol blue 1.2 - 2.8 Red-yellow
Methyl orange 3.2-4.4 Red-yellow
Bromocresol green 3.8-5.4 Yellow-blue
Methyl red 4.8-6.0 Yellow-red
Experiment 1.1 b Titration of acetic acid
Objective: to determine the precise concentration of the acetic acid solution by titrating it with a basic solution,
KOH of known concentration
Method
1. Dispense 10.0 mL of 0.1 M acetic acid solution into a 200 mL beaker
2. Add 90.0 mL of water and 2 drops of phenolphthalein
3. Repeat step 3-12 in the experiment 1.1 a for this titration
Observation
Quantity of KOH (mL) 0 0.5 1 1.4 1.7 2.1 2.7 2.9 3.3
pH 3.07 3.27 3.49 3.63 3.74 3.86 3.95 4.04 4.11
Quantity of KOH (mL) 3.7 4 4.3 4.9 5.6 5.9 6.5 7 7.4
pH 4.18 4.25 4.3 4.4 4.53 4.58 4.71 4.81 4.9
Quantity of KOH (mL) 8 8.5 8.6 8.8 9 9.2 9.25 9.35 9.4
pH 5.05 5.21 5.26 5.35 5.46 5.56 5.62 5.68 5.76
Quantity of KOH (mL) 9.5 9.55 9.6 9.65 9.7 9.8 9.85 9.9 10
pH 5.83 5.94 6.01 6.08 6.15 6.25 6.53 7.09 7.56
Quantity of KOH (mL) 10.05 10.15 10.2 10.5 10.8 11
pH 8.46 9.15 9.75 10.31 10.81 10.96
Table 3 Experiment 2: Sample results for pH at various points in the titration of 10.0 mL CH
3
COOH with 0.0995 M
KOH
Quantity of KOH (mL) 0 0.6 1 1.55 2.1 3 3.6 3.9 4.6
pH 3.06 3.32 3.52 3.71 3.85 4.07 4.2 4.25 4.38
Quantity of KOH (mL) 5.2 5.7 6.3 7 7.6 8.1 8.3 8.5 8.8
pH 4.48 4.57 4.68 4.81 4.96 5.08 5.16 5.24 5.36
Quantity of KOH (mL) 8.9 9 9.05 9.15 9.3 9.35 9.45 9.55 9.6
pH 5.41 5.45 5.51 5.6 5.67 5.71 5.75 5.89 6.01
Quantity of KOH (mL) 9.65 9.7 9.75 9.8 9.9 9.95 10 10.02 10.1
pH 6.08 6.15 6.24 6.35 6.63 6.84 7.24 7.85 8.35
Quantity of KOH (mL) 10.15 10.4 10.7 11
pH 9.26 10.16 10.7 11.02
Table 4 Experiment 2: Sample results for pH at various points in the titration of 10.0 mL CH
3
COOH with 0.0995 M KOH
Figure 2 Titration Curve of CH
3
COOH by KOH
Discussion
In this experiment, the same concentration of KOH (0.0995 M) was used for the titration. The experiment was also
done 2 times and the values of titration were presented in table 2.
The indicator used in the titration was phenolphthalein and has pH range between 8.2 10.0 and will change color
from colorless to deep pink. In figure 13, the pH range of phenolphthalein was represented by purple rectangle.
From the observation, the color of the solution started to change into pale pink when the volume of KOH added was
10.0 mL (pH = 7.56) in the first experiment and 10.0 mL (pH=7.24) in the second experiment, determining the end
point of the titration. The solution then continued to turn into deep pink. By using geometric method, the equivalent
point of the titration was when the volume of KOH approximately 9.90 mL and the pH of the solution was 7.8.
Question
1. Using the experimental data, estimate the concentration of acetic acid solution used in the experiment and the
value of the dissociation constant pKa of acetic acid
By using the equivalent point from geometrical approach which was at the volume of 9.90 mL,
[
]
[]
From the calculations, the concentration of CH
3
COOH is approximately close to the concentration data of the
solution, which was 0.1 M.
According to the laboratory manual, the value of pK
a
will be the same with pH at the half neutralization point.
By using geometric approach, the half neutralization point is when the volume of KOH added was 4.95 mL and
thus the pH at this point is 4.6. Therefore the pK
a
of acetic acid was 4.6.
2. Based on the concentration of hydrochloric acid determined in 1, determine the pH at each of the following
stages: I before the addition of the KOH standard solution, ii at the half-neutralization point, iii just before the
neutralization point, iv at the neutralization point, v just after the neutralization point, and vi at the completion
of the titration. Mark these pH values on your titration curve and compare these estimated data with your
experimental results.
(i) Because the solution was diluted with water, the concentration of the diluted CH
3
COOH before the addition
of KOH was:
[
] (
) (
)
pH of experimental result: 3.065 (mean value of 3.06 and 3.07)
(ii) At half neutralization point, pH = pK
a
. Therefore,
pH of experimental result: 4.4
(iii) Assume that at the point before equivalent point, 9.8 mL of KOH was added
CH
3
COOH + OH
-
H
2
O + CH
3
COO
-
0.990 0.975
-0.975 -0.975 +0.975 +0.975
0.0150 0.975 0.975
Moles of initial OH
-
= Moles of KOH = 0.0995 x 9.8 = 0.975 mmol
Moles of CH
3
COOH = 0.0990 x 10 = 0.990 mol
pH= pKa + log [
pH of experimental result: 7.8
(v) Assume that at the point just after the equivalent point, 10 mL of KOH was added.
CH
3
COOH + OH
-
H
2
O + CH
3
COO
-
0.990 0.995
-0.990 -0.990 0.990 0.990
0.005 0.990 0.990
Moles of initial OH
-
= Moles of KOH = 0.0995 x 10.0 = 0.995 mmol
Moles of CH
3
COOH = 0.0990 x 10 = 0.990 mmol
pH = -log [OH
-
]= -log [
] = 4.301
pOH = 9.699
pH of experimental result: 7.4 (mean value from both experiments)
(vi) At the completion of titration, 11 mL of KOH was added
CH
3
COOH + OH
-
H
2
O + CH
3
COO
-
0.990 1.095
-0.990 -0.990 0.990 0.990
0.105 0.990 0.990
Moles of initial OH
-
= Moles of KOH = 0.0995 x 11.0 = 1.095mmol
Moles of CH
3
COOH = 0.0990 x 10.0 = 0.990 mmol
pH = -log [OH
-
]= -log [
] = 2.98
pOH = 11.02
pOH of experimental result: 10.99 (mean value from both experiments)
Conclusion
The accurate concentration of HCl and CH
3
COOH was obtained from the titration with 0.0995 M KOH. From the
titration, the concentration of HCl was 0.1000 and the concentration of CH
3
COOH was 0.0990 M.
There are several possible errors in this experiment which caused the pH at some points in the experiment differ from
the theoretical pH:
Parallax error when reading the burette scale
Time used to observe pH meter is sometimes too short because at some points of the titration, the value of pH
keeps increasing even after observation time is over
Observation error when identifying the color change at end point. Another source of error regarding end point
might happen when the color of the solution still changes when flask is shaken but that point has already been
regarded as end point.
Reference
Harris, Daniel C. Quantitative Chemical Analysis. 2007. New York: W.H Freeman and Company.
Murata, Shizuaki; Fumi Urano; and Masahiro Yoshimura. Chemistry Laboratory Manual. 2013. Nagoya: Institute of
Liberal Arts and Sciences, Nagoya University.