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Experiment3: Op-Amp Applications-II
OBJECTIVE:
To study the application of an operational amplifier by observing the
characteristics of an integrator and differentiator.
EQUIPMENTS:
1. 741 OpAmp
2. Resistors
3. Capacitors
4. Digital Multimeter (DMM)
5. Oscilloscope
6. Trainer board
7. Wires
THEORY:
Integrator: If the feedback component used in an OpAmp circuit is a capacitor the
resulting connection is called an integrator. The virtual ground equivalent circuit shows
that an expression for the voltage between input and output can be derived in terms of
the current, I from input to output. The capacitive impedance can be expressed as
Figure: Integrator circuit
Xc=
1
]oC
=
1
SC
I=
vn
R
=
vout
Xc
=
vout
1SC
= - SCVout
R
Vi n
3
2
7
4
6
1
5
+
-
V
+
V
-
OUT
OS1
OS2
C
Vout
I
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vout
vn
= -
1
SCR
The expression above can be rewritten in the time domain as :
Vout = - Vc
= -

C
= -
1
C
i(t)Jt
t
0
=
1
C

vn(t)
R
Jt
t
0
Vout = -
1
RC

vn(t)
R
Jt
t
0

Frequency Domain Analysis:
Gain =
vout
vn
= -
Xc
R
= -
1
]oC
,
R
|
vout
vn
| =
1
oCR
Gain
1
o
An ideal integrator circuit looks like a low pass filter with a corner frequency of zero.
Figure:Frequency response of integrator
Disadvantages of ideal integrator
The feedback element is a capacitor, and thus at dc, where the capacitor behaves as an open
circuit, there is no negative feedback. Any tiny dc component in the input signal will theoretically
produce an infinite output. Of course no infinite output voltage results in practice; rather the
output of the amplifier saturates at a voltage close to the op-amp negative or positive supply.
1/CR
|Vout/ Vin| dB
- 6dB/octave
w (log) 0
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In the presence of op-amp input dc offset voltage v
out
increases linearly until the OpAmp
saturates. The dc input offset current produces a similar problem.
Solution
The dc problem of the integrator circuit can be alleviated by connecting a resistor R
F
across the
integrator capacitor C. Such a resistor provides a dc path through which the dc Currents can
flow, with the result that Vo will now have a dc component instead of rising linearly.
Figure : The Miller integrator with a large
Resistor RF connected inparallel with C in order
to provide negative feedback and hence finite gain at dc
When the input voltage is in square wave we get the output in triangular wave.
Diffrentiator:
A differentiator circuit is shown below:
Figure : Differentiator circuit
R
Vi n
3
2
7
4
6
1
5
+
-
V
+
V
-
OUT
OS1
OS2
C
RF
Vout
Vi n
RF
i
C
3
2
7
4
6
1
5
+
-
V
+
V
-
OUT
OS1
OS2
Vout
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i = C
dn
dt
V
out
= iR
F
=>
V
out
(t) = -R
F
C
dVIn(t)
dt
Gain = |
vout
vn
| = CR
F
Gain
The frequency response of the differentiator can be thought of as STC high pass filter with a
corner frequency at infinity.
Figure:Frequency response of Differentiator
Disadvantages of ideal differentiator:
At high frequency series capacitor becomes short circuit, hence gives high gain
G =
vout
vn
=
RP
XC
When X
C
o , G
To control gain a resistor is added in series to capacitor.
G =
vout
vn
=
RP
XC+R
Even if X
C
is zero, the gain is not high because of the presence f R
To decrease the gain further we add a capacitor parallel to R
F
.
REFERENCE:
1. Microelectronic Circuits- Sedra & Smith (chapter 2: 2.8.2 & 2.8.3)
1/CR
|Vout/ Vin| dB
+ 6dB/octave
w (log) 0
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:


-10Vdc
Integrator
R1
1k
-10Vdc
Differentiator
R2
100k
R2
10M
C1
0.01uF
C1
100pF
Vac
C2
0.01uF
10Vdc
Vac
741
3
2
7
4
6
1
5
+
-
V
+
V
-
OUT
OS1
OS2
741
3
2
7
4
6
1
5
+
-
V
+
V
-
OUT
OS1
OS2
10Vdc
R1
100k
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PROCEDURE:
1. Figure out the pin out of the 741 IC. Connect positive bias voltage (+10V) to pin 7 and
connect negative bias voltage (-10V) to pin 4. Pins 1, 5 and 8 should be left alone.
1. Implement the circuitson the trainer board.
2. Use the function generator on the trainer board as input. For the integrator circuit the
fuction knob in the function generator should be switched to square wave. The output
showing on the oscilloscope should be a triangular wave. Measure the amplitude of the
output signal and compare with the theoretical amplitude
3. . For the differentiator circuit the fuction knob in the function generator should be
switched to triangular wave. The output showing on the oscilloscope should be a square
wave. Measure the amplitude of the output signal compare with the theoretical amplitude
4. Calculate the percentage of error.
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QUESTIONS:
1. What are the limitations of ideal integrator circuit?
2. How these problems are solved? Explain briefly.
3. What type of filtering action does an ideal integrator circuit show? Answer based on the
gain function formula.
4. What is the limitation of ideal differentiator circuit?
5. How this problem is solved? Explain briefly.
6. Why do we add an extra capacitor parallel to the feedback resistor in the differentiator
circuit?
7. What type of filtering action does an ideal differentiator circuit show? Answer based on
the gain function formula.
8. For an ideal Op-Amp differentiator circuit C =10 nF and R =10 k. If a triangular
wave is fed through the input with a rise of 5 V in 50 ms, what would be the magnitude
of the output voltage?
9. For an ideal Op-Amp integrator circuit C =10 nF and R =10 k. If a square wave is fed
through the input with 2 V of 20 ms duration, what would be the magnitude of the output
voltage?
10. In the experiment on practical differentiator circuit we observe that amplitude of the
output signal decreases compared to the input signal. Explain this phenomenon.
[Probably you expected the output to be larger than the input signal.]