I

46

(Iron)(Nickel)
6400
10-30 2900 2900-4600
4600-6400
( 5000C)

(Lithosphere)
80 700
(Asthenosphere)(1000C )
(Convection)
()

()

(/)

(1010 )

(C)

10-30

2.9

0.1

10

220

3.4

0.7

1340

400

3.7

1.3

1640

670

4.4

2.4

2100

1200

4.7

4.8

2250

2880

5.6

13.6

2660

2890

9.9

13.6

2890

3800

11.1

22.8

3380

5150

12.8

32.9

3920

6370

13.1

36.4

4020

2.1
()
() 1912
(Wenger)20
50

5 ( 2150 2000 )
[ (IUGG)/
(IOC)]

(1)(
)(2)(3)()
(4)(5)(6)(7)()


(Interplate Earthquakes)(Ring of
Fire)

600
(Fault)
(Intraplate Earthquakes)

(
)

(1996)
2.2

(Induced Earthquakes)
4


6.2 (1962 )
6.5 (1967 ) 6.1
(1963 )(
180 )

(Surface Waves)
3

(Body Waves)(Surface Waves)

3.1
(a)
(i) ( P Compression Waves):
()
(ii) ( S Shear Waves):
()
(b)
(Rayleigh Waves)
(Love Waves) [](
)

P S
3.2
P (5-7 /) S (3-4 /)
(2-3 /) P S
P
S ()(S-P)

(Seismic Phases)


(a) (<1000 )PS[] PnSn[]
()

Pn
(b) ( 1000-11660 )P S[]PPSS[]
PcPPcSScS[] ()


(c) (>300 ) sPsSpS ps
P S[ P S ] ()

(d) ( 11,000-16,000 )PKPPKIKPSKSPKJKP

()K I P J
S PKIKP P
P SKS S P S

P S (Shadow
Zone)[]

P S
(Attenuate)P S
(r)(Decays as r-1)
(Decays as r-1/2)
S P
4

4.1
(magnitude)

(Richter Scale) 1935

(Charles Francis Richter)(Beno Gutenberg)

(Wood-Anderson seismometer) 0
100 1 ( 103
9

 3 )
10
32
(TNT)*

TNT

()
1.0

0.4810-3

2.0

0.1510-1

3.0

0.48100

4.0

0.15102

5.0

0.48103

6.0

0. 15105

7.0

0.48106

8.0

0. 15108

9.0

0.48109

-
-2004

TNTTrinitrotoluene

4.2

10

 16

(Modified Mercalli Scale) 12 I (

) XII () V VII
1918
7.3 (Isoseismals) VI
VII

1918 7.3
( Lau, 1977)
5

(Origin Time)

(Epicentre) (Focal Depth)(Magnitude)

(Seismic Moment)(Fault Plane)

11

5.1
(Circle Method)
(Residual Method) (Single Station Determination)

P S t1t2 t3
:

V pVs t1
V p Vs

V pVs t 2
V p Vs

V pVs t3
V p Vs

VpP VsS
()

P S

12


5.2

( T )+ F (h, ) + C

M = log A

A
T
F[(h)()]
C

ML(LLocal)MbMs Mw
13

ML / 1935 Wood-Anderson
600
1945 Mb () Ms()
(Mb>6.0-6.5 Ms>8.0-8.5)
(Saturation effect)
1979 Hiroo Kanamori (Mw)
Mw
M w = 23 log M 0 6.06 M0 ()
M 0 = Ad

(Shear modulus or rigidity)

A
d

()

(mb)

(MS)

(km2)

(m)

(N.m)

(MW)

5.4

5.9

1010

0.3

8.31017

5.9

1971
(San
Fernando)

6.2

6.6

2014

1.4

1.21019

6.7

1989
(Loma
Prieta)

6.2

7.1

4015

1.7

3.01019

6.9

1966

(Truckee)

1906

(San
Francisco)

7.8

45010

5.41020

7.8

1964

(Alaska)

6.2

8.4

500300

5.21022

9.1

1960

(Chile)

8.3

800200

21

2.41023

9.5

Geller (1976), Wallace et al. (1991), and Wald et al. (1993)

14

5.3
1921
( 15
)1979

3 1997

8 ()
0.03 1 1

5
15

6.1

()

(1970 1 1997 4 )
(1998)

16

(1998)
6.2
(Earthquake precursor)

6.2.1

(Crustal deformation)

1966
10
110
17

(Global Positioning System, GPS)

GPS
1 GPS

GPS

GPS
(Synthetic Aperture
Radar Interferometry, InSAR)

()
() GPS
(Vegetation
growth)

InSAR
(2002)

18

6.2.2

(Water Radon) (CaSO4

) 1975

6.2.3

(Magnetic

declination)(Magnetic inclination)(Magnetic intensity)

(Earth electricity)(Earth resistivity)

(Earth potential) (Earth current)

6.2.4

(Gravity) (Earth stress)

19

II
1

Tsunami

1963

(
)

20

21


90

1901 2000 1000

140

1960
9.5
2

6
6
870
20
50
1960
()

22

1960
1

23

(Run-up)
()

(Inundation)

24

80
7.7

(Ocean-mounted bottom sea-level sensor)

(1 )
(1)
(2)

(non-linear processes)

25

(Pacific Tsunami
Warning Centre, PTWC)

1950 4

Mb

Ms

Mw

5/11/1952

--

8.2

9.0

0.15

23/5/1960

--

8.6

9.5

0.3

4/3/1985

6.7

7.8

7.9

5.4

--

--

0.3

24/6/1988
#

26

III
1

1.1 1918
1918 2 13 7.3
() 23 X

(VI-VII )

(1996)
1.2 1975
1975 2 4 7.3
7
1

27

1.3 1976
1976 7 28 3 42 7.8
22 () 24

1975 7.3
()

1.4 1995
1995 1 17 7.2 5000
1923 7.2
10 ()

200

2.1 1946
1946 4 1 7.8
35
5
5 (165 )
1948

28

2.2 1952
1952 11 4 8.2
13
4.5 1
( 0.15 )
2.3 1960
1960 20 (9.5 )
2,300 20
1952
( 0.3 )
2.4 1883
2004 12 26
1883 8 26-27 (Krakatau)

1883 8 26-27 17:00 (8

26 )05:2806:3609:58 (8 27 )
25 (Sunda Strait) 1-2
500 Danan
9109 4800
(Shock Wave)
2 Merak 42
5 36,000

29

2.5 2004
1883 121
2004 12
26 9.0 30 1000
1200 ()100 () 15
6
( 30 )1-2 ( 5-6 )
( 10 )2-3 (
2-3 ) 7-9 ( 0.5 )
28 30

19181940 19542004 74
128 II ()

1918-1940 1954-2004
30

1940
19611970 10
40
24 60
II IV 19711980
18 12
12 730
III IV
1979 1982
8 30
17 1.5 III IV
1981-1990 17 1991-2000
27 1994 9 16 6.5
V VI 1918

21 2001-2004
5 V
500

VI
I
VI
V
IV
III
II
I

200

400

600
800
()

1918-1940 1954-2004

31

1000

1200

IV

ii

iii

iv
v

vi
vii

ii

iii
iv

32

ii

iii
iv
v

1960

1. Geller, R.J., 1976, Scaling relations for earthquake source parameters

and magnitudes, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 66, 1501-23.
2. Gusiakov V.K., 2001, Basic Pacific tsunami catalog and database, 47
BC 2000 AD, Results of the first stage of the project, ITS 2001
Proceedings, Session 1, Number 1-2, 263-272 [database available at
http://tsun.sscc.ru/htdbpac].
3. Lau, R., Seismicity of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Observatory
Technical Note 33, 1977.
4. Wald, D.J., H. Kanamori, D.V. Helmbeger, and T.H. Heaton, 1993,
Source study of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, Bull. Seism. Soc.
Am., 83, 981-1019.
5. Wallace, T.C., A. Velasco, J. Zhang, and T. Lay, 1991, Broadband
seismological investigation of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, Bull.
Seism. Soc. Am., 81, 1622-46.
6. ,,. ,
1998, 18, (1) 56-63.
7. ,
, 1998, 18, (1) 40-49.
8. , , , 1996,
65 .
9. , , , 21
, 2002, 471-478.
33

II

III

IV

VI

()

VII

34

VIII

C
B A

IX

D C
B (
)

XI

XII

ABCD

( ABC )
A

35