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ABSTRACT

The summer internship project gave me the opportunity to understand the challenges in
making Common Accommodation of office building: AICTE headquarters. For this I also
visited the site under the guidance of Senior Engineers of company "Parnika Commercial
Estates."

Construction of the Accommodation of office building: AICTE headquarters involves
construction of its base structure consisting of load bearing foundations on which the whole
structure will standstill, using excavation of site, dressing, laying out of P.C.C(Plain Cement
Concrete) ,marking of columns, followed by Bar binding and formwork(shuttering) then
filling the foundation and columns formwork with R.C.C to make them load bearing.

When the R.C.C hardens formworks got removed And the raft and columns attains their max.
strength after certain period i.e., ~28 days and curing for around 22-24 days

The land area and cost factor also plays a significant role and construction style is almost
same all over the world.

I also discussed about the important points that should be kept in mind before construction
i.e. Type of industry, location (weather), land selection process. Various challenges and their
possible solutions are also mentioned.




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Table of content

1.0 INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................... 3
1.1 WORK BREAKDOWN STRUCTURE ...................................................... 3
2.0 SPECIFICATIONS OF CEMENT AND CONCRETE ........................................ 4
3.0 MATERIALS USED ................................................................................................. 5
3.1 CONCRETE .................................................................................................. 5
3.2 SAND .............................................................................................................. 5
3.3 COARSE AGGREGATES ........................................................................... 6
3.4 REINFORCEMENT BARS ......................................................................... 7
4.0 PROJECT STUDY AND ANALYSIS .................................................................... 7
4.1 EXCAVATION ............................................................................................ 7
4.2 DEWATERING ............................................................................................. 7
4.3 LEVELLING ................................................................................................. 7
4.4 DRESSING ................................................................................................... 8
4.5 PCC ................................................................................................................ 8
4.6 FOUNDATION ............................................................................................. 8
4.7 BAR BINDING.............................................................................................. 8
4.8 CONCRETE FILLING THROUGH FORMWORK ................................ 9
4.9 SHUTTERING ............................................................................................ 10
5.0 MAKING THE STRUCTURE RESISITANT TO WATER .............................. 11
6.0 CURING .................................................................................................................. 12
6.1 IMPORTANCE OF CURING ................................................................... 13
6.2 WAYS OF CURING ................................................................................... 13
7.0 BACKFILLING ...................................................................................................... 14
7.1 BACKFILLING OF EXCAVATED AREA ............................................. 14
7.2 BACKFILLING AROUND STRUCTURES ............................................ 14
8.0 SAFETY (PRECAUTIONS) DURING CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDING .. 15
8.1 PPE-PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT ................................... 15
8.2 GENERAL CONSTRUCTION SITE SAFETY ...................................... 16
8.3 ELIMINATE UNSAFE CONDITIONS ................................................... 17
8.4 REDUCE UNSAFE ACTS ......................................................................... 17
CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................. 18
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................... 20S


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1.0 INTRODUCTION
This project comprises of construction of foundation of the building:
First of all, Proper surveying of the area with all reference points and grade levels
marked (layout).
Soil investigation
Excavation work for foundation to be built on it for stronger base of building.
Dressing of the excavated area then P.C.C to be laid on it.
Marking of different columns on P.C.C before foundation is spread out over the area.
Bar binding for Raft and columns as well.
Shuttering, casting etc.
Filling of soil excavated after the foundation is built.
PVC coatings for water proofing.
1.1 WORK BREAKDOWN STRUCTURE
Three main packages (100 %)
Design (8%)
Construction (67%)
Testing &commissioning (25%)
In the project all streams of engineering have their own crucial roles as follows:
Civil /structural - All construction and structural work
MEP Mechanical Electrical Plumbing
HVAC Heat Ventilation Air Conditioning
Electrical
FDP Fire Detection Program
Architectural Facades, Interiors, Brick work , tilting , raised floors , false ceilings.

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2.0 SPECIFICATIONS OF CEMENT AND CEMENT
CONCRETE

Cement according to the contractor specifications used for all work shall be 43/53 grade
PORTLAND CEMENT
CONC
M20
M30
M40
M50
M60
M20 and M30 is used for plain cement concrete under footings ,raft ,bases , flooring on grade
as filling materials .
M30, M40, M50, M60 for all structural membrane and in all such work where reinforcement
is used.
FOR GRADES OR STRENGTH OF CEMENT- Referred to proportion mix as mentioned in
CPWD Specification i.e., 1:4:8 for P.C.C and 1:3:6 for other structural work.







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3.0 MATERIALS USED
3.1 CONCRETE
GRADES OF CONCRETE USED
M:15 & M:20 concrete shall be used for all concrete used as plain cement concrete under
footings , raft bases, flooring on grade as filling material .
M:30, M:40, M:50 , M:60 concrete shall be used for all structure members & in all such work
where reinforcement is used

3.2 SAND
Siliceous material sharp hard , strong &durable & free from adherent coating , clay , dust ,
alkali ,organic material , lumps etc .
Chloride content in washed sand should not be more than 0.04% by weight
The screening and washing of sand should be complete one day before using it in concrete so
that the materials to be used get free from all kinds of undesirable impurities as it could affect
the quality as well as its performance during its lifetime in the form of a vital constituent in
cement and concrete.

3.3 COARSE AGGREGATE
Hard strong durable particles of crushed stone , brought from quarries after testing and site
visit of quarry
Coarse aggregate should conform to IS: 383, IS:515
FLY ASH
Fly ash Grade 1 of IS: 3812
May be used as a part of replacement to OPC
Provide uniform blending with cement
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3.4 REINFORCEMENT BARS
As per specifications reinforcement shall be made up into cages sufficiently well wired to
withstand damage through bar binding machine or manually by laborers.
Diameters of reinforcement bars used here are of 12mm and 16mm.
Lateral ties & spiral bindings shall not be closer than 15cm, centre to centre
There are many grades of reinforcement bars that are used; few of them are as follows: Fe-
315, Fe-415, Fe-450 and Fe-500.
All reinforcement that is being used nowadays is of Fe -500 grade














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4.0 PROJECT STUDY AND ANALYSIS
4.1 EXCAVATION
This includes digging out of soil up to certain depth so as to construct the foundation and
further construction work.
Excavations here has been made up to a depth of around 3.6m with the help of JCB, Pokland
machine and dumper.
Excavations can be in steps layering, or in inclined way. Inclined excavation is used for
moderated depths.
Inclination is required in both the excavation for a safety of labors working as otherwise the
soil may collapse on them and this might cause causalities.

4.2 DEWATERING
Where water is met with excavation due to stream flow seepage, springs, rains, etc Bailing
pumping etc are few ways to keep foundation trenches dry and to keep concrete against
damage by erosion or sudden rise of water level.

4.3 LEVELING
Leveling is required so as there is no tilting of foundation and then the structure may be titled
on any side. If there is any undulation in soil profile then leveling through dumpy level it will
be determined and there cutting or filling can be done as per requirement.

4.4 DRESSING
Dressing of soil is meant by making the bottom surface (on which P.C.C should be laid) of
the excavated area uniform by watering and ramming or hammering and checking the level of
the surface again.
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4.5 PCC
Plain cement concrete flooring is layed over the excavated uniformly dressed base so that the
foundation gets a strong stable base on soil as the soil will not allow the raft to get bind
strongly with it so P.C.C acts as a binding layer to the Raft .

4.6 FOUNDATION
Here the foundation used is a Raft foundation ( a shallow foundation) geberally known as mat
foundation, in which a mat type layer is laid over over the P.C.C using shuttering work. And
then columns are raise over the raft as isolated and cobined footings using the form work or
shuttering work.

4.7 BAR BINDING
After the P.C.C has been laid grouting has been done and it gets hardens uniformly,
reinforcement is done through bar binding of the steel bars used for making R.C.C. on the raft
as well as for the columns that will be raised on the raft for the foundation.

Photo 1 Bar Binding
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4.8 CONCRETE FILLING THROUGH THE FORMWORK DONE FOR
COLUMNS AND RAFT
Now after the formwork has been done for Raft and different columns, concrete is poured
into the formwork in 2-3 layers as per testing done on 150mmx150mmx150mm concrete
cube for the compressive strength of the concrete. Now this formwork is attached till the
concrete attains the shape of the desired columns as given by the formwork


Photo 3 Showing Concrete Pump

And also shuttering is not removed until all the concrete inside the formwork reaches strength
of at least twice the stresses to which the concrete may be subjected. All formworks should
be eased gradually and carefully in order to prevent the load being suddenly transferred to
concrete.
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4.9 SHUTTERING
The shuttering is defined as the casing into which concrete is poured and in which it remains
during the period of setting and hardening.
It is made by hard wood for inferior works, plywood & steel plates for superior works.



Photo 2 shuttering







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5.0 MAKING THE STRUCTURE RESISTANT TO WATER
Water proofing is done so that the foundation remains consolidated in its place safely for a
long time even if water seeps in the soil . As per C.P.W.D specifications waterproofing and
anti corrosion is done with a covering of PVC membrane. And also building structure should
be protected from corrosion as it adversely affects the bearing capacity of the columns and
beams due to loads on it



Photo 3 Showing PVC Coating




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6.0 CURING OF CONCRETE

Now, curing of concrete is done to prevent the failure of concrete as curing is also one the
reason behind its failure.
There are many misconceptions about the duration of curing of concrete, especially when we
refer to site conditions. Most of the time site staff are held for this failure. Improper curing is
considered as one of the significant reasons for concrete failures in columns, beams, slabs,
pavements etc., evident in the form of cracks which are not easily notifiable by the naked
eyes.

Photo 4 showing curing of a column
The vertical members like a column , in particular is one of the most victimized RCC
elements which must be carefully cured, as the entire load from the slabs and beams are
supported by the columns and transferred to the foundations. Unfortunately, adequate curing
is not given much attention at most of the sites leading to reduction in the durability of the
structure.

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Curing of concrete means maintaining moisture inside the body of concrete during early ages
and beyond in order to develop the desired properties in terms of strength and durability.
A good curing practice involves keeping the concrete damp until the concrete is strong
enough to bear any kind of load easily.

6.1 IMPORTANCE OF CURING
It is the process of controlling the rate and extent of moisture loss from concrete to ensure an
uninterrupted hydration of Portland cement after it has been placed (e.g., in the formworks)
and finished in its final position.
Also ensures to maintain an adequate temperature of concrete in its early stages as this
directly affects the rate of hydration of cement and eventually the strength gain of concrete
or mortars.
And curing is done till 24-28 days after the removal of formwork.
As the foundation has been prepared, now the process of backfilling of soil is done.

6.2 WAYS OF CURING
1. Water Curing
a. Immersion
b. Ponding
c. Spraying
d. Wet covering
2. Membrane Curing
3. Application of heat
4. Stream curing




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7.0 BACKFILLING
Backfilling is the process of filling back the soil materials that was excavated initial at the
start of the construction into the area where foundations has been built completely .Generally
frozen materials are not placed in backfill or place backfill upon frozen material.


7.1 Backfilling of the Excavated area
1. Begin backfilling as soon as practicable and proceed until complete.

2. Material and Compaction
a. Paved and non-paved areas shall be backfilled as directed on the plans.
b. Do not place stone or rock fragment larger than 2 inches within 2 feet of
pipe nor larger than 12 inches in backfill. Do not drop large masses of
backfill material into the excavated area.


7.2 Backfilling around Structures

1. Do not place backfill against or on structures until they have attained sufficient
Strength to support the loads, including construction loads, to which they will be
Subjected.
2. Backfill shall consist of Class A crushed stone placed in one foot lifts compacted to 95%.






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8.0 SAFETY (PRECAUTIONS) DURING THE
CONSTRUCTION OF A BUILDING

The main aim is to reduce the risk, eliminating or reducing it to acceptable levels.
Safety engineering is needed to reduce the frequency of failures, and ensure that when
failures do occur, the consequences are not life-threatening. Ideally, safety engineering starts
during the early design of a system. Safety engineers consider what undesirable events can
occur under what conditions, and project the related accident risk. They may then propose or
require safety mitigation requirements in specifications at the start of development or changes
to existing layout designs of the building construction area to make a system safer.
Safety norms and discipline is required at any site project.
A safety plan and briefing is given by the contractor or by an engineer of the company before
the site visit or site work to every visitor and employee as well to the labor.

8.1 PPE PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Helmet
Safety shoes thick rubber boots
Deflective Jacket
Govt. safety rule gets implemented when more than 20 people are working at same place
project, then the workers have to wear their helmets , and also even any engineer or an
architect visit the construction site for any kind of inspection he/she have to wear the kind of
helmet they are provided as per the government rules and regulations.




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8.1.1 SAFETY HELMETS:

Color specifications
White helmet - Engineers
Blue helmet -supervisors
Yellow helmet - Labors
Green helmet Electricians.



8.2 GENERAL CONSTRUCTION SITE SAFETY
Because of the very nature of the work, construction site workers face a higher risk of
accidents and injury than the normal industrial employee.
The personal protective safety equipment worn to reduce lead exposures can in turn increase
accident potential by:
Reducing dexterity
Narrowing the field of vision and clarity
Reducing communication and hearing capabilities
Increasing heat stress
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8.3 ELIIMATE UNSAFE CONDITIONS
People must be aware of conditions that can contribute to an accident and then work to
remove exposure to these conditions. Examples are enclosing live electrical circuits or
providing workers with the proper protective equipment. Of course, it is difficult to eliminate
all unsafe conditions, and it's even more difficult to predict or anticipate where such
conditions may exist or develop on construction jobs involving lead.
8.4 REDUCE UNSAFE ACTS
Each worker must make a conscious effort to work safely despite the hazardous conditions
that may exist at any site. A high degree of safety awareness must be maintained so that the
safety factors involved become an actual part of the job. By being conscious of the task and
how it is to be performed, one will be capable of identifying potential hazards that can take
place and prevent them from acting in an unsafe manner.







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DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
Choosing low cost building material will provide poor quality and poor performance during
during the life time of the building. Instead selection of better building material is a basic
criterion for providing safer and better resistant to many calamities to the students around .
First of all, locally available materials like adobe(a kind of clay), brick, stones, wood,
bamboo, rice/wheat straw whatever they can find locally would be the best sources for
reducing construction expenses.
However, some modification on the material might be required for making them strong
enough to resist significant amount of loads including dead load as well live load.
In SHUTTERING, Steel and wood are the materials that can be used .
The structure that is being built is a RIGID framed structure.
FRAMED STRUCTURE are the structures that uses the combination of beams , slabs and
columns to resist the lateral and gravity loads. These structures are usually constructed to
overcome the large moments developing due to applied loading.
Secondly, provision of earthquake resistant components to the local non-engineered
constructions is the most vital thing to any construction whatever material they used.
And our Delhi comes under the earthquake prone Zone IV. There are more non-engineered
structures than engineered ones in most of the developing countries around the world.
We can also make the non-engineered structures, too, earthquake resistant.
We can make them safer and; to make them safer; non-engineered structures should be
constructed earthquake proof just by applying earthquake resistant components on
construction.

Providing at least three bands at plinth, at lintel and at roof level to resist lateral forces;
proving vertical joints to resist vertical forces; and making joints of wall stronger with
stitches on any buildings no matter what kinds of building material, be it adobe( a kind of
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clay used as a building material as sun dried brick) or stone or brick, can be strong enough to
resist significant amount of vertical as well as lateral force due to the earthquake shocks.
This can save loss of property and life.

Finally, intensive trainings to local level mason and awareness to community people
is the most important.
And, making implementing the building Code and by laws incorporating all those materials
used in construction as well earthquake resistant components for the construction of buildings
is another vital part.
Government should be more aware to ensure safety of their citizens.


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REFERENCES
1. SOIL MECHANICS and FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
-by P.N.MODI
( Rajsons publications)

2. CPWD BOOKS OF VARIOUS SPECIFICATIONS OF MATERIALS
TO BE USED.
-Bureau of Indian Standards

3. http://construction.pioneersand.com/civil-construction-grading-excavation-colorado.php

4. www.mtnforum.org/sites/.../affordable_earthequake-resistant.pdf

5. http://www.enggpedia.com/civil-engineering-encyclopedia/dictionary/structural-
engineering/333-frame-structures