Efficiency: The ratio of the effective or useful

output to the total input in any system.

Instrumentation:Instruments for a specific
purpose.
Boiler
there are two methods for boiler efficiency
calculation namely:
1.input output method
2.heat loss method

Input-Output ethod
The Input-Output efficiency measurement
method is based on the ratio of the output-
to-input of the boiler.
It is calculated by
dividin! the boiler output "in BT#s$ by the
boiler input "in BT#s$ and multiplyin! by 1%%.
The actual input and output of the boiler are
determined thou!h instrumentation and the
data is used in calculations that result in the
fuel-to-steam efficiency.

&eat 'oss ethod
&eat loss method is the method that is used to
calculate the percenta!e amount of heat which is
not useful. This method is very effective used in an
attempt to find potential savin!s of boiler with heat
balance.
There are several factors act as the source of heat
loss combustion. These factors will be used to
calculate boiler efficiency based on heat loss
method. The source of heat loss can be seen as
followin! below:

a. &eat loss due to dry flue !as
&eat loss due to dry flue !as is the heat loss
which is contained in dry flue !as such as (O2)
O2 and *2. These !ases are one of causes of
heat loss in combustion process. The hi!h
temperature of flue !as comin! out from boiler
affect amount of heat loss.
The wei!ht and heat loss of dry flue !as of
combustion of coal can be calculated as followin!
formula:
+df! , m(O2 - m.O2 - mO2 - m*2
Eloss df! , +df! / (p / "To - Ts$

+here:
+df! , wei!ht of dry flue !as "0!10! coal$
Eloss df! , heat loss in dry flue !as "0210!$
To , temperature of dry flue !as comin!
out from boiler
Ts , temperature of surroundin! air

b. &eat loss due to steam in flue !as
There are two sources of steam contained in flue
!as. It is steam from burnin! &2 and steam from
fuel moisture coupled with steam present in
combustion air.
- The calculation formula of heat due to
steam from burnin! &2 is:
+&2O , 3 / &2
Eloss &2 , +&2O / "h! - hf$

+here:
+&2O , wei!ht of water content "0!10! coal$
Eloss-&2O , amount of heat loss due to steam
from burnin! process of hydro!en "0210!$
&! , enthalpy of steam at the temperature of flue
!as comin! out from boiler
hf , enthalpy of water at surroundin! air
temperature.

.team from fuel moisture and combustion air
(alculation of heat loss due to steam from fuel
moisture and combustion air: can be seen in the
followin! formula:
Eloss-&2O , "+&2O-coal - +&2O-air$ / "&! - &f$
+here:
Eloss-&2O , amount of heat loss due to steam
from fuel moisture and combustion air

&eat loss due to unburned carbon
The calculation is assumed level of e/cess air is
provided about more 2%4 and combustion that
occurs only produces unburned carbon about 14
of carbon content in fuel. (alculation of heat loss
due to unburned carbon can be seen as followin!
formula:
Eloss-#( , +#( / &&5carbon
+here:
+#( , wei!ht of unburned carbon "0!10!$
&&5carbon , hi!hest heatin! value "0210!$
Eloss-#( , amount of heat loss due to unburned
carbon

&eat loss due to radiation
The amount of heat loss due to radiation depends
on the rate of heat which is released in
combustion furnace. Based on the 6B6 chart
"6merican Boiler anufacturers 6ssociation$) at
bi! heat release rate) the amount of heat loss due
to radiation tends to constant. The heat radiation
that occurs is estimated %.24 calorific value of
fuel.

#ncountable heat loss
There are several sources that can cause heat
loss in combustion) where the value is too
complicated to be calculated certainly. This heat
loss is called as uncountable heat loss. The
amount of uncountable heat loss is about %.74 of
calorific value of fuel.

Eloss total , Eloss-df! - Eloss-&2 - Eloss-&2O -
Eloss-#( - Eradiation - Euncountable