Bio 211 Exam 1 Study Guide

Chapters 16, 17, 20, 21

1. Know which endocrine gland secretes which hormone(s), the target and effect of each
hormone, the stimulus for release and how release is inhiited.
2. !hy don"t hormones affect all cells they contact# !hat is a target cell#
$. !hat are the 2 ma%or classes of hormones (endocrine, not &aracrine)# !here are their
rece&tors located# !hich class of hormone uses a 2nd messenger system to stimulate its
target cell# !hat is a G'&rotein# !hich class of hormone inds to its rece&tor inside the cell,
migrates to the nucleus, and acts as a transcri&tion factor# !hich class of hormone induces
a more ra&id res&onse# !hich class of hormone has effects that are ty&ically of longer
duration#
(. !hat is half'life#
). !hat are the three ways endocrine glands*tissues are stimulated to release their hormones#
!hat is the difference etween humoral and hormonal stimulation# !hat is a tro&ic
hormone#
+. !hat ty&e of homeostatic mechanism regulates the lood le,el of most hormones#
-. !hat are the hormones that are synthesi.ed in the &osterior &ituitary# !hat are the
hormones that are released from the &osterior &ituitary#
/. !hat are the hormones that are synthesi.ed in the anterior &ituitary# !hat are the hormones
that are released from the anterior &ituitary#
0. !hich &ituitary hormones ha,e releasing hormones# !hich don"t#
11. !here do the releasing hormones come from#
11. !hich &ituitary hormones ha,e inhiiting hormones# !hich don2t# !hy#
12. !hich &art of the rain is most closely associated with the function of the endocrine system#
1$. !hich hormones hel& maintain fluid alance# !here do they come from# !hat is the
difference in their action#
1(. !hich hormones are associated with the following3 4a
5
(sodium), K
5
(&otassium), 6a
25
(calcium), 78
(
$' (&hos&hate), and 9 (iodine).
1). !hat is thyrogloulin# !hat is thyroxine# !hat is the difference etween :
$
and :
(
# !hat
is a goiter#
1+. !hat is the difference etween :y&e 9 and :y&e 99 diaetes#
1-. !hat are the hallmar;s of diaetes# !hat is &hysiological asis of each sign#
1/. <ow does stress affect the adrenal glands# !hat is the difference etween the effects of
short'term stress and long'term stress#
10. Know the causes and characteristics of &ituitary dwarfism, gigantism (giantism), acromegaly,
diaetes insi&idus, hy&erthyroidism, hy&othyroidism, 6ushing2s Syndrome, and =ddison2s
>isease.
21. !hat are the formed elements of lood# !hat are the fluid elements# !hat are the
functions of lood &roteins#
21. <ow is oxygen carried in the lood#
22. !hat is anemia# 9s it a sym&tom or a disease#
2$. !hat is &olycythemia# !hat is leu;o&enia#
2(. !hich factors regulate ?B6 and !B6 formation#
2). !hat is the stem cell from which all lood cells originate#
2+. !hich leu;ocytes are myeloid in lineage#
2-. !hich leu;ocytes are granulocytes#
2/. !hich leu;ocytes are &hagocytic#
20. !hich leu;ocytes are lym&hocytic#
$1. !hat are &latelets# !hat cell do they come from#
$1. !hat is the cause of :halassemias# Sic;le cell#
$2. Know that clotting &athway. 9ntrinsic ,s. extrinsic ,s. common.
Bio 211 Exam 1 Study Guide
$$. !hat does ,itamin K ha,e to do with &rothromin and clotting efficiency#
$(. Know which antiodies and which antigens are associated with which lood ty&es (=B8).
$). @nderstand ?h factors. !hat are the $ most common# !hen are anti'?h antiodies &resent#
!hat is anti'>#
$+. Aist the lym&hatic organs. !hat is the difference etween a lym&hatic organ and a lym&hatic
tissue#
$-. !hat is lym&h#
$/. !hat is the &rimary function of a lym&h node#
$0. !hat &arts of the ody do the lym&h ducts drain#
(1. <ow is lym&h circulated# !hat acts as the &um&#
(1. !hat is B=A:# !hat is its function# !hat tissues*structures are included#
(2. !hat is the function of the s&leen# !hat is the difference etween red &ul& and white &ul&#
($. !hat is a germinal center#
((. 6om&are and contrast nons&ecific defenses with s&ecific defenses. !hich ty&e of defense
de&ends on antigen recognition#
(). !hat is the first line of defense# !hat things might e considered &hysical, chemical, and
iological arriers in the first line of defense#
(+. !hat is the second line of defense# !hat things ma;e u& the second line of defense#
(-. !hat are interferons# !hat do they do#
(/. !hat is com&lement# !hat three things does com&lement do to fight off infection# 9 guess
you2d &roaly etter ;now the com&lement &athway.
(0. !hat are the cells that are in,ol,ed in the second line of defense# !hat is a natural ;iller
cell#
)1. !hat is inflammation# !hat are the Challmar;s of inflammationD (Ccardinal signsD, whate,er
you choose to call them)#
)1. !hat causes the signs of inflammation# (Eour choices consist &rimarily of Cincreased
,ascular &ermeailityD and C,asodilationD and while you can ma;e a case for Cincreased
,ascular &ermeailityD ultimately leading to &ain, ased on the su&&osition that swelling
causes the &ain, you should still understand why swelling may cause &ain ecause it doesn2t
always.)
)2. !hat cells &artici&ate in the inflammatory res&onse# !hich cells show u& first (at sites of
acute inflammation)#
)$. !hat is margination# !hat is dia&edisis# !hat is chemotaxis#
)(. !hat are the chemical mediators of inflammation# !hat do they do#
)). !hat is fe,er# !hat will it do for you# 9s it a good thing#
)+. !hich leu;ocytes &artici&ate in s&ecific immunity# >on2t forget the antigen &resenting cells.
)-. !here do lym&hocytes mature#
)/. <ow are lym&hocytes selected# !hat is immunological sur,eillance# !hat is tolerance#
!hat is deletion# !hat is anergy#
)0. <ow are lym&hocytes acti,ated#
+1. !hat is an antigen# !hat is a ha&ten# !hat is an e&ito&e#
+1. !hat are <A=s (B<6s)# <ow are they different from foreign antigens#
+2. !hat is the difference etween 6lass 9 and 6lass 99 <A= molecules#
+$. !hat is antigen &resentation#
+(. !hat is the difference etween cell'mediated and humoral (antiody'mediated) immunity#
+). !hat is the difference etween cytotoxic : cells and hel&er : cells# !hich are 6>(
5
and
which are 6>/
5
#
++. <ow do cytotoxic : cells recogni.e their antigen (the antigen they are s&ecific for)#
+-. !hat is the function of cytotoxic : cells (what do they res&ond to and fight off)#
+/. <ow do hel&er : cells recogni.e their antigen# !hat are antigen &resenting cells#
+0. !hat is co'stimulation# <ow does it ha&&en#
Bio 211 Exam 1 Study Guide
-1. !hat is the function of hel&er : cells# !hat cells do they stimulate# <ow#
-1. !hat ;ind of cell secretes antiodies#
-2. <ow do antiodies defend the ody#
-$. !hat is the difference etween artificially acFuired and naturally acFuired immunity# !hat is
the difference etween &assi,e immunity and acti,e immunity# Be ale to gi,e exam&les of
each.
-(. !hat is the difference etween the ,ariale and constant region of an antiody#
-). !here is the antigen inding site found# !here is the com&lement inding site found#
!here is the macro&hage inding site found#
-+. !hich &art of the antiody determines the class of the antiody#
--. !hat are the classes of antiodies and what do they do#
-/. !hat is =9>S# !hat is the cause# !ill it ;ill you# 6an you tell who has it# <ow is it
transmitted# >o you understand why the &enalty for un&rotected sex (or failure to follow
uni,ersal &recautions) may ,ery well e death#
-0. !hat are hy&ersensiti,ity reactions# !hat are the four ty&es and how are they different#
/1. !hat is an autoimmune disease# !hat would cause a loss of self'tolerance#